...to move towards the summit point. As the book by Gladwell (2005) suggests there are at-least seven things that need to wrong, in-order to experience a fatal crash, I did live this on the day of simulation assignment. It was my travel day at work I was working from hotel where the internet connection was bad. As a result, I missed some of the key portions discussed prior to the simulation task. My mind was in panic mode and with constant fear of failure of this exercise. It could cost me some points from my grade [Edmondson & Roloff (2009)].Once I overcame the connectivity issue, I began to actively participate. During the initial 15 min time frame, when we as a team were sharing each other’s profile information and goals, our “observer” asked the group a question “Are you allowed to share each other’s goals?” , in hind-sight I think this was intentional. This definitely put a question mark in team’s mind as stated in the paper by Edmondson & Roloff (2009), however, I encouraged the team to share so we could all work towards a common goal [Prusak& Cohen (2001)]. This clearly helps me understand how one doubtful question can affect the...
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...stationary objects around ourselves. We concluded that of an object that maintains it position with respect to the immobile objects, is at rest. We also determined that all objects moving, along with the earth without changing its positions on earth surface is considered stationary objects in the earth’s frame of reference. So theoretically, “all bodies not changing position with respect to a specific observer is stationary in the frame of reference attached with the observer.”(Singhil) Hermann von Helmholtz stated, “A moving body whose motion was not retarded by any resisting force would continue to move to all eternity.”(Brainy) Helmholtz means that every single thing on earth is always constantly moving. What is motion; it is a state which indicates change of position. Motion of a body refers to the time given in a frame of reference. A frame of a reference is a method to describe space from the perception of an observer. In other words, it is a system of measurement for locating positions of the bodies in space with reverence to a viewer. These terms “reference” and “observer” are used to explain and describe motion. A frame of reference is a mathematical construct that specifies the location of a point of an object in space. The frame of reference is a coordinate system. The most common coordinate system is the Cartesian system, it comprises of three perpendicular axes. Observation of motion is considered a human endeavor, but the motion of an object would be...
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...The observation sight chosen is known as The Blake Street Early Learning Center it offers pre-k and kindergarten classes. Miss. Reed’s kindergarten class is the observed classroom; the class consists of 15 children ranging between five and six. As the children arrive each child places his or her backpacks and other belongings into his or her designated cubby. Children are provided with a couple of options, children can set at table were a pre-packed breakfast is waiting, children may choose to go into the music corner and sit and listen to classical music or have quiet time in the dimly light corner and relax. It was surprising to the observer how quickly the children seem to be make selections about where to spend breakfast time. After breakfast the children gathered around Miss. Reed on the reading carpet to review the day’s events, this prepares the children for the day and informs them of what is expected of them as the day moves along. Once the schedule of the day has been reviewed, Miss Reed shares a book with the classroom. Class Description Miss. Reed’s class is brightly colored and decorated. In the reading corner there is a long painted scene of a large tree and children of diverse backgrounds playing on and around the tree. The bookshelves are brightly colored and are strategically placed to divide the classroom into its various labeled corners. The floors in the reading area is carpeted in the reading corner is brightly colored hand prints with...
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...able to move around freely or perform the activities that she was once able to perform. As the clinician, I felt concerned and empathetic about the client’s concerns. My observer noted that I established a relationship with my client by greeting her and asking her if I could provide her with any refreshments. The observer believes that this creates a relaxing and welcoming atmosphere. I noticed the client had a northern accent so I asked the client where she was from. The client is from Philadelphia. I asked the client how she liked living in Philadelphia and how she likes living in her current state. I was able to encourage client participation by asking what her goals were and how she thought I might be able to help her achieve those goals. I repeated her goals to her to verify I heard them correctly and I provided her with information to an adult care center that can provide her with physical therapy. The center also has group counseling that can help deal with her depression issues and she can meet others who are experiencing similar issues. I told the client that I would go to the first appointment to be a support system and I would schedule a follow up appointment after one month of going to the senior center. The observer noticed that I remained professional and showed engaging body language. The observer also noticed that the client seemed comfortable. My strengths were that I was concerned and engaged. My weakness was that I said “umm” a lot and did not seem totally confident...
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...Letter to the Editor of the Guardian 'F*ck off". 'Scumbag'. 'W*nker'. This is the lasting impression readers of other popular newspapers are given about teenagers. It's not just limited to newspapers either. It is an ever-growing problem in the journalism industry. Facts are being twisted for the sake of entertaining the reader, are being portrayed as blood-sucking leeches, and teenagers are seen as Red-Bull guzzling degenerates. So how are you going to change this? Many peoples' opinions of teenagers have been based on a select few shows such as Waterloo Road, Skins, and, more recently, Excluded. While many understand that these teens are in the minority many still believe that teens are like this. Fear-mongering news-channels do not help this; rather they serve a daily dose of gang crime and teenage stabbings, which only fuel a stubborn flame that is quickly growing out of control. On the 23rd September 2011, the Daily Mail published an article titled "What sort of example is this to set our children?" about the new TV show "Educating Essex", I will spare you the trouble of reading an insane journalist's lunar ravings and give you a few extracts. 'Insolent children talk back to teachers'. 'Bullying, teenage pregnancy, and young girls caked in makeup.' 'From cyber-bullying to playground scraps'. From this, a less informed person may conclude that this is the case with most teenagers. And the fact that we are called "unruly” and "scumbags" only reinforces the idea we are menaces...
