...Abstract Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD, is an anxiety disorder that causes unwanted and intrusive thoughts or feelings that cause an individual to feel driven to do something. OCD affects one in every 50 individuals in the United States. Often times, OCD begins in childhood or adolescence and if untreated, will continue into adulthood. This research paper will address the symptoms of OCD and the current counseling techniques used to treat it. Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder, rituals, obsession, exposure and response prevention, compulsions, obsessions Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD, is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Individuals with OCD are often plagued by persistent, unwelcome thoughts or images, or by the urgent need to engage in certain rituals. Patients with OCD usually recognize the fact that their obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors are extreme or illogical, but this awareness does not help control their symptoms. An equal number of men and women are diagnosed with OCD, however, men tend to develop it earlier than women. Clients with OCD tend to suffer in many areas of their lives because so much of their time and energy is spent doing their rituals. For more than 7 out of 10 patients, the disorder severely impairs their family relationships, and 6 out of 10 have impaired friendships because of their OCD. Nearly 60 percent...
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...Emily Hart Nova Southeastern University Abstract Scrupulosity is a form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and it involves religious and moral obsessions, as well as mental and behavioral compulsions. Some symptoms may include obsessions such as, fears that one has lost touch with God or fears that prayers are said incorrectly. Compulsions that are preformed excessively related to Scrupulosity include, continually asking for God’s forgiveness or saying prayers a specific number of times. Causes of Scrupulosity OCD may derive from exposure to a specific environment or based on one’s genetic predisposition, however the definitive root of Scrupulosity is undefined. Two popular treatments for Scrupulosity involve Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Exposure and Responses Prevention (ERP). Another form of Scrupulosity OCD is moral scrupulosity and this is based on negative and intrusive thoughts surrounding a person’s moral character. This literature review will also go further into discussing two specific articles on the treatment of Scrupulosity OCD. Outline * Define scrupulosity OCD * Discuss why it is a form of OCD * Discuss how it differs to a strong religious faith * Symptoms of scrupulosity OCD * Causes of scrupulosity OCD * Discuss common obsessive mental thoughts and behaviors * Eg. Repetitive thoughts about having committed a sin * Discuss common compulsive mental thoughts and behaviors * Eg. Excessive praying (emphasizing perfection...
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...Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Sam A. Okibe May 10th, 2013 Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) INTRODUCTION: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness categorized under anxiety disorder. OCD is characterized by marked obsession (thoughts) and compulsion (repetitive behavior) aimed at satisfying the obsession. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) places OCD’s diagnosis under Axis-1 along with most anxiety disorders. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) which afflicts over 5 to 6 million American adults, teens, and children, most not be confused with the personality disorder known as obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). The two disorders differ in that while those suffering from OCD are characterized by repeated need to satisfy ritualistic actions, those afflicted with OCPD tend to focus on perfectionism, marked by severe anxiety when they feel that things are not how they should be. In a Time magazine article entitled When Worry Hijacks The Brain Kluger, Cray, and Pomerance (2007), noted that the average lag time before OCD is properly diagnosed is a shocking nine years. Kluger et al. continued by stating that it takes an additional eight years before an effective treatment is prescribed. OCD is behind schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and ADHD as far as treatment research is concerned (Kluger et al.). WHAT CAUSES OCD? Psychologists and Psychiatrics have since the late 17th century engaged themselves with different...
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...Eccentricity vs. Personality disorder While researching strong female women in New York City history, I found myself drawn to the character of Mrs. Henrietta Howland Robinson (Hetty Green). The more I researched the life of Hetty the more questioned her mental health or lack of it. Why was it so hard for her to spend money? How had money become her the must imported thing in her life. What made her need to kept her fortune so close and what keep her from enjoying the basic comforts of life she could have easy afforded? Was Hetty Green just an eccentric old rich lady or could she have been suffering from a mental illness or a personality disorder? Hetty Green was one of the first female financiers to handle her own fortune and investments in the 1800s. Hetty Green was known as “The richest woman in America” (Slack, 2004) as well as earning herself the nickname of “The Witch of Wall Street.” (Sparkes, Boyden.1936) The origin is on clear of the nick name of “Witch of Wall Street” One source stated that is it come from the book written in 1936 by Boyden Sparkes and Samuel Taylor Moore titled “The Witch of Wall Street, Hetty Green.” Here is a quote from authors “When, however, Mrs. Green next appeared in New York she was wearing her mourning and for years thereafter she was never seen on the street except with a heavy swathing of black veil. It was this garment, perhaps, as much as anything that caused her to be spoken of as the Witch of Wall Street.” (Sparkes, Boyden...
