...Clusters, Innovation, and Competitiveness: New Findings and Implications for Policy Professor Michael E. Porter Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness Harvard Business School Stockholm, Sweden 22 January 2008 This presentation draws on ideas from Professor Porter’s articles and books, in particular, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (The Free Press, 1990), “The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development,” (with C Ketels, M Delgado) in The Global Competitiveness Report 2006, (World Economic Forum, 2005), “Clusters and the New Competitive Agenda for Companies and Governments” in On Competition (Harvard Business School Press, 1998), and the Cluster Initiative Greenbook (Ivory Tower, 2004) by C Ketels, O Solvell, and G Lindqvist. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise - without the permission of the author. Additional information may be found at the website of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, www.isc.hbs.edu The Changing Nature of International Competition • Falling restraints to trade and investment • Globalization of markets • Globalization of value chains • Shift from vertical integration to relying on outside suppliers, partners, and institutions • Increasing knowledge and skill intensity of competition • Nations and regions compete on becoming the most productive locations for business European...
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...not decide the fate of a person. Many believe in following the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Completing “good deeds” has become a socially acceptable task over the years. Society promotes good deeds, daily, through ASPCA commercials all the way to child hunger programs. Giving, caring, and including commonly benefit the one showing the actions. Whether it is giving money, time, or both, it can be considered as a good deed. Tithes are the most common and perfect example of giving. Malachi 3:10 states, “‘Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. Test me in this,’ says the Lord, ‘and see if I will not throw open the floodgates and pour out so much blessing that there will not be enough room to store it.” This plainly states that a small portion of what is made and given back is promised to be multiplied into great worth. If members of the church give back graciously, the church may continue to grow, the children will receive the word, or people will become closer to God. I clearly recall the first time I gave an offering. It was twenty dollars out of my first paycheck and I was ecstatic, yet nervous. I knew I had given to a good cause but was curious as to if all my money would go there; I spent many nights praying over my money. Weeks later, I was desperate for the twenty dollars to pay for gas. At the gas pump, my card was not declined and I filled up half of my tank. As I pulled up my banking account, I...
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...there must exist a valid contract. Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Contract for the sale of goods as defined by the UCC is all things, which are moveable at the time of identification to the contract. Here, the transaction between buyer and seller involved the sale of bees and hives, which are movable and identifiable at the time of the contract; therefore, UCC rather than the Common law governs this transaction. Merchant UCC defines merchant as a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his occupation holds him/herself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction. Here, B stated to S, " Since you are also in the bee business and have bought bees and hives from me in the past…" This statement shows both parties deal in goods of the kind (bees and hives) or have special skill or knowledge regarding the specific goods involved in the transaction; therefore, B and S are merchants and will be held to higher standard of good faith and fair dealing. Offer An outward manifestation of present contractual intent so made as to justify another in thinking his assent is needed and will conclude it; under the UCC, only quantity is needed. Here, S unambiguously stated to B, "After much thought I have decided to sell my remaining bees and hives." However, this statement lacks the...
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..."I once knew a little colored boy whose mother and father died when he was but six years old. He was a slave and had no one to care for him. He slept on a dirt floor in a hovel, and in cold weather would crawl into a meal bag head foremost and leave his feet in the ashes to keep them warm. Often he would roast an ear of corn and eat it to satisfy his hunger, and many times has he crawled under the barn or stable and secured eggs, which he would roast in the fire and eat. That boy did not wear pants like you and I do, but a tow linen shirt. Schools were unknown to him and he learned to spell from and old Webster's spelling book and to read and write from posters on cellar doors, white boys and men would help him. He would then preach and speak and soon become well known. He became United States Elector, United States Marshall, United States Recorder, United States Diplomat and accumulated some wealth. He wore broadcloth and didn't have to divide crumbs with the dogs under the table. That boy was Frederick Douglass." (Taken from a speach by Frederick Douglass promoting his autobiography.) Unlike most of us, Frederick Douglass, who was born in rural Tuckahoe, sometime in February of 1818, did not have a wonderful childhood. Douglass' mother was a slave and his father was thought to have been his mother's owner. After a few weeks with his mother in the cabin pictured above, Frederick was sent to live with his grandmother whom he affectionately called Grandmother Bailey. Grandmother...