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...ideal conditions of a habitat allows us to observe change in the habitat over time. The changes viewed in characteristics of the habitat over time can either be a good thing or a bad thing. Understanding the ideal conditions allows us to try to maintain the habitat’s ideal characteristics to ensure that all the organisms dependent upon the habitat can thrive. 5.) The QHEI is very good at giving us insight into the physical and biological conditions of a particular stream site. It is great for assessing land use practices and determining whether a stream is fit for a certain species to thrive. 6.) The major weakness with QHEI is that it is very open to interpretation. The measurements that make up the QHEI assessment are determined by the observer. There is no real scientific method to get an exact number on many of the characteristics such as how...
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...The Hawthorne Studies, researched by Elton Mayo, was conducted from 1924 to 1927. These experiments were conducted at Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago and included the examination of productivity and work conditions among segregated employees. In this experiment, Mayo segregated six female employees from the rest of their co-workers at Western Electric and utilized such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperature, and humidity with the thought that adjusting these variables from time to time would result in higher and/or lower productivity respectively. Additionally, Mayo gave the women a friendly “observer” supervisor rather than someone who was a disciplinarian. He made frequent changes in their work conditions, but always communicated these changes to the women in advance so that they were aware prior to the occurrence. Such changes included change of hours in the work week, work day and the number of rest breaks offered and the time of the lunch hour. During the experiment, the women were frequently asked for their feedback as changes occurred. The women became a team that gave of themselves wholeheartedly and spontaneously to cooperation in the experiment. The results of this experiment and the affect on organizational theory showed that employees are motivated far more by relational factors such as attention and camaraderie than by monetary rewards or environmental factors such as lighting, humidity, etc. “Evidence showed that interpersonal relationships...
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...The Hawthorne Experiments The Hawthorne experiments were groundbreaking studies in human relations that were conducted between 1924 and 1932 at Western Electric Company's Hawthorne Works in Chicago. Originally designed as illumination studies to determine the relationship between lighting and productivity, the initial tests were sponsored by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1927 a research team from the Harvard Business School was invited to join the studies after the illumination tests drew unanticipated results. Two additional series of tests, the relay-assembly tests and the bank-wiring tests, followed the illumination tests. The studies assumed the label Hawthorne experiments or studies from the location of the Western Electric plant. Concluded by 1932, the Hawthorne studies, with emphasis on a new interpretation of group behavior, were the basis for the school of human relations. ILLUMINATION TESTS In the early 1920s Chicago's Western Electric Hawthorne Works employed 12,000 workers. The plant was a primary manufacturer of telephones, and in 1924 the company provided a site to cooperate with the NRC on a series of test room studies to determine the relationship between illumination and worker efficiency. The basic idea was to vary and record levels of illumination in a test room with the expectation that as lighting was increased, productivity would too. In another test room, illumination was decreased, with the correlating...
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...The Hawthorne defect: Persistence of a flawed theory “Like other hallowed but unproven concepts in psychology, the so -called Hawthorne effect has a life of its own.” By Berkeley Rice http://www.cs.unc.edu/~stotts/204/nohawth.html Most students of social psych are familiar with, or had better be if they want to pass. For decades, countless textbooks, Ph.D. theses, journal articles, and learned panels have cited it as a possible explanation for everything from why juvenile criminals in experimental program decide to go straight to why insomniacs sleep better in the laboratory. Whenever psychologists gather, one I apt to hear mention of the Hawthorne effect-even though, as it happens, the effect was never actually demonstrated by the original study. Proponents of the Hawthorne effect say that people who are singled out for a study of any kind may improve their performance or behavior not because of any specific condition being tested, but simply because of all the attention they receive. Those who mention the effect usually want to cast doubt on whether a given social innovation, instructional method, or therapy is really responsible for the change in behavior. Though the Hawthorne effect has been generalized to every kind of psychological study, it grew out of a pioneering series of experiments that tested the impact of improved working conditions on productivity. In typical accounts of the findings, current textbooks report: “To the surprise of the researchers, every innovation...
