...PROJECT ON THE TOPIC Niger Delta Conflict: Why the violence still burning? National University Of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi BIT Polytechnic Campus Ranchi 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Page no. 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................3 2. Government’s response and its outcome........................................................................4 3. Why the conflict burning despite the government’s effort today...................................5 a. Selfish Nigerian Government...................................................................................4 b. Criminalization of the Delta.....................................................................................6 c. Poverty.....................................................................................................................6 d. Role of oil Companies..............................................................................................7 4. Conclusion......................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION The conflict in the Niger Delta is complex, a crisis involving local patriots and freedom fighters. The Niger Delta is rich in mineral-petroleum and gas...
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...The Root Of The Niger Delta Crisis Before 1958, when crude oil was first discovered in Nigeria, resulting in the oil boom era of the 70’s, Agriculture which was the mainstay of the economy was in the hands of both our Northern and Western counterparts. Then the Federal Government statutorily allocated revenue to regions on the basis of Origins, referred to as “Derivation Principle”. This principle had a sharing formular that gave preference to these regions as follows: 50%-Producing Region 35%-Other Regions 15%-Central Government It could be noted that Nigeria, then, had the following major products: Groundnut, Tin Ore, Cotton, e.t.c (Northern Region) Cocoa (Western Region) Somewhere down the road, came Awolowo’s( being the chief Architect), Onshore-Offshore dichotomy, put in place to strip the minority oil-producing states, with different ethnic background, of their oil revenue. The policy gave full ownership of oil produced offshore to the Federal Government, while that produced onshore was shared between the Federal Government, other regions and the producing states. However, after the launch of the Kaduna refinery project and increased agitation for equitable distribution of oil revenue, by producing states, the Federal Government promulgated another decree, known as the “The Land use Decree of 1978”, giving it(i.e. the Federal Government) full ownership of every piece of land in the country, meaning, all the natural resources that came with the land now...
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...CHAPER ONE RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Definition The mere statement on the part of a religion that its own beliefs and practices are correct and any contrary beliefs incorrect does not in itself constitute intolerance (i.e., ideological intolerance). There are many cases throughout history of established religions tolerating other practices. Religious intolerance, rather, is when a group (e.g., a society, religious group, non-religious group) specifically refuses to tolerate practices, persons or beliefs on religious grounds (i.e., intolerance in practice). Historical perspectives According to the 19th century British historian Arnold Toynbee, for a religious establishment to persecute another religion for being "wrong" ironically puts the persecuting religion in the wrong, undermining its own legitimacy.( Toynbee, Arnold (1947). "Failure of Self-Determination". In Dorothea Grace Somervell. A Study of History: Abridgment of Volumes I - VI. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-19-505081-9.). Contemporary attitude and practice The constitutions of some countries contain provisions expressly forbidding the state from engaging in certain acts of religious intolerance or preference within its own borders; examples include The First Amendment of the United States Constitution - (the exception being "manifest destiny" which was manufactured by the prevailing powers as well as the church, to suspend this "right" for all North American indigenous peoples,...
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...First of all, Mali grew up along the Niger river reaching across 1.200 miles. They reign 1235 CE-1,610CE. Mali’s first emperor was Sundiata Keita who helped take over the surrounding civilizations and he reign from 1235 CE-1255 CE. When he died a more wealthy as in rich emperor took his place Mansa Musa who was actually one of the most wealthiest man alive. Even though he was the most wealthiest he still made Mali weaker. Later on Songhai attacked Mali in 1610 and Mails empire collapsed. To move on, Mali’ history and The Silks compared and contrasted. In comparison, both Mali and The Silk reached out to 1,200 miles long. As well as they both reign Africa. The Silk had wars on it as well as Mail’s caused wars such as Ghana and Songhai. To compared, Mali was rich and The Silk made lots...
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...Strategic Intelligence – Niger Niger Instead of the U.S. randomly tossing funds to a poverty-stricken Niger that can’t quite keep its head above water, a more direct approach should be taken. If the U.S. were to take on a more personal role with Niger, as a surrogate “Big Brother,” would this not be more efficient and stabilize Niger all the more quickly? This would mean a partnership between the two countries where the U.S. would first send in its armed forces to take charge of Nigerien forces and bolster security force numbers. Then, admitting grants and loans for American industries to develop inside of Niger, bringing in American managers and trainers to utilize a Nigerien workforce to mine raw materials, thus creating jobs, skills, and financial stability for the country. Simultaneously bringing in special skills workers such as engineers, doctors, and the like to aid in reworking Niger’s infrastructure from the most basic crisis on up. All funded by Niger’s own natural resources. To better understand if such an agreement between the U.S. and Niger would even be a viable option; there are a few variables to consider about the country of Niger that include: Niger’s geography, history and politics, military, transport and economy, demographics and religion. Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa and located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. Niger’s area is 1,267,000 square kilometers of which 300 square kilometers is water. In...