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...Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder Introduction Throughout our society, many people suffer from some type of personality disorders. Personality disorders make up approximately 15% of the general population and generally appear during late childhood or late teens. In addition, personality disorders can continue for the rest of a person’s life. One particular personality disorder that will be discussed throughout this paper will be “Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD).” According to Phillipson (n.d), OCPD is a “pervasive characterological disturbance involving one’s generalized style and beliefs in the way one relates to themselves and the world.” Persons who suffer with OCPD are usually rigid in their dysfunctional beliefs and fully see their way of acting or doing things as the “right” way. Their general style of connecting to their environment or surroundings is developed through their own firm standards. OCPD must not be confused with OCD. Although they both are compulsive disorders, they are characterized differently with different meaning. An example of OCD would be someone who compulsively washing their hands, while on the other hand, a person with OCPD is inflexible and does not like it when the way of doing things is disrupted. As this paper unfold, we will examine and discuss the relationship between human development and socialization and how this relationship impacts obsessive compulsive personality disorder in accordance with the DSM-IV classification...
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...Running head: OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Sabrina Smith West GA Technical College Abstract Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. OCD causes severe anxiety for people who suffer from this disorder. OCD involves both obsessions and compulsions that take a lot of time and get in the way of significant activities. Obsessions are defined as repeated thoughts, images or impulses that are interfering and annoying. Compulsions are time-consuming and troubling repetitive rituals. There are more than 200,000 cases in America per year. There is no cure for OCD; however, there are different types of treatments that may help the chronic behaviors associated with this disorder. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder can last for many years and even an entire life span with some people. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by a wide range of symptoms that can be distilled down to a smaller number of unique symptom dimensions (Cordeiro, Sharma, Thennarasu, & Reddy 2015). People with obsessive-compulsive disorder ten to be classified into one of the four major symptom dimensions: symmetry, forbidden thoughts, cleaning, and hoarding. A person’s personality trait significantly contributes to how severe someone’s obsessive compulsive disorder will become (Alonso, 2008). Symmetry – related to obsessive compulsive disorder – is just another way to classify someone as a...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Behaviour Research and Therapy 46 (2008) 836– 844 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Behaviour Research and Therapy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/brat Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample Jack F. Samuels a,Ã, O. Joseph Bienvenu a, Marco A. Grados a, Bernadette Cullen a, Mark A. Riddle a, Kung-yee Liang b, William W. Eaton c, Gerald Nestadt a a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 109, Baltimore, MD 21287-7228, USA Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA c Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA b a r t i c l e in fo Article history: Received 14 February 2008 Received in revised form 7 April 2008 Accepted 8 April 2008 Keywords: Hoarding Prevalence Risk factors Personality disorders Comorbidity abstract Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in the community. We estimated the prevalence and evaluated correlates of hoarding in 742 participants in the Hopkins Epidemiology of Personality Disorder Study. The prevalence of hoarding was nearly 4% (5.3%, weighted) and was greater in older than younger age groups, greater in men than women, and inversely related to household income. Hoarding was associated with alcohol dependence;...