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...filling out your scholarship applications, you need to spend some time thinking about how to write a scholarship essay that will get the results that you want. For many students, the hardest part of writing a scholarship essay is getting comfortable with highlighting your accomplishments. Students often see this as bragging about themselves. But this is exactly what you need to do in order to convince the judges that you should receive the scholarship instead of the other applicants, you have to tell the judges what makes you a better candidate. Therefore, one of the most important things you have to do when getting ready to write your college scholarship essays is to spend some time reflecting on just how wonderful you really are. When you write down all of the great things you have accomplished, it will be much easier for you to create an essay that conveys your strong points to the judges. Tips for getting ready to write a strong essay: 1. Make a list of all your accomplishments. 2. Develop a list of your extracurricular activities. 3. Write down the three accomplishments of which you are the most proud. 4. Think of a problem that you have faced and write down how you were able to overcome it. 5. Put in writing your career goals, or your reason for wanting to attend college. 6. Pretend that you had to write a letter of recommendation for yourself. Write down the three most important things you would say. Armed with this list of your best traits, accomplishments, and goals, you’re...
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...Conference Organized by The Association of American Medical Colleges Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Development Science, at the University of California, San Francisco January 13-14, 2005 Washington, DC David Korn, M.D. Donald R. Stanski, M.D. Editors DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the report of a conference convened by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Food and Drug Administration in response to the FDA white paper entitled “Innovation or Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Product Development”. The conference was partially supported by the FDA. The AAMC acknowledges with gratitude the additional support provided by Abbott Laboratories, Cephalon, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmith Kline, Merck & Co. Inc., and Pfizer, Inc. The conference planning committee consisted of Drs. David Korn, Joel Kupersmith, Carl Peck, Donald Stanski, and Janet Woodcock. Figures 1 and 2 are taken from the FDA white paper. The back cover composite is derived from charts presented at the conference by Dr. Peter Corr, Pfizer, Inc. The report was designed by Douglas Ortiz, AAMC. To request additional copies of this publication, please contact: Joi Morris Association of American Medical Colleges Division of Biomedical and Health Sciences Research 2450 N Street, NW Washington, DC 20037-1127 Phone: (202) 828-0484 Fax: (202) 828-1125 E-mail: jmorris@aamc.org i DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements...
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...Adeleye Ebenezer Tolorunleke No 7 Araromi street, Upper Gaa-Akanbi Ilorin Kwara State. Mobile No: +2348068773545 E-mail: jonespaul4eva@gmail.com PERSONAL DATA: Date of birth: 24th august 1984 Nationality: Nigerian State of Origin: Kogi State Gender: Male Marital Status: Married Religion: Christianity PERSONAL SUMMARY: A reliable, capable and enthusiastic Law enforcement professional with 7 years of progressively responsible experience in directing and leading law enforcement goals and objectives, who is able to take on the management and coordinating duties of any leadership role. Possessing extensive experiences of supporting, developing and motivating teams to do better and to drive continuous improvements across a range of work activities. Also having a track record of coming up with practical improvements initiatives which enhance an organization overall effectiveness and harness the latent potential of its workers, currently looking to join suitable organization that reward hard work and offers good opportunities for career development. ACADEMIC BACKGROUND: * National Open University of Nigeria 2011 – 2015 * Leicester University, United Kingdom 2015 * The Open University, United Kingdom 2014 ...
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...Who Am I This Time is a short story that revolves around the theme of identity. The story is narrated which allows the character to observe the story from a viewer's perspective. The narrator's position as the director of the play allows him to narrate the story of both Hellen and Harry. This technique allows the reader to interpret the themes of the story implicitly because the narrator notes the theme but does not interpret them for the reader. This forces the reader to make their own interpretation of the themes of the story. For instance, when Harry asks the narrator, "Who am I this time?", the narrator comments to the reader that, "it was kind of sad, if you think about it," this suggests that the reader should to feel sorry for Harry's...