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...Desertification in the Sahel case study Location etc: • The Sahel is a zone between the Sahara Desert and the more fertile lands of the further South. • The area runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Horn of Africa and includes parts of Sudan, Chad and many others. • It has a population of over 50 million. Causes of Desertification: • Low rainfall. • Civil wars in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. • Population growth. • Settling of the nomadic population, leading to over cultivation. • The use of wood for fuel. Problems: • Two periods of drought followed by famine in 1968-1974 and 1979-1984 brought the attention of the world to this region. • These periods of poor rainfall struck particularly hard for many Sahelian farmers and pastoralists, resulting in an estimated • 100,000 drought related deaths. • The annual average rainfall of the Sahel is low (100-200mm), with most of the rain falling in the period between June and • September. • The natural vegetation is a mixture of xerophytic (drought resistant) shrubs and grasses. Attempted Solutions: • Early warning systems have been put in place to prevent the onset of drought-induced food shortages. These provide the data necessary to predict or assess potential crop loss and animal shortfalls. Based on remotely sensed data of vegetation cover and rainfall patterns and on food market surveys. • Locally based efforts to nurture and protect the resource base. This involves encouraging farmer cooperatives, small...
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...in New York, while the third crushed in the PENTAGON WASHINGTON. The fourth finished his race in PENNSYLVANIA. These suicide attacks, the first attacks on American soil since Pearl Harbor in 1941 made 2077 casualties and thousands wounded. The same evening, President George W. Bush declares "WAR ON TERRORISM". Today, 15 years after these events, the war continues. Rather the war extended to other continents. Since the attacks of 13 November in Paris, terrorist organizations multiply keystrokes, Grand Bassam in Cote d`ivoire, northern Nigeria and Niger and Gao in Mali, losses are weighing. This vast network derives its source of funding in the money laundering (drug trafficking, corruption and illegal activities among others). The world finds herself facing two types of international crime which, a priori, different but in fact complement without excluding. No country is spared within ECOWAS. If some of them as Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria and Cote d`ivoire were already directly affected, other countries like Togo, Benin, Senegal lost several of their siblings who were on the targeted sites. Yet the Head of States are not sleeping at all. Abuja summit, bilateral meeting, 49th Ordinary Session of the ECOWAS in Dakar. The focus is the same firm resolution to strengthen the security of the area. The main social layer by itself terrorism is youth. Because, terrorists organization rely mainly on young people (Salah Abdeslam related ISIS group, Boko Haram Abubakar Shekau in Nigeria)...
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...north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to The Sudan. It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south. The Sahel stretches from the Atlantic Ocean eastward through northern Senegal, southern Mauritania, the great bend of the Niger River in Mali, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), southern Niger, northeastern Nigeria, south-central Chad, and into The Sudan. The semiarid steppes of the Sahel have natural pasture, with low-growing grass and tall, herbaceous perennials. Other forage for the region’s livestock (camel, pack ox, and grazing cattle and sheep) includes thorny shrubs and acacia and baobab trees. The thorny scrub once formed a woodland, but the country is now more open and relatively traversable by motor vehicle. The terrain is chiefly of the savanna type, with little continuous cover and a dangerous tendency to merge into desert because of overstocking and overfarming. At least eight months of the year are dry, and rain, confined to a short season, averages 4–8 inches (100–200 mm), mostly in June, July, and August. There are also wide areas of pasturage watered by the flooding Niger and Sénégal rivers. Modest crops of millet and peanuts (groundnuts) can be raised in many areas. In the second half of the 20th century, the Sahel was increasingly afflicted by soil erosion and desertification resulting from growing human populations that made more demands upon the land than previously...
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...Africa is dominated by people, in Nigeria alone there are an estimated 100 million people. There are numerous countries in Africa including Ghana, Mali, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Togo and a few others. Today there are nearly 180 million inhabitants of West Africa. The area is rich with resources and agriculture is plentiful. The area is not all grasslands and deserts as we are taught and assume, its filled with millions of people and culture. More than ¾ of West Africa is vast grasslands similar to those in North America. These grasslands are usually watered by river systems which makes the land extremely fertile. According to the book, The Urban heritage of West Africa, “the flood plains of the western Niger River are nearly the size of Portugal and intensely cultivated.” Other river systems include the mighty Volta, the Benue, Senegal, Gambia and many other smaller rivers which agriculture thrives around. Urban systems thrived around the agriculture as it was the basis for development in the area. Population boomed around the river systems, thousands of small villages and big towns sprang up through the areas of cultivation. The people of West Africa used horses, cattle, sheep, and donkeys effectively to help cultivate the lands. Food crops such as millet, yams, wheat, rice,...
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...slowly with growth between 0-2% and an expected 0.7% in 2013. Forecasted growth should be between 1-2% going forward driven by marginally higher employment, lower inflation, improved demand and easing concernsover the Eurozone. | Very instable.Tribalism, religious persecution, and ethnic rights have played a visible role in Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics and has spurned (spurred?) various attempts by tribalists to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, and also a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical pre-eminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three...
