...Obsessive - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents A Review of Literature Galaunda J. Pee Professor Shirley McClerklin - Motley “Using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV TR)” Coker College, Hartsville South Carolina Abstract Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or OCD, is a medical disorder that causes repetitive, unpleasant thoughts (obsessions) or behaviors (compulsions) that are difficult to control (Stewart et al.2007). Unlike ordinary worries or habits, these obsessions and compulsions may consume significant amounts of time, more than an hour per day, may interfere with a person’s daily schedule. OCD may cause significant distress, and affects approximately one percent of children and adolescents. It was once considered a rare condition, but is now viewed as not only one of the more prevalent psychiatric disorders, but also one the most disabling medical disorders. Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a significant impact on humans and social functioning, quality of life, family, Relationships socio-economic status. Think of OCD as an “overactive alarm system.” Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), is a debilitation neuropsychiatry disorder with a lifetime prevalence of two to three percent and is estimated to be the tenth leading cause of disability in the world (Abramowitz, J.S. (2006)...
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...Children Just Want to be Treated Equally Academic Behavior Code A. Califano April 24, 2013 Abstract Many children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder go undiagnosed. Researchers examine the possible causes and found that many children do not get diagnosed because of their lack of ability to understand and vocalize their experiences; hindering children’s abilities to maintain relationships and perform well in school. ERP is a form of treatment that has been recorded to work in many cases. In some circumstances children may not be able to handle the distress and anxiety that is associated with the repeated exposure exercises. Treatment is extremely important for those who are suffering from OCD. If not properly treated, it is expected that those people unfortunately can have a chronic and deteriorating course. Keywords: OCD, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Children, Adolescents, ERP, Treatment, Distress, Anxiety, Diagnosis Children Just Want to be Treated Equally Obsessive-compulsive disorder, referred to as OCD, is a common psychiatric disorder and is one of the highest recorded in the United States. It has been estimated that OCD affects 1 in 200 young persons (Adams, 1999). This means that 3 or 4 students in an averaged sized elementary school suffer from obsessive compulsive disorder. This disorder impairs children’s abilities to function in home, school, and community settings. The American Psychiatric Association (2000) characterizes OCD as recurrent...
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...Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Jackie Clanton PSY/450 January 26, 2013 Dr. Angela Ramirez Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Obsessive compulsive disorder is one of many anxiety disorders and is defined as a mental disorder in which an individual experiences obsessions or compulsions, either singly or together according to the Merriam Webster online dictionary. Obsessive compulsive can start in childhood or young adulthood the disorder is equally common among men and women in adulthood (Parmet, Lynm & Golub, 2011). Obsessions are unwanted, recurrent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate (Parmet, Lynm & Golub, 2011). Compulsions are defined as repetitive behaviors or "rituals" that the person feels driven to perform in a particular way (Parmet, Lynm & Golub, 2011). There are several different ways to treat obsessive compulsive disorder but there is no known cure. Human development relies on socialization with other humans obsessive compulsive disorder can hinder social interaction thus hindering a person’s normal development. Obsessions and Compulsions Obsessive compulsive disorder occurs more frequently in adolescents and adults than in children, but when it is found in children it is more common in boys than in girls (Parmet, Lynm & Golub, 2011). A person with obsessive compulsive disorder may have obsessions compulsions or both obsessions and compulsions. There are several characteristics of obsessions...
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...Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, better known as OCD, is a lifelong mental anxiety that is associated with your brain. This disorder causes people to use their fears as repeated and uncontrollable compulsions. It also forces unwanted thoughts into their brains and causes anxiety. Their brains force them to think about mental fears and act upon them, resulting in repetitive behavior, which are called compulsions. The most common compulsions are cleaning, organizing, hoarding, counting, touching, and tapping. The National Institute of Mental Health states, “People with OCD typically try to make their obsessions go away by performing compulsions.” Some signs of obsessive compulsive disorder is a fear of germs, being overly tidy, compulsive counting, organizing things, fear of hurting loved ones, and many more. A lot of people with this disorder perform these repetitive behaviors and still do not feel satisfied when they are done. Performing compulsions repetitively may cause someone with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder to have suicidal thoughts and many more problems. A lot of times, when people are experiencing these continuous thoughts of germs, the need to organize, or whatever it may be, they find them discomforting and do not want those thoughts to be...
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...Abstract Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD, is an anxiety disorder that causes unwanted and intrusive thoughts or feelings that cause an individual to feel driven to do something. OCD affects one in every 50 individuals in the United States. Often times, OCD begins in childhood or adolescence and if untreated, will continue into adulthood. This research paper will address the symptoms of OCD and the current counseling techniques used to treat it. Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder, rituals, obsession, exposure and response prevention, compulsions, obsessions Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD, is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Individuals with OCD are often plagued by persistent, unwelcome thoughts or images, or by the urgent need to engage in certain rituals. Patients with OCD usually recognize the fact that their obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors are extreme or illogical, but this awareness does not help control their symptoms. An equal number of men and women are diagnosed with OCD, however, men tend to develop it earlier than women. Clients with OCD tend to suffer in many areas of their lives because so much of their time and energy is spent doing their rituals. For more than 7 out of 10 patients, the disorder severely impairs their family relationships, and 6 out of 10 have impaired friendships because of their OCD. Nearly 60 percent...
