...A Nuclear Iran and Proliferation It has been argued that the Israeli fear of a nuclear Iran is more due to the resultant threat of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East than an Iranian NW per se.23 The revolutions that have swept across the region over the year or so will conceivably lead to greater control of Arab foreign policy by the Arab street, thus animosity towards Israel will appear in future decision-making. Israeli apprehension is born out of the theory that an Iranian NW will, by way of the security concept mentioned previously, lead to proliferation in the region. Combine greater regional acrimony toward the Jewish state with an Arab nuclear capability and Israeli fears are comprehensible. As Kenneth Waltz has argued, history demonstrates that the cascade concept (a state will rapidly construct NWs to counter strategic imbalance created by a hostile neighbour’s nuclear arming) is flawed. His argument is further consolidated by virtue of the fact that the fear of rapid nuclear proliferation has been vociferously audible in Western media almost every year since the 1960s, yet the world possesses only nine nuclear powers.24 Leaving this convincing argument to one side, would a nuclear Iran provoke proliferation in the Middle East? Sagan’s aforementioned three theories assume that a state has the ability and the opportunity to develop a weapon.25 By inserting such a caveat we can eliminate numerous states from this predictive analysis of proliferation in the...
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...Disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation Dmitry M. Kuritsyn group 429 MOSCOW 2013 Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………3 1. Historical background ……………………………………………….5 1. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)…………………5 2. New non-proliferation agreement……………………………………6 1. New START ………………………………………………….7 2. The future of disarmament ……………………………………10 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..11 References…………………………………………………………………...13 Introduction The complexities in implementation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime, which includes nuclear disarmament as one of the principle integral parts, have always been the issue in difficult and controversial discussions attended by all members of international community. Nuclear disarmament, which has eventually become the safeguard and a key condition of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime’s successful performance, have always been an effective factor reducing the risk of unleashing a nuclear war and reinforcing the confidence of nuclear-free countries that the threat to their security is contained. The logic of nuclear disarmament is to curtail the lethal nuclear arms race and to provide for better predictability and transparency in this field. The aforementioned factors altogether enable defining the nuclear disarmament as the process crucial to global strategic stability. The nuclear factor...
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...Wilson argues that nuclear weapon proliferation and its use is the greatest threat to all humanity. She asserts that the choices over the next decade will impact the future of nuclear abolition or expansion. Furthermore, Wilson provides trends that have characterized recent development of nuclear countries, such as that nuclear nations, like Russia and the US, are pouring funds to develop their nuclear arsenal. Wilson addresses concern that nuclear nations are establishing nuclear alert standpoints, like the ones the US and USSR used in the Cold War, which will reduce the decision period to fire nuclear weapons, increasing the risk of nuclear use through accidents and rogue launches. Tensions between nuclear bearing countries and terrorist...
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...Lense of Nuclear Proliferation (WORD COUNT ON BOTTOM OF PAGE) In Ronald Reagan’s inaugural address that took place in 1985, he said, “We seek the total elimination one day of nuclear weapons from the face of the Earth.” Understanding the scientific and futuristic perspectives of the nuclear bomb is essential if we are to better protect the nation from intruders. The future of nuclear wars could be devastating to many countries and the effects that these weapons leave on countries is irreversible . Not only are the people of these countries harmed but the facilities surrounding the explosion are destroyed. The medical effects on survivors of these explosions are left with a lifetime of medical problems. If not given medical attention...
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...Belarus Topic : Nuclear non-proliferation in the Korean Peninsula Nuclear weapons are not a joking matter. With the announcement that North Korea had conducted a successful nuclear test in 2006, 2009, and in 2013 (CNN), that the country had officially become a nuclear state, the Republic of Belarus share the same fear that is being felt across the globe on a daily basis. The delegate understands the threat that it poses to Belarus, as well as the international community as a whole. As a result, the delegate of Belarus strongly oppose any further development of the North Korean nuclear weapons program, and urge the great world powers to take action and stop it altogether. North Korea built a nuclear complex in the 1960s. In the 1970s, they expanded their plant into a more capable and complex facility. In 1985, they signed the treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction but then dropped out (Aftergood and Kristensen, 2). Since then, they have fired seven ballistic missiles and conducted two nuclear tests, the more recent test defied UN resolutions 1718 and 1695 (Lee, 1). Belarus is a signer of the NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty and The Republic of Belarus has ratified the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and is showing effort to reduce military arsenals by being a part of the Global Threat Reduction Initiative. Also, Belarus has been a State Party of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) too. Although Belarus had possessed nuclear weapons in...
