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Oscars

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Historia de los Academy Awards.

La Historia de los Oscars de Hollywood es larga y no siempre ha gozado de la atención de los medios de comunicación mundiales. Al principio sus estrellas no eran tan conocidas, no había alfombra roja ni desfiles con ostentosos vestidos. La gala consistía simplemente en una tranquila cena y los ganadores de los Oscars se conocían de antemano.

El primer año de su celebración(1928), Janet Gaynor fue la única mujer en ganar un Oscar, siendo condecorada con el premio a la Mejor Actriz por su trabajo en "El séptimo cielo", "El ángel de la calle" y "Amanecer". El segundo año sólo se entregaron siete premios y desde entonces los Oscars han crecido linexorablemente tanto en audiencia como en categorías.

La necesidad de categorías especiales fue reconocida desde el principio y ya en 1929 se entregaron dos: uno para Warner Bros. por producir la primera película hablada ("The Jazz Singer") y el otro para Charlie Chaplin por producir, dirigir, escribir y protagonizar "The Circus".

En 1936, la Academia comenzó a conceder premios a los actores secundarios o de reparto, ya que quedo comprobado que los actores que tenían papeles protagonistas eran los que tenían más probabilidades de resultar ganadores. El primer Oscar al Mejor Actor de Reparto fue otorgado a Walter Brennan por "Rivales", mientras que la ganadora al Oscar a la Mejor Actriz de Reparto fue a parar a manos de Gale Sondergaard por "El caballero Adverse". El año siguiente(1937), se creó la categoría Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, que se concedía a aquellos personajes destacados en el mundo de la producción cinematográfica, siendo Darryl F. Zanuck el primer ganador. La categoría de efectos especiales se añadió en 1939 y ganó "Vinieron las lluvias".

Años más tarde, en 1947, la Academia comenzó a reconocer a las películas extranjeras, con un premio especial para la italiana "Sciuscià" ("Shoe-shiner") dirigida por Vittorio de Sica.

En 1963 hubo una modificación en el premio de efectos especial: Se dividió en dos: Efectos de sonido y Efectos visuales. El maquillaje se añadió en 1981 junto con el Gordon E. Sawyer Award para las contribuciones tecnológicas. Finalmente, en el año 2001 fue entregado el primer Oscar a la Mejor película de Animación, donde resultó ganador el inolvidable "Shrek".

Lugar de celebración de los Academy Awards:
La primera ceremonia tuvo lugar durante un banquete celebrado en el Blossom Room del Roosevelt Hotel de Hollywood. Asistieron 270 personas y las entradas costaron 5 $. Durante los primeros años se siguieron celebrando banquetes en diferentes hoteles de Los Angeles como el Abmbasaador o el Biltmore.

Fue a partir de 1942, debido a que el aumento de la asistencia hizo imposibles los banquetes, cuando la entrega de los Academy Awards se trasladó a los teatros, donde siguen celebrándose.

En marzo de 1949, los Oscars de Hollywood se entregaron en el propio teatro de la Academia en Melrose Avenue. Durante los siguientes 11 años, los Academy Awards tuvieron lugar en el Pantages Theater de los estudios RKO en Hollywood. Fue allí, el 19 de marzo de 1959, desde donde se televisó la ceremonia por primera vez a través de la NBC. En 1961 los Oscar se entregaron en el Santa Monica Civic Auditórium y durante los siguientes 10 años la ABC se encargó de la retransmisiones.

Los Oscars de Hollywood fueron emitidos por primera vez en color en 1966. Entre 1971 y 1975 la NBC se encargó de nuevo de la emisión y ABC retomó esta labor en 1976 con un contrato hasta el año 2014.

El 14 de abril de 1969, la ceremonia de los Oscars se celebró en el recién estrenado Dorothy Chandler Pavilion del Music Center de Los Angeles County. Fue el primer evento grandioso de este centro cultural reconocido mundialmente. Los Academy Awards permanecieron en el Dorothy Chandler Pavilion hasta 1987, cuando regresaron al Shrine Auditorium. Posteriormente los Oscars se han celebrado sucesivamente en el Shrine Auditorium y en el Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. En el año 2001 la ceremonia de los Oscars volvió a Hollywood, al Kodak Theatre, donde aún se celebra.

La ceremonia de los Premios Oscar ha sido interrumpida en tres ocasiones. La primera en 1938 tras unas inundaciones en Los Angeles que retrasaron la ceremonia una semana; en 1968 la celebración se retrasó dos días por respeto a Martin Luther King, cuyo funeral tenía lugar al día siguiente de los premios; y en 1981 se retrasararon 24 horas por el intento de asesinato contra el presidente Ronald Reagan.

La asistencia a la entrega anual de los Academy Awards es únicamente con invitación. No hay entradas para la venta al público.

¿Por qué se llama Oscar?

El premio más deseado por toda los miembros de la industria del cine, es conocido por muchos nombres: "The Academy statuette", "El trofeo dorado" o "La estatuilla al Merito". Incluso, la publicación Weekly Variety trató de popularizarla por el término "iron man"(sin ningún exito). Pero sin lugar a dudas, el nombre por el que todos conocemos al celebre premio es "el Oscar"

Según la leyenda, bibliotecaria de la Academia, y directora ejecutiva, Margaret Herrick comentó cuando vió la estatuilla por primera vez que "se parecía a su tío Oscar". Lo que en un principio parecía un simple mote, acabó convirtiendose en el nombre más popularizado y signo distintivo de los premios.

Cada año cinco nominados pelean en las diferentes categorías por obtener la estatuilla y llevársela a casa aunque no todos le dan la misma importancia. Los triunfadores de los Oscars Alejandro Amenabar (Mejor Director) o Susan Sarandon (Mejor Actriz) reconocen que lo tienen guardado en el cuarto de baño.

La estatuilla es reconocida mundialmente y representa a un caballero que sostiene una espada sobre un rollo de película con cinco radios que indican las cinco ramas tradicionales de la Academia: actores, guionistas, directores, productores y técnicos. La estatuilla de los Oscar pesa 8,5 libras (unos 4 kilos) y mide 13,5 pulgadas(unos 34 cm.)

La estatuilla fue diseñada por Cedrid Gibbons, directivo de los estudios Metro Goldwin Mayer (MGM). Su asistente Frederic Hope creó la base de mármol negro; el artista George Stanley esculpió el diseño y la California Bronze Foundry bañó la primera estatuilla en bronce chapado con oro de 24 quilates.

La primera mención documentada la encontramos en 1934, cuando la columnista de Hollywood Sydney Skolsky usó el término "Oscar a la Mejor Actriz" para referirse a Katharine Hepnurn. La Academia no empleó oficialmente este nombre hasta 1939.

La estatuilla del Oscar ha cambiado su look en ocasiones puntuales. Entre los años 30 y los 50, los actores más jóvenes recibían réplicas en miniatura de la estatua. El ventrílocuo Edgar Bergen fue presentado con una estatuilla de madera con una boca móvil. Y Walt Disney fue galardonado con una estatuilla normal y siete miniaturas por "Blancanieves y los siete enanitos" en reconocimiento por realizar el primer largometraje de animación.

Para apoyar los esfuerzos de la II Guerra Mundial, entre 1942 y 1944 se entregaron Oscars de yeso que fueron cambiados por estatuillas de oro después de la guerra.

En 1945 la base de mármol fue sustituida por metal y en 1949 comenzaron a numerarse las estatuillas, comenzando por el número 501.

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