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...Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a disorder that can be more debilitating than one would think. It has been found that the cause of OCD is either due to brain abnormalities or a chemical imbalance. There are various types of treatments out there to treat OCD. There are two possible treatments for OCD: psychotherapy and medication. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) is one of the possible treatments of OCD. This type of treatment helps patients internalize a strategy to resist OCD for the rest of their life. It has been found that serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are very effective in treating OCD. What this medication does is increase the concentration of serotonin in the brain. One of the common SRIs used to treat OCD in the United...
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...Psychological Disorder Paper Erica Vazquez PSY 450 University of Phoenix Abstract This paper will examine the psychological disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and the relationship it has between human development and socialization as well as how human development and socialization affect people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Psychological Disorder Paper The U.S. National Library of Medicine describes Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as, “ an anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions).” Essentially, the obsessions are the spontaneous and tedious contemplations, while the compulsions are the actions that result from the disorder. Even though OCD is exhibited as recurrent and persistent thoughts and impulses, would it be just to consider every type of compulsive behavior or obsessive thought as OCD? (Shiraev &Levy, 2010) According to Shiraev & Levy, “ Specific repetitive behavior – praying, for example –– should be judged in accordance with the norms of the individual’s culture and should clearly interfere with social role functioning to be diagnosed as OCD (DSM-IV, P. 420) “ (2010, p. 231). With this in mind a more concrete explanation of the relationship between OCD and human development and socialization. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) OCD affects...
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...English 102 10 June 2010 Contamination OCD and Our Health Contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder can be the most unnecessary and most annoying disorder out there. Consider the feeling of constantly tracing the history of germ contents for everything you touch. It’s nearly impossible, but enough to drive a person crazy. Dealing with contamination OCD myself, I am a self-proclaimed “germ-a-phobe” or “germ-freak,” but living in fear of germs is not what I always dreamed of. Anxiety is an understatement in regards to never touching the TV remote control just because I don’t know who touched it last and what they’ve touched last, or letting everyone believe I’m unfriendly just to avoid a high-five, even though I do carry hand sanitizer with me. These are unnecessary and irrelevant thoughts to anything worthwhile, but somehow they aren’t as easy to get rid of as you might think. Contamination OCD can cause so much fear and anxiety in a person’s life, but what is it that actually jump starts this seemingly endless annoyance? Should the rest of the world consider our thoughts on the fact that maybe germs are dangerous or is it the disinfectants that are really causing us harm? Even though disinfectants pose such a dangerous threat to our health due to toxins in them, those living with contamination OCD still can’t seem to accept that fact and put down the cleaners in fear of being contaminated by germs because of the habits and rituals that have taken over in our minds and...
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...with a mental illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011). Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the many mental illnesses that are diagnosed worldwide. This disorder is a debilitating mental disorder that can become manageable with treatment (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). To have a complete understanding of obsessive compulsive disorder it is important to review all aspects of this disorder. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a chronic disorder that is characterized by uncontrollable, intrusive thoughts called obsessions and repetitive behaviors or mental acts which are called compulsions (National Institute of Mental...
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...Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Do We Choose Or Are We Programmed? Erika Dixon Algonquin College ENL1813 Communications Persuasive Research Essay Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Do We Choose Or Are We Programmed? Sometimes I ask myself, “Where did my OCD Come From?” or, I have a mental breakdown and ask myself, “What am I doing?” Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is unwanted repetitive behaviours and thoughts that torture about 2% of the population (HealthProfs.com, 2014). Some people are convinced that this behaviour is a choice, and that people with OCD are pretending because they want attention. Although researchers don’t know exactly what causes OCD, they know it’s real, and research is proving that people are subconsciously programmed and nurtured into this behaviour through biology, family history, and life experiences (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2014). Biological factors relating to the possible causes of OCD are an area of considerable research and theory, and it suggests that the brain of a person with OCD has irregular interactions, which makes them have uncontrollable repetitive behaviours and thoughts (HealthProfs.com, 2014). Biological causes of OCD have focused on a circuit in the brain which regulates primitive aspects of our behaviour such as aggression, sexuality, and bodily excretions (OCD-UK, 2013). When this circuit becomes activated, certain impulses are brought to your attention and cause you to perform a particular behaviour that appropriately...