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...force by the United States is justified to prevent nuclear proliferation. Nuclear Proliferation - according to the US Legal Dictionary, is a term used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information. United States- Territories and her allies Contention 1: The threat of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of rogue states and terrorists increases as more countries possess them. Example A: Selling to militant groups and/or countries with intentions to use nuclear weapons. Starting in the 1970s, Pakistan used extensive clandestine procurement networks to get technology for its own nuclear weapons program. Former Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan directed the procurement [of Pakistani nukes] and used a similar network [as used to obtain Pakistani nuclear information] to supply Libya, North Korea, and Iran with designs and materials related to uranium enrichment for profit.(http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34248.pdf) This is an example of what happens when action is not taken against the countries who are in possession of nuclear technology, whether they are showing signs of imminent threat or not. Every time nuclear information is distributed it increases the number of people receiving that information, in turn causing nuclear proliferation. The United States is justified to prevent this action that causes proliferation because the mere existence of nuclear technology poses a threat to United States citizens...
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...The Head of State or Government of he movement of the Non-Aligned countries met in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, from 24-25 February 2003 to address the crucial global issues affecting their people with the view of agreeing to a set of actions in the promotion of peace, security, justice, equality, democracy and development conducive for a multilateral system of relations based on principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of state. The right of people to self determination and non-intervention in maters which are essentially within the jurisdiction of states in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and International Law. According to the United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs (UNDA), the Heads of State or Government emphasized that the international situation continues to be marked by rapid and dramatic evolution, presenting numerous opportunities and challenges to the international community and the Non-Aligned Movement. However, recent events have again demonstrated that a peaceful, just and secure world continues to elude human kind. Accordingly simmering disputes, violent conflicts aggression and foreign occupation, interference in the domestic affairs of states , policies of hegemony and domination, unilateral and conceive measures, ethnic strife religious intolerances, xenophobia, new forms of racism narrowly conceived nationalism pose major and dangerous obstacles to harmonious coexistence among states and people and have...
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...Page 1 of 2 ! ! Nuclear Weapons Debate Part. 1 Sagan / Waltz - The Great Debate Assignment Do you think the international community should strive for ‘nuclear zero’ or not? Both authors have strong arguments, the threat of terrorist using the nuclear weapons on the one hand (Sagan), and than nuclear weapons “have caused sixty-five years of peace” (Waltz). But I think that position of Waltz has more logic behind. Sure, terrorists is a big threat, but they do use a lot of different kinds of weapons. Should we ban all weapons? And they for sure use internet to communicate, should we also ban it. In case with terrorism, I think it’s better to concentrate on the problem of how terrorism appears and what drives people to become terrorists and how to stop them or change their mind. Another thing that nuclear weapons are already exist, and they “are small and light”, “easy to hide and easy to move” and “can be placed in small vans or small boats and sent across borders or into harbors” (Waltz). So even if all countries will agree on zero, it will be almost impossible to check it or control it. Another point in which I agree with Waltz is that “nuclear weapons are the only weapons capable of dissuading the United States from working its will on other nations” (Waltz) and that Sagan faces the problem from one specific cite “the most dangerous nuclear threats to the United States today” (Scott D. Sagan). I think that as far as these weapons exist, it possible...
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...Essay Questions 1. How do the different actors in international system affect international relations? How do the different theories explain the role of these actors in the international system. The actors consist of state actors and non-state actors. Non-state actors and terrorism work outside the westphalian system and take power away from state sovereignty. They consist of terrorist groups, IGO’s like the European Union, NGO’s like multinational corporations. NGO’s increase interdependence and globalization. IGO’s bring about peace and spread democracy and war is not realistic. NGO’s even have the ability to remove state governments through public support and pressure placed on high ranking officials as shown in -----. They also have the power to hinder development of countries as shown in the Global South, but at the same time they provide many jobs for the economy. For state actors, the actions and decisions of states can effect profoundly the international because of polarity, hegemony, and economy. The Liberalist view would see non-state actors as a positive because they are bringing countries allowing them to work together through institutions increasing interdependence and globalization. Realists would say that these non-state actors are only out for self interest in profit and will use up resources taking advantage of wages whenever possible. Constructivist view would see terrorist groups specifically as falling under Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations...
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...United Nations A/68/124 (Part II) Distr.: General 3 October 2013 Original: English General Assembly Sixty-eighth session Agenda items 95 and 102 Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East Report of the Secretary-General 1. In its resolution 67/73, entitled “The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East”, the General Assembly: (a) Welcomed the conclusions on the Middle East of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; (b) Reaffirmed the importance of Israel’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and placement of all its nuclear facilities under comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards, in realizing the goal of universal adherence to the Treaty in the Middle East; (c) Called upon that State to accede to the Treaty without further delay, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons to renounce possession of nuclear weapons, and to place all its unsafeguarded nuclear facilities under full-scope Agency safeguards as an important confidence-building measure among all States of the region and as a step towards enhancing peace and security; (d) Requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on the implementation of the resolution. 2. The present report...