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...Psychological Disorder July, 20, 2011 Psychological Disorder Paper Psychological disorders are stated to be abnormalities of the mind, known as mental disorders (Klasco, 2011). Abnormalities of the mind cause persistent behaviors that affect an individual’s daily function and life (Klasco, 2011). The different types of psychological disorders include mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders (Klasco, 2011). The causes of these disorders are unknown, but factors that contribute to these disorders include childhood experiences, chemical imbalances in the brain, illnesses, heredity, stress, and prenatal exposures (Klasco, 2011). Psychological disorders can be serious and can be life-threatening (Klasco, 2011). One psychological disorder that will be discussed in this paper is anxiety disorder, more specifically obsessive-compulsive disorder. This paper will discuss the relationship between human development and socialization, along with how this relationship affects obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety Disorder Anxiety is something that each and every person experiences at some point in their life (Chakraburtty, 2009). An individual who has an anxiety disorder can have feelings of fears and worries that can cripple the individual (Chakraburtty, 2009). An anxiety disorder is stated to be a serious mental illness and can interfere with an individual living a normal life (Chakraburtty, 2009). Symptoms of anxiety disorder include feelings...
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...“Bipolar Disorder” is one of the most common disorders in young teens today. Bipolar dissorder People who suffer from bipolar have episodes of mania as well as episodes of depression. During an episode of mania the person may feel very optimistic, they may have unrealistic beliefs about their abilities, they may also spend little time sleeping and yet have boundless energy, they may talk so rapidly that others can’t keep up, racing thoughts and moving from topic to topic without any transition, distraction, impaired judgment impulsive actions, taking risky and reckless decisions without thinking about the consequences, and in severe cases delusions and hallucinations.... [tags: Health, Diseases] | 1289 words (3.7 pages) | FREE Essays | [view] | Bipolar Disorder - Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder is the medical name for manic depression, and means an illness with ‘directly opposite’ states of mind. Sufferers of Bipolar illness have mood swings, sometimes feeling ‘high’ or manic, and at other times feeling ‘low’ or depressed. Although the ‘highs’ can occasionally be enjoyable, these extreme emotions are often distressing and can be very disruptive to people’s lives. Few Disorders in history have been described with such consistency as Bipolar Disorder has been.... [tags: Papers] | 3630 words (10.4 pages) | FREE Essays | [view] | Bipolar - What is manic depression. “ It has a name now I know what it is“ ( gold pg 26 ) Manic depression also know as bipolar disorder, is classified...
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...Wednesday, April 9, 2014 PSY/460 - WEEK ONE SHORT ANSWER Environmental psychology is likely to be a new field for you, although many of the concepts are probably familiar. Provide your own definition of the discipline. Discuss an important milestone or influence in the development of environmental psychology and provide reasoning as to why you chose this one. Environmental psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how the environment affects individuals, and vice-verse. There is a reciprocal relationship between people and the environment they live in, as they both affect each other. The relationship between nature and the human species has been an object of study for many decades, and understanding this relationship can help individuals learn about the importance of conserving and maintaining the world that supports them (Steg, 2013). The environment provides humans with food, water, air, and all the other necessities individuals need to survive, even if, in a world dominated by technology and progress, it is easy to forget that one way or another, everything we need to survive comes from the earth. Environmental psychology focuses not only on the physical influences humans and environment have on each other, but also in which ways nature affects individuals’ behaviors. One important aspect of this discipline is the belief that people’s behaviors are not determined solely by the environment (Steg, 2013). Most psychologists in this area believe in free will...
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...Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Kimberly L. Johnson Abstract This paper will examine the DSM disorder of Dependent Personality Disorder in Women. The focus of this paper will be to highlight the differentiation, diagnosis and treatment of this specific pathological personality disorder. According to the DSM, Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by others that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. In professional counseling it is critical that clinicians understand the root causes of DPD and how this disorder can manifest in women. This disorder can be found in both men and women, but research seems to suggest that women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Therefore, understanding the pathology of DPD and its diagnosis and treatment will be critical to professionals working with women. This paper will also discuss how clinicians should be cautious when making diagnosis in women who present with DPD and knowing what gender and culture factors that exists. Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Clinical Definition of Dependent Personality Disorder According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by another person that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. DPD as outlined in the DSM-IV-TR is considered the formal diagnosis of DPD needed for insurance, research, and communication...