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...This is the dark time my love Themes: War, power and authority/lack of freedom Tones and Moods: anxiety pressure and fear Metaphor: brown beetles "This is the Dark Time My Love" is poem that deals with cruelty and the pain and suffering of war The repetition of the line ‘This is the dark time, my love’ emphasizes on what a dreadful and fearful time it was. They were almost there, almost free of the British hold. Even Mother Nature herself was aware of the struggle: ‘The shining sun is hidden in the sky. Red flowers bend their heads in awful sorrow’ * 'brown beatles' refers the tankers. PERSONIFICATIONS 'Red flowers bend their heads.....' this is to show that flowers/nature is feeling the pain. 'dark metals' represents the guns. 'hidden sun in the sky' symbolizes the hidden hope of the people. OXYMORONS- 'carnival of misery' and ' festival of guns' Who comes walking in the dark night time? Whose boot of steel tramps down the slender grass? It is the man of death, my love, the strange invader Watching you sleep and aiming at your dreams. Aiming at the dreams of the innocent, people who had a right to look forward for a brighter future for their country and themselves. Free of being bullied, hated and looked down upon because of being different only to have a dark shadow cast over them by the invasion of the soldiers. Dulce et decorum est Simile Like old beggars’ l.1. The soldiers are deprived of dignity and health like the elderly and...
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...This Time is Different Introduction I was required to complete a review on one of the listed books. First what jumped to my eyes the heading of the book. I thought this book ‘This Time is Different’ will be interesting to read. I thought it will be about different times and different countries financial history (about bank crisis, currency crashes and so on) and how these countries survived in different times. Furthermore, before I bought this book, I read the brief of the book it sounded interesting, than I wanted to read and to know more about it. Author’s credentials Carmen M. Reinhart is the Dennis Weatherstone Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. Previously she was professor of economics at the University of Maryland. She has held a positions in IMF. Kenneth S. Rogoff is the Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Public Policy and professor of economics at Harvard University. He received his PhD in Economics from MIT. He is a commentator for NPR, the Wall Street Journal. And the Financial Times. Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff made a big contribution to financial history, collected data which covered sixty-six countries and different time periods and wrote about financial crisis, inflation,international debt currency crashes and debasements. They are first researches in the history about the financial crisis over many years. The author’s were trying to explain in the book, that ‘This Time is Different’ syndrome is wrong that financial...
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...A television mini-series. The mini-series “The Bible” directed by Christopher Spencer, is a show that tells the stories of the entire Bible. Many Christians did not feel comfortable and were skeptical with letting Hollywood take on such a prestige piece of literature because they thought it would alter its content and devalue its significance, but the mini-series was actually a massive success earning over three Emmy award nominations. In the article “‘The Bible' – This Time, Hollywood Got It Right” by Geoff Tunnicliffe, he says that a mini-series that is not only "not disappointing," but actually rises to the top of the Wow scale due to its incredible accuracy of the word of the bible and although the series could not capture every detail of the entire bible, (which alters its original content) it still is able to able to convey the message of Christianity to consumers in a way the original book did not as well through its, emotion, screenplay and Bible to movie script. (Christian Post) In conclusion, The Bible has tremendously influenced American culture and world culture through bringing people together and gives great purpose to the world. Throughout the centuries of years, it has been written It has...
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...There were times when I would be home and don’t feel like leaving the house or playing video games and I’m just sitting there bored. My mother always told to just go read a book and I’ll just be looking at her like are you serious. So when she tells me to do that I just say forget it I’m just going to listen to my music. She always told that I’m so quick to go learn lyrics when I don’t show that same excitement for reading. When my mother told me that, I started to realize that it seems like the majority of the kids in my generation are doing the same thing. My mother always asked me why I prefer music over reading books. And this is what I told her. Music is usually looked at as an expression of ones feelings, thoughts, or living experience. Whereas Books are usually used to expand ones imagination to elevate ones mind to see certain things in a different light. Through my lifetime I’ve notice that the preference is usually listening to music instead of sitting down and reading a book. Here I will be comparing and contrasting these two topics and we will see the impact that music and books have in our lives. The impact that music has on the youth seems as though it has more of a influence on us because music is literary everywhere. Don’t get me wrong, books are everywhere too, but commercially, music is advertised way more than what companies do to get a book noticed on the market. In the town that I’m from people are usually attracted to the negative aspect that music brings...