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...PRATYUSHA M.B.A. 2012-14 Nuclear Power in India Introduction Electricity demand in India is increasing rapidly. The per capita electricity consumption figure is expected to double by 2020, with 6.3% annual growth, and reach 5000-6000 kWh by 2050, requiring about 8000 TWh/yr then.. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050. Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to its weapons program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy until 2009. Nuclear power in India India is ranked sixth in the world's elite nuclear club, with its 20th nuclear-powered reactor at Kaiga in Karnataka as of 2010. Nuclear power provided 3% of the country's total electricity generation in 2011. Nuclear power generation is likely to grow by 17.1% in the current financial year due to improved availability of uranium and rise in installed capacity. Nuclear projects Nuclear Power Corporation of India, is building the first two 1,000-megawatt units at a cost of $2.6 billion on Tamil Nadu’s coast. Russia and India agreed on the loan terms for two additional nuclear reactors at the Kudankulam power plant. The operations will start in august and this delay is due to clearance to load fuel into the reactor. NPCIL has identified...
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...money, wars result in significant financial consequences. Trading becomes more difficult and peters out. Plants, buildings, crop yields, ports, rail and roads will be destroyed, unemployment will rise and people's purchasing power will be reduced, refugees strain the economy and so on. Wars and armed conflicts are also not encouraging domestic and foreign investors to make investments, but investments are channeled into more stable countries. Wars and conflicts throughout history have spread illnesses and diseases that have also spread to the civilian population. During the First World War era, the Spanish flu killed estimates, 50-100 million people. In addition to diseases the weapons used in wars, in particular, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, cause health risks. Biological weapons are prohibited in most of the world, because they are considered to be particularly cruel, causing unnecessary suffering and are...
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...believed that extreme Islamic groups, such as Al-Qaeda, will seek out opportunity to use a WMD. Al Qaeda and known terrorist organizations to have WMDs currently in possession, the explicit intent to utilize such forces of terror no doubt demands the immediate attention of the international community to collectively bring to discussion the various measures to address this issue. The DISEC in this case is a platform for exactly that discussion. Portugal feels that the the importance of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) can never be understated, as the universalization of the NPT and the upholding of all of its provisions are their best chances of achieving lasting peace and dispel the gloomy shadow that nuclear proliferation cast upon their Peoples. This is why Portugal calls on States that have not yet done so to join the NPT as non-nuclear weapon states. Unfortunately, the threat of nuclear proliferation remains real, as doubts over the nuclear programmes of the Islamic Republic of Iran and that of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) remain unanswered. Portugal urges both States to fully abide by their international obligations, including the relevant Resolutions adopted by the UN Security...
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...revised draft. First, write your paragraph plan. Next, in the same document, write a first draft of your paragraph, and then write your revised draft ( you should show two different versions of the paragraph). Remember that a good paragraph takes time to write. You may want to start with some idea development activities, such as free writing or brain storming, to help you generate your paragraph. Pay attention to your purpose, audience, and mechanics in your paragraph. Step 3: Save and submit your assignment. A disturbing news event, English 105, Final Exam, Part 1: Page 3, Daniel H. Jack The Paragraph Plan Subject: Why is the United States trying to negotiate a Nuclear Arms Treaty with our sworn enemy, the country of Iran? Focus Sentence: The focus of the paragraph is the ongoing negotiations over Nuclear Iran. Three Sentences: Who...
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...Iran’s Nuclear Program Erin Henderson (Minson) Contemporary International Problems Professor Samad Hafezi What is the U.S. policy toward Iran’s nuclear program? Does it even exist? Has the U.S. taken a stance on what should be done and how to do it? After careful research I have still not been able to answer any of these questions. Let’s take a look at what the sources say and attempt to determine exactly where we are in 2010 on this very issue. Iran’s nuclear program goes all the way back to the era of the Shah and the plans for 20 nuclear reactors. It wasn’t until the bombing of the Persian Gulf that production was halted, but not completely. Their program today is managed by their President, Mahmud Ahmadinejad. Part of the uproar is that even though Iran is open to inspection of their “legal” nuclear program, they have a covert operation underway that they declare is for some sort of energy program for civilians. This seems to be a hot topic in the U.S. today. Since 1987 the U.S. has been issuing charges and regulatory guidance to Iran about their nuclear program and uranium enrichment operations. We have done everything from banning imports and goods to freezing personal assets of those individuals directly involved in the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Yet today we are still at a loss for how to handle this issue. The U.S. has more than enough issues directly tied to Iran’s nuclear program. Their ultimate concern is nuclear proliferations...
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