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...------------------------------------------------- Somatoform disorder From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Somatoform disorder | Classification and external resources | ICD-10 | F45 | ICD-9 | 300.8 | DiseasesDB | 1645 | eMedicine | med/3527 | MeSH | D013001 | In psychology, a somatoform disorder is a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that suggest physical illness or injury – symptoms that cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition, direct effect of a substance, or attributable to another mental disorder (e.g. panic disorder).[1] The symptoms that result from a somatoform disorder are due to mental factors. In people who have a somatoform disorder, medical test results are either normal or do not explain the person's symptoms. Patients with this disorder often become worried about their health because the doctors are unable to find a cause for their health problems. This causes severe stress, due to preoccupations with the disorder that portrays an exaggerated belief about the severity of the disorder. [2]Symptoms are sometimes similar to those of other illnesses and may last for several years. Usually, the symptoms begin appearing during adolescence, and patients are diagnosed before the age of 25 years. [3] Somatoform disorders are not the result of conscious malingering (fabricating or exaggerating symptoms for secondary motives) or factitious disorders (deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms) – sufferers...
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...Sex/Gender/Sexual, Impulse Control and Personality Disorders Paper and Matrix Kristen Brown Psy 410 February 7, 2010 Kristi Lane Eating, Substance Abuse, Sex/Gender/Sexual, Impulse Control and Personality Disorders Paper and Matrix Biological Eating Disorder Eating disorders have been linked to many biological components such as genetic factors, hormonal and neurotransmitter abnormalities, and damage or abnormalities to certain structures in the brain. Research conducted on twins has shown that genetic factors play an enormous role in whether one will develop an eating disorder. Many individuals who have eating disorders also seem to suffer from other disorders that have genetic factors involved. Eating disorders have been linked to people who also have obsessive compulsive disorder. Individuals who have hormonal or neurotransmitter abnormalities tend to have no control over their eating habits. People who have hormonal abnormalities tend to have unlevel amounts of hormones related hunger. Bulimia nervosa is linked to low hormone amount of the hormones that suppress appetite cause the individual to feel excessively hungry. The reverse is the case for anorexia nervosa. Endorphins play a key role in the body’s feelings of pleasure and people who suffer from eating disorders tend to have endorphins secreted when they are completed measures to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting. Lastly, some people who have been diagnosed with eating disorder have been found to have...
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...Literature Review There is a great deal of evidence based literature on many of the symptoms associated with the term hoarding and its relation to trauma. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM IV, listed hoarding as a symptom of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), known as “compulsive hoarding” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). However, throughout the years research has shown “compulsive hoarding” did not respond to OCD treatments, thus redefining hoarding in the [DSM-V-TR] as a psychiatric disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Until more recently hoarding was a very secretive and shameful disorder. Research suggest that 3-5% of the U.S. population suffers from a hoarding disorder. To put this into perspective, the state of Delaware has 900, 000 residences, 3-5% have hoarding disorder, which amounts to 18, 000- 45, 000 individuals. There are 300 million people in the United States, of that population 6-15 million people are affected by a hoarding disorder. (Cohn, 2012). To address and conceptualize Susan’s co-morbidities of her psychopathological mental distress and manifestations of behaviors I will use three evidence-based theoretical frameworks as...
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...Abuse, Sex/Gender/Sexual, Impulse-Control, and Personality Disorder Normal behavior is accepted world-wide, but when people show abnormal behavior, it is accepted by the few that may understand why this is their behavior. Abnormal behavior that disrupts an individual’s life on a daily basis can be caused by several disorders. These disorders can very complex at times and some are more devastating to the mind and body than others. In this paper, the biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of eating, substance abuse, sex/gender/sexual, impulse-control, and personality disorders will be analyzed. Biological Eating Disorder Genetics and abnormalities in hormones, neurotransmitters, and brain structures are focused on to explain how eating disorders are developed. Studies have shown that identical twins are more likely to have anorexia and bulimia than fraternal twins. However, other studies show that eating disorder symptoms can be greatly influenced by nongenetic factors, such as obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder and depression. Eating disorders are seen as an extension of obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder by some clinicians because people may develop the compulsive need for dieting, exercising, or purging as a result of obsessional thoughts about being overweight (Hansell & Damour, 2008). As for hormonal abnormalities, two hormones (leptin and ghrelin) have been the main focus in recent research. Leptin is a hormone that suppresses appetite...
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