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...Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder in which you have awkward thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead you to repetitive behaviors (compulsions). An example of an obsessive-compulsive disorder would be a fear of getting contaminated by germs. To ease your obsessive fear, you may compulsively wash your hands until they're sore. Despite your efforts, the distressing thoughts of obsessive-compulsive disorder keep coming back. (Greenberg) Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms include both obsessions and compulsions. OCD obsessions are repeated ideas, thoughts, images or impulses that occur spontaneously and seem to make no sense. These obsessions tend to occur when you're trying to think of or do other things....
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...Obsessive – Compulsive Disorder BEH/225 Obsessive-compulsive disorder is type of anxiety disorder that is identified by unreasonable thought and fears or obsessions that will lead someone to do repetitive behaviors. People with obsessive-compulsive disorders will realize that they may not be a reasonable behavior, and they may want to ignore this type of behavior or even stop the behaviors. There are many thoughts, different mannerisms that an obsessive–compulsive person may experience, and can be caused by several factors. In today’s society, there are different types of treatments to help someone who has this type of disorder and it can be treated successfully. Like a needle getting stuck on an old record, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) causes the brain to get stuck on a particular thought or urge (Robinson, Smith, & Sega, 2011) . This is a normal behavior for a person who has OCD. Some have a fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt and will continuously wash their hands until they are chapped and are extremely sore. Despite their efforts to control the behavior, many will continue to perform this behavior. Some have a fear of hurting others or themselves, fear of losing things or not having something, an idea that everything must be perfect and orderly, and some will have interfering sexual or violent thought or even images. Hoarding, repeated checking, opening or closing doors, and cleaning obsessively are other cases that are a...
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...Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Sam A. Okibe May 10th, 2013 Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) INTRODUCTION: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness categorized under anxiety disorder. OCD is characterized by marked obsession (thoughts) and compulsion (repetitive behavior) aimed at satisfying the obsession. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) places OCD’s diagnosis under Axis-1 along with most anxiety disorders. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) which afflicts over 5 to 6 million American adults, teens, and children, most not be confused with the personality disorder known as obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). The two disorders differ in that while those suffering from OCD are characterized by repeated need to satisfy ritualistic actions, those afflicted with OCPD tend to focus on perfectionism, marked by severe anxiety when they feel that things are not how they should be. In a Time magazine article entitled When Worry Hijacks The Brain Kluger, Cray, and Pomerance (2007), noted that the average lag time before OCD is properly diagnosed is a shocking nine years. Kluger et al. continued by stating that it takes an additional eight years before an effective treatment is prescribed. OCD is behind schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and ADHD as far as treatment research is concerned (Kluger et al.). WHAT CAUSES OCD? Psychologists and Psychiatrics have since the late 17th century engaged themselves with different...
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...2012 Matthew Hoffman Mental Illness: OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by the inability to control or even stop unwanted thoughts and actions. From the 14th to the 16th century in Europe, OCD was thought to be a devilish influence and treated through exorcisms (“Who discovered OCD?”). As time went on, this anxiety disorder was thought as a form on insanity; this was until the 19th century. In the 19th century, the obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions were debated as neurosis (“A short history of OCD”, 2009). Finally in 1910, OCD was known to be the “touching disorder” by Sigmund Freud. Freud and Pierre Janet were the first to identify that the disorder is a psychological disorder (“A short history of OCD”, 2009; “Who discovered OCD?”, Karr, 2010). Obsessive-compulsive disorder affects about 1 percent of the United States and 1.8 percent of Canadians. The cradle to grave occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is approximately 1.7 to 4 percent (Moscou & Snipe, 2009). In adults, men and women are equally affected by OCD, according to the American Psychiatric Association in the DSM-IV-TR (2000). According to Medical Doctor, Sang H. Suh, men with OCD have symptoms show up at a younger age than women; men as 6 to 15 years old and women being in their 20’s (2004). Some researchers say that minorities—mostly African and Mexican Americans—are more susceptible to anxiety disorders, such as OCD. This is very controversial because...
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...Running head: OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Sabrina Smith West GA Technical College Abstract Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. OCD causes severe anxiety for people who suffer from this disorder. OCD involves both obsessions and compulsions that take a lot of time and get in the way of significant activities. Obsessions are defined as repeated thoughts, images or impulses that are interfering and annoying. Compulsions are time-consuming and troubling repetitive rituals. There are more than 200,000 cases in America per year. There is no cure for OCD; however, there are different types of treatments that may help the chronic behaviors associated with this disorder. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder can last for many years and even an entire life span with some people. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by a wide range of symptoms that can be distilled down to a smaller number of unique symptom dimensions (Cordeiro, Sharma, Thennarasu, & Reddy 2015). People with obsessive-compulsive disorder ten to be classified into one of the four major symptom dimensions: symmetry, forbidden thoughts, cleaning, and hoarding. A person’s personality trait significantly contributes to how severe someone’s obsessive compulsive disorder will become (Alonso, 2008). Symmetry – related to obsessive compulsive disorder – is just another way to classify someone as a...
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