...2nd Summative Test Practice Exam 2011-2012 1.|Your psychology professor has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test.| A)|reliability| B)|factor analysis| C)|standardization| D)|validity| E)|normal distribution| 2.|One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is:| A)|epinephrine.| B)|testosterone.| C)|serotonin.| D)|dopamine.| E)|alcohol.| 3.|The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the:| A)|frequency of their sexual intimacy.| B)|intensity of their passionate feelings.| C)|ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other.| D)|experience or nonexperience of a prior marriage.| 4.|Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be:| A)|more conservative.| B)|less educated.| C)|more responsive.| D)|less trusting.| 5.|The relative lack of neural interconnections in the brain at the time of birth most directly contributes to:| A)|poor memory for early life experiences.| B)|decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.| C)|an insecure attachment to one's primary caregiver.| D)|the fear of strangers commonly displayed by infants.| 6.|The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue...
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...stimulus occurs normally in an environment, an animal’s natural response may dwindle. This lessening of a response is called habituation. Think of the stimulus as becoming habit, so why respond to it? 3. The examples above illustrate associative learning. 5. To a psychologist, “learning” is more specific than what we think of learning in school. To psychologists, there are three main types of learning… 4. Classical conditioning occurs when we associate two stimuli and thus expect a result. 5. Operant conditioning occurs when we learn to associate our own behavior (or our response) and its consequence. We therefore repeat behaviors with good results, we cut down on behaviors with bad results. 6. Observational learning occurs by watching others’ experiences. 7. One additional form of learning is through language. In this way, we can learn without experiencing something or watching someone else experience it. 2. Pavlov’s experiments 6. Classical conditioning falls under the psychological approach called behaviorism....
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...n=200)=17.32, p=0.008). Maternal awareness of health promotion on healthy eating appeared to have a protective effect against overweight/obesity in three year old children (odds ratio=0.38, 95% CI=0.20 to 0.70). Furthermore, a higher proportion of overweight/obesity mothers had no awareness of health promotion as compared to 2 (4, n=200)=13.29, p=0.01). Maternal awareness of health promotion appeared to also have a protective effect against overweight/obesity in mothers (odds ratio=0.51, 95% CI=0.28 to 0.95). Conclusions: maternal awareness of health promotion on maternal and preschool childhood obesity. Additionally, this study showed that overweight and obese preschool children had parents who were also overweight and obese. 2 Aim: preschool childhood obesity, as well as maternal awareness of public health promotion on healthy eating with parental and preschool childhood obesity. Methods: Data were collected by measuring the height and weight of two hundred randomly selected three-year old children and their parents. Details of the early feeding and dietary styles and level of health promotion awareness were assessed in faceto-face structured health interviews with the parents. Results: between childhood obesity and parents’ obesity (r=0.2; p<0.001). A higher proportion of overweight and obese preschool children showed that their mothers lacked awareness of health promotion as compared to children with normally Obesity is a well-recognised public health problem among children, adolescents...
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...involves directly watching and coding behaviors.” (26) Naturalistic study is a general research strategy used by developmental scientists, “typically during childhood but also with impaired adults.”(27) Naturalistic studies are conducted in order to watch the behaviors of people, as they exist their natural environment, with no attempts at intervention from the investigator. There are no attempts of intervention so that the situation is not manipulated or controlled by the investigator, and so the situation is not initiated or created by the investigator. Naturalistic observations are useful as they allow the observation of behavior exactly as it occurs in the real world. Naturalistic studies are also useful as they can help to establish the external validity of the research findings. If behavior is seen to be present in real life, it’s easier to say that the results from the study extend to the general population and that the conclusions drawn from the sampling of behavior also describe people outside of the sample. It can also be useful for researchers to study situations and variables that cannot be manipulated in a lab due to ethical concerns. For example, while it would be unethical to study the effects of a school shooting by actually causing the event to occur, researchers can gather information by using naturalistic observation when it naturally occurs. The aim of this paper is to use the naturalistic study method to describe the observations of children ages 1.5 and 5...
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...education. One portion of the education reform was a program designed to assist preschool children, ages 3-5, from economically disadvantaged families with a variety of comprehensive services, such as early education, medical, dental, and nutrition assistance. This program was termed “Head Start.” In the last four decades the program has met its goal of assisting numerous disadvantaged youth, but questions have arisen as to whether or not the program has had any real impact on the children as they have grown up. The Organization Since its inception in 1965, Head Start has assisted more than 25 million preschool children (Frisvold & Lumeng, 2011, p. 376). Children can be eligible for the program’s assistance if they are at least three years old, the family’s total income is either equal to or less than the poverty guideline, or if the child is disabled or in foster care (Office of Head Start, 2007). Currently, the funding and costs of Head Start restrict the program to only allowing about 55% of eligible children, and these restraints require that a selection process be conducted amongst those eligible to determine which children- the most disadvantaged-will be selected (Frisvold & Lumeng, 2011). HEAD START PROGRAM: ADMINISTRATION AND EFFECTIVENESS 3 For those who are both eligible and selected, the program offers a multitude of assistance to set young children on a path to educational success. The program’s efforts are best described by The Office of Head start themselves...