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...Nurse Education in Practice 13 (2013) e11 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Nurse Education in Practice journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/nepr Book review Healing Presence: the Essence of Nursing, JoEllen Koerner, sec- ond ed. Springer Publishing Company, New York (2011). The major premise in this thought provoking book is that nurs- ing is sacred work dedicated to the service of others, and requires a nurse’s deliberate commitment to inner spiritual growth to achieve a healing presence with patients. Healing presence de- scribes the feminine energy and receptivity part of nursing’s heri- tage, which offers limitless possibilities for a nurse’s self enhancement through an inward spiritual journey, the results of which, in turn, contribute to and facilitate a patient’s self healing. This book invites deep personal/professional reflection on the nurse, the nurse–patient relationship, and the profession’s future direction. Its step-by-step approach guides such reflection from a multi-cultural global perspective. An audience of experienced nurse clinicians and educators will discover practical application of healing presence’s evolutionary link to nursing science and art evident in the practical values guide, the professional development analysis and the leadership develop- ment analysis. In science, the nurse employs the ‘evaluator’ aspect of analytic thought; in art, the nurse ‘interprets’ abstract percep- tions and pattern recognition; and in healing...
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...1A) ANALYSE THE MARKET CONDITIONS FACED BY WAITROSE AT THIS TIME (9) GROCERY PRICE INFLATION HAS FALLEN FOR THE TENTH SUCESSFUL PERIOD- NOW 0.4% SINCE 2006 In a fast paced world Waitrose has benefitted from its ability to adapt and conform to society’s changes; convenience is in increased demand, and Waitrose’s free delivery on groceries gives them a competitive advantage in a very modern, technologically advanced market. Waitrose must retain profits whilst offering unique and modern services such as free delivery. As consumers become more price and quality conscious in the food market, mid-market players are becoming unpopular in comparison with discounters (e.g. Aldi, Lidl) and superior supermarkets (e.g. Waitrose). Value for money is often questioned by most consumers, and Waitrose must ensure they deliver quality along with their high price tag if they are to keep their quality, upmarket reputation (market differentiation). Buyers are now more conscious of their spending habits since the recession in 2008, leading to a preference of inferior goods, which is incredibly difficult for Waitrose to cater for whilst still offering quality and a high price tag. The market growth has fallen to 0.9% as a result of the grocery price inflation being at its lowest point since 2006.The inflation rate has decreased significantly as all supermarkets viciously cut prices in order to keep up with discounters, a move that Waitrose will find hard to do. However, as Waitrose cannot compete...
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...Taco Bell in Japan (Round Two Japan, will this time be a Fiesta or Siesta?) By Phillip Smith As a child, growing up on the West Coast of America, Taco Bell, was as common as McDonalds, with locations in every neighborhood. Its classic chicken quesadilla and bean burrito were staples of my college diet and I could not imagine a fast-food landscape without the spicy taco-sauce. Although, since moving to Japan in 2005, I’ve had to settle for eating Taco Bell only when traveling outside of Japan. That being said, every other major US fast-food chain seems to be serving its notable favorites in the land of the Rising Sun. For example, McDonalds operates over 3,100 units (Inagaki, 2015), Kentucky Fried Chicken has 1165 locations (Yum!’s, 2015) and Starbucks has 1117 (Loxcel, 2015); but where is Taco Bell? On 21 April, 2015, the multinational fast-food chain answered back with its launch into the Japan market with a new location in Shibuya, Tokyo. This is not Taco Bell’s first launch in Japan. Back in the late 1980’s it opened stores in two markets, Tokyo and Nagoya (Matayoshi, 2015). A few years later in the early 1990s, they closed all the Japan operations, abandoning the country. Will the second attempt be different? How will marketing play a role in its success? Did they invest in market research to gain insight in the lay of the land? How will its competitive environment contrast its first attempt to penetrate the Japan market? What type of competitive strategies...
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