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...has much more to do with ensuring the integrity of international election observers by laying out what is expected of them, behavior wise, as this is a necessary instrument to ensure an independent and bias free assessment of election processes for different countries. The declaration and code of conduct were drafted as an effort to guarantee the integrity and proficiency of elections. The document defines international election observation as: “the systematic, comprehensive and accurate gathering...
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...Introduction The Hawthorne effect is a term referring to the tendency of some people to work harder and perform better when they are participants in an experiment. Individuals may change their behavior due to the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than because of any manipulation of independent variables. This effect was first discovered and named by researchers at Harvard University who were studying the relationship between productivity and work environment. Researchers conducted these experiments at the Hawthorne Works plant of Western Electric. The study was originally commissioned to determine if increasing or decreasing the amount of light workers received increased or decreased worker productivity. SLIDE 1 The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation. The researchers found that productivity increased due to attention from the research team and not because of changes to the experimental variable. Hawthorne Works had commissioned a study to see if its workers would become more productive in higher or lower levels of light. The workers' productivity seemed to improve when changes were made and slumped when the study was concluded. It was suggested that the productivity gain occurred due to the impact of...
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...Ruth Behar’s book, The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart, stands in direct contrast to the majority of anthropological texts. In it, she adds her own voice to her experiences doing field research. In doing so, she attempts to add to the context that her research occurred in. Instead of trying to maintain a strictly objective stance in relaying events from the field, Behar includes herself in her writing and her studying to enrich the experience for the reader. Reading The Vulnerable Observer takes the reader on a journey through the intersection of Behar’s professional and personal life, and how one informed the other. Each chapter deals with a different field experience, as well as what she was experiencing personally...
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...Pygmalion in management The Pygmalion effect is based on the fact that people often live up to the high expectations of other individuals whether their managers, teachers or relatives. Others expectations often lead people to transcend their own abilities and talents and cause self-fulfilling prophecies. J Sterling Livingston, in this article, explores the various facets of this effect in management by looking at the results of different experiments related to it. In one of the examples of the Metropolitian Life Insurance Co., an experiment was carried out in which employees were divided to groups on the basis of previous performance and assigned managers of commensurate ability. As expected, the people of the superior performance group lived up to their expectations and performed admirably; on the other hand, the productivity of the lower performance group declined. However, the anomaly was the average performance group which performed beyond expectations the reason being the manager in charge of the group having a more positive image of her than the perception held by her superiors and the subsequent rub off this image and self-expectation of greater performance onto the entire group. The Pygmalion effect can also be observed in medical science in the form of placebo effect when a non-existent drug administered to patients by physicians who reinforce the efficacy of the same in their recovery often leads to miraculous results. Communication is however a critical factor...
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...INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS • 1 Types o 1.1 Multilateral development bank o 1.2 Bretton Woods institutions o 1.3 Regional development banks o 1.4 Bilateral development banks and agencies o 1.5 Other regional financial institutions International financial institutions (IFIs) are financial institutions that have been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence are subjects ofinternational law. Their owners or shareholders are generally national governments, although other international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders. The most prominent IFIs are creations of multiple nations, although some bilateral financial institutions (created by two countries) exist and are technically IFIs. Many of these are multilateral development banks (MDB). TYPES Multilateral development bank A multilateral development bank (MDB) is an institution, created by a group of countries, that provides financing and professional advising for the purpose of development. MDBs have large memberships including both developed donor countries and developing borrower countries. MDBs finance projects in the form of long-term loans at market rates, very-long-term loans (also known as credits) below market rates, and through grants. The following are usually classified as the main MDBs: • World Bank • European Investment Bank(EIB) • Asian Development Bank (ADB) • European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) • Inter-American...
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...IDB WORKING PAPER SERIES No. IDB-WP-114 Aid, Exports, and Growth: A Time-Series Perspective on the Dutch Disease Hypothesis Joong Shik Kang Alessandro Prati Alessandro Rebucci August 2010 Inter-American Development Bank Department of Research and Chief Economist Aid, Exports, and Growth: A Time-Series Perspective on the Dutch Disease Hypothesis Joong Shik Kang* Alessandro Prati* Alessandro Rebucci** * International Monetary Fund ** Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Development Bank 2010 Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Kang, Joong Shik. Aid, exports, and growth : a time-series perspective on the Dutch disease hypothesis / Joong Shik Kang, Alessandro Prati, Alessandro Rebucci. p. cm. (IDB working paper series ; 114) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Economic assistance—Economic aspects. 2. International finance. I. Prati Musetti, Alessandro. II. Rebucci, Alessandro. III. Inter-American Development Bank. Research Dept. IV. Title. V. Series. HC60.S55 2010 © Inter-American Development Bank, 2010 www.iadb.org Documents published in the IDB working paper series are of the highest academic and editorial quality. All have been peer reviewed by recognized experts in their field and professionally edited. The information and opinions presented in these publications are entirely those of the author(s), and no endorsement by the Inter-American Development...
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