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...Omaha, NE, USA c Psychological Assessment Specialists, Pocatello, ID, USA a The present study included observational and self-report measures to examine associations among parental stress, parental behaviour, child behaviour, and children’s theory of mind and emotion understanding. Eighty-three parents and their 3- to 5-year-old children participated. Parents completed measures of parental stress, parenting (laxness, overreactivity), and child behaviour (internalizing, externalizing); children completed language, theory of mind, and emotion understanding measures. Parent–child interactions also were observed (N 5 47). Laxness and parenting stress predicted children’s theory of mind performance and parental usage of imitative gestures and vocalizations accounted for unique variance in emotion understanding. Associations also were found between child behaviour and emotion understanding. Results provide support for direct and indirect associations between parent–child interactions and early social-cognitive development. Copyright r 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: parenting; theory of mind; emotion; parental stress INTRODUCTION Two important aspects of early social-cognitive development are theory of mind and emotion understanding. By 4–5 years of age children typically understand the representational nature of thoughts and beliefs (Wellman,...
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...Signs, and Symptoms That Aid in Early Intervention Abstract This paper contains information pertaining to Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Throughout this work, I discuss how ASD can cause significant social, communication, and behavior challenges. I identify many signs and symptoms to look for as children are growing. I share research on an investigation into a tilt test and also a study on siblings that are at high and low risk for ASD. My own personal experience as the mother of a child diagnosed with ASD and early childhood educator is discussed in great length. Awareness of the symptoms, special tests, and typical development are mentioned so that a child with ASD can be diagnosed early and receive services to support their learning and success throughout life. Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Tests, Signs, and Symptoms That Aid in Early Intervention Introduction Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a subject close to my heart. My oldest daughter was diagnosed several years ago at about nine years old. She was extremely high functioning with above average language skills throughout her early childhood. Her speech was quite formal for a young child, but this really made her sound intelligent. Having strong language skills made it more difficult to see the delayed social conventions. As a young child, my daughter had difficulty listening to others and allowing for the give and take nature of a conversation....
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...5 learning 160 chapter chapter outline A Four-Legged Co-Worker Declan lies on his back wanting his belly scratched. The eight-year-old black Labrador cross swings his legs in the air for a few minutes before resigning himself to chewing on someone’s shoe. In the office he behaves like any pet dog, but in the field he is like a tornado—focused on finding illegal drugs being smuggled. Declan is a drug-detector dog for the Customs Service and has been busting drug smugglers with his handler, Kevin Hattrill, for eight years. Airport passengers look on with curiosity as Declan darts around people and their luggage. Within minutes he sniffs out a person of interest, who is taken away and questioned by airport authorities. Dogs like Declan are trained to detect illegal drugs, such as cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine, or explosives. Hattrill said the dogs were dual responsetrained when they detected something. “If the odor is around a passenger, they are trained to sit beside them. If it’s around cargo, they are trained to scratch. When they detect something, their whole temperament will change. “The dogs can screen up to 300 people within 10 to 15 minutes at the airport. Nothing else can do that.” (McKenzie-McLean, 2006, p. 7) module 15 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination module 16 Operant Conditioning The Basics of Operant Conditioning...
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...By Song Gao This essay compares the research method of case study with five other methods in business research. The five methods are focus group, in-depth interview, observation, questionnaires and field experiment. This essay provides the definition, advantages, disadvantages/limitations for each of the six methods. Moreover, five published articles related to case study method and two published articles related to each of the other five methods were found to further discuss their application in research. Case Study Definition It is an understatement that there is confusion among students, teachers and researchers about the definition of case study research. In this essay, I use the definition as follows: A case study is a study in which (a) one case (single case study) or a small number of cases (comparative case study) in their real life context are selected, and (b) scores obtained from these cases are analysed in a qualitative manner.(Dul & Hak, 2008). Advantages The case study method involves detailed, holistic investigation and can utilise a range of different measurement techniques (the case study researcher is not limited to any one methodological tool). Data can be collected over a period of time, and it is contextual. The histories and stories that can be told about the company are also something that can be assessed and documented.(The university of Melbourne, 2010) Limitations The case study involves analysis of small data sets, such as one or two companies...