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...the African continent, and includes parts of Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chand and Sudan. Life there due to the conditions is a constant battle to survive. Sustainability is the development of the quality of life that do not do any lasting damage to the environment. I would agree in saying that they Sahel is a constant battle to survive. The increase in population, which is currently at about 260 million and is going to double every 20 years, would mean that there will be a greater demand in food production. This would put pressure on the land to be more productive and this would lead to over-cultivation and over-irrigation. The climate has also made conditions worse and a constant battle to survive. There has been a decrease in rainfall of about 29-49% which would mean that they land is badly managed due to the lack of water. The average temperature of the region has increased meaning that desertification has increased by the increase of evapotranspiration which reduces ground and surface water supplies. Factors such as political instability would also mean that the government would probably spend more money going to war and buying arms rather than looking after its people. On the other hand I do not feel that the “use of this region can never be sustainable. There are strategies in which they help the people come together as a community to help with the management of the soil. The Eden project in Niger has been very sustainable and been at a great advantage in helping...
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...Medieval Africa Medieval Africa developed as a result of trade. The Trans-Saharan trade route connected the Sudan and Niger regions of Africa to the Mediterranean, and from there to Islamic states and later to Europe. The Trans-Saharan routes depended on camels. By 700 CE, humans had learned to domesticate camels. Camel’s unique attributes made them perfect for making the desert journey across the Sahara, turning it into a viable trade passage. Traders took camels in caravans, large groups of traders, animals and trade goods that travelled together. The first state to develop in the Niger region was Ghana, around 900 CE. Ghana developed to control the Trans-Saharan trade. Ghana was a monarchy, and the state made money by taxing merchants. Gold and iron were produced in Africa and traded north. Salt and manufactured European goods were traded south. Historians have limited information about Ghana because there were few literate people. Most of our records come either from travelling merchants or from stories passed down orally by professional story-tellers called griots. Mali replaced Ghana by 1100 CE. Trade volume continued to increase over the entire period, so by the middle of Mali’s dominance, Mali was a rich and well-known trading kingdom. One of the best examples comes from the story of one of Mali’s kings, Mansa Musa. As Muslim traders came into Ghana and then into Mali, they brought the Muslim religion. In Ghana, many merchants converted. By the...
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...The Political Economy of the Greek Debt Crisis: A Tale of Two Bailouts Silvia Ardagna and Francesco Caselli First draft: February 2012; Final version: January 2014 Abstract We review the events that led to the May 2010 and July 2011 bailout agreements. We interpret the bailouts as outcomes of political-economy equilibria. We argue that these equilibria were likely not on the Pareto frontier, and sketch political-economy arguments for why collective policy making in the Euro area may lead to suboptimal outcomes. Most modern sovereign debt crises have been managed in Washington, DC, through the combined e¤orts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the US government. A distinctive feature of the crisis that has engulfed European sovereign-debt markets since the fall of 2009 has been that the IMF has played only a supporting (albeit important) role, while the management of the crisis has been driven by European institutions: the council of …nance ministers (ECOFIN), the European Council (EC, made up by all the heads of government of the European Union) and the European Central Bank (ECB). To the extent that the IMF is largely a technocratic institution (though of course not entirely immune from political in‡ uence) while ECOFIN and the EC are made up of politicians, one may expect the management of the crisis by the EC to be more a¤ected by electoral concerns. Furthermore, since there are 27 members to the EC, representing countries with potentially di¤erent interests, one...
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...benefits. However, as a community, many people work together to try and change the way of doing things to benefit the environment, such as implementing more policies to ensure the survival of marine life or, finding methods to better the environmental situation. I agree only to a small extent that people, both individuals and as an international community, do not care for the environment, be in on land, air or sea. There are many situations in which people could choose to ignore the harm that is being done to the environment, and not care about what the outcomes may be. However, because we as people care, we have implemented many measures to protect our environment. For example in Lake Chad, located between the borders of Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria, there is a environmental issue of desertification where fertile land becomes similar to that of a desert. The UNHCR and its partners, including the Chad government, are addressing the effects of climate change with programmes aimed at better management of dwindling water resources and the holding back desertification by planting trees. This shows the amount of effort and money people are willing to spend on just to try and save the...
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...of the dominant influence that has experienced for better understanding for the people of Nigeria. These can be group into two categories as follows: (1) The forest belt and (2) The savannah grass land. In brief, the forest belt people can otherwise be understood as the Southern part of the Nigeria ( southwest and southeast). This article focus mainly on the Savannah people of the country which are mainly known as Northern people of Nigeria. The savannah people are better understood as the of the middle belt and those of the far north. The midle belt is noted for a large number of very small ethnic groups including people on the Jos, Plateau state and Adamawa highlands. The major people here are that of Venue valley and the Nupe on the Niger Valley. politically, the people of middle belt are not centralized. The non- centralised people of Nigeria consisted of groups whom ethnic territory is so grounded that the people experienced acute shortage of farm lands, evident from Tiv, Igbo and Ibibio land shows that in every ones crowded community is heavily demand for farm land, make it possible for any one centrak authority to emerged and encourage individuals land ownership as was practice in the Yoruba, Benin and Hausa land. In the far north or more upen grass land,...
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