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...Based on health statistics, the Philippines is one of the 42 countries that account for 90% of under-five mortality worldwide. 82,000 Filipino children under five years old die every year. 37% of them are newborn. Majority of them (3/4) die within the first two days of life. Mostly due to stressful events or conditions during labor, delivery and immediate postpartum period. The current practice of handling newborns, like clamping and cutting the umbilical cord and washing the baby right after birth, have been known to actually contribute to the high incidence of neonatal deaths and illnesses in the country. Thus the need for a paradigm shift from the prevailing standard procedures into the new protocol. Health Secretary Duque explained that the ENC Protocol involves focusing on the first hours of life of the newborn with the manual guiding health workers in providing evidence-based essential newborn care. Essential Newborn Care Workflow The ENC Time-bound Interventions The guidelines categorize procedures into time-bound, non time-bound and unnecessary procedures: TIME BOUND PROCEDURES Time bound procedures should be routinely performed first – immediate drying, skin-to-skin contact followed by clamping of the cord after one to three minutes or until pulsations have stopped, non-separation of the newborn from the mother and...
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...Thesis Writing Muhammad Hussam Ansari Fourth year-Honesty March 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ………………………………………………………………………………… i Table of contents ………………………………………………………………………….. ii Approval Shee……………………………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………. v Chapter 1: The Problem and It’s Setting Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Review of Related Literature & Studies ……..………………………………………….. 2 Significance of the study ………………………………………………………………….. 3 Hypothesis …………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Scope and Delimitation …………………………………………………………………… 5 Conceptual framework ……………………………………………………………………. 6 Definition of terms …………………………………………………………………………. 7 Chapter 2: Research Methods and procedures Research design ……………………………………………………………………………. 8 Research locale ………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Research instrument …………………………………………………….…………………. 10 Population and sample ……………………………………………………………………. 10 Sampling technique …………………………………………………………………… 10 Gathering procedure ………………………………………………………………………. 12 Chapter 3: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Age of respondents ………………………………………………………………………… 13 Gender of the Respondents …………………………………………………………….. 14 Respondent’s Educational Attainment of Father ……………………………………….. 15 Respondent’s Educational Attainment of Mother ……………………………………… 16 Respondent’s Employment of Father ...
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...Tracking and Monitoring of People Using GPS-based Location Services Abstract The Global Positioning System is a constellation of 24 satellites which have the ability to calculate the position, time and velocity of any GPS receiver. Ethical concerns arise when a person carrying a receiver has their location transmitted to second party. This type of tracking has a wide variety of applications including tracking dementia sufferers, tracking parolees and law enforcement. A literature review found that the ethics of GPS tracking has not been thoroughly assessed. This paper investigates the ethical issues arising from the real time tracking of people using GPS-based location services. Usability context analysis and an observational study were the methodology used in this study. Usability context analysis provided insight into GPS tracking over the contexts of care, control and convenience. Its current applications could be seen in the tracking of Alzheimer’s patients, parents tracking children, law enforcement, parolee and sex offenders, terrorist tracking, employee monitoring and...
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...Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Page Ref: 24 4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Page Ref: 24 5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Page Ref: 24 6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following...
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...overview of the study specifically on the introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation. I. INTRODUCTION Teenage pregnancy is formally defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached her 20th birthday when the pregnancy ends, regardless of whether the woman is married or is legally an adult (age 14 to 21, depending on the country). In everyday speech, the speaker is usually referring to unmarried minors who become pregnant unintentionally. The average age of menarche (first menstrual period) is 12 years old, though this figure varies by ethnicity, and ovulation occurs only irregularly before this. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors. In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer "life outcomes" in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy...
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...Table Of Contents Topics | Page No. | 1. Introduction | 3 | 2. Analysis | - | 2.1. Meaning | 4 | 2.2. Learning | 5 | 2.3. Self Cocept and Personality | 6 | 2.4. Culture | 7 | 2.5. Research | 8 | 2.6. Motivation | 9 | 2.7. Disposition, Recylce and Reuse | 10 | 2.8 Group Influence | 11 | 3. Conclusion | 12 | 4. Appendix | 13 | Introduction ‘Consumer behaviour is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use or dispose of products, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy needs and desires’ (Solomon, 2010, p. 33) We chose Le Marché supermarket to record our observations. Marché Retail Pvt Ltd, has been in the food business for the last 20 years. Well located, aesthetically designed and well stocked with the best from across the globe, the large format stores under the brand name Le Marché. Le Marché caters to the food requirements of people at every level. By offering the convenience of shopping in comfort, assisted by customer focused staff, and a wide selection of exotic and basic groceries to choose from, Le Marché aims to be the preferred destination for food shopping in India. We visited the store on 27th October around 5 pm and recorded our observations. To record our observations we kept in mind the various components of Consumer...
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