...Patent is common in people’s daily life from smart phone to air craft. What is a patent? In modern society, the term patent is usually related to a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state. When an inventor has an new invention, he or she can apply patent for his or her invention for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure. It refers to the right granted to anyone who invents any new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, article of manufacture, or has a solution to a specific technological problem. A product or service is said to be a patent if it is new, it represents an inventive step and if it is invented for industrial application. In general, patents are a form of intellectual property; thus,...
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...STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING ABUSE AND MISAPPROPRIATION OF TKDL VII. REGIONAL INITIATIVES VIII. CONCLUSIONS ANNEX: I. II. III. IV. FORMULATION TRANSCRIBED FROM ANCIENT AYURVEDIC TEXT FORMULATION TRANSCRIBED FROM ANCIENT UNANI TEXT ACCESS AGREEMENT OVERVIEW OF INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) by Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) I INTRODUCTION 1. The grant of wrong patents linked to traditional medicines, which is either based on what is already a part of the traditional knowledge of the developing world, or a minor variation thereof, has been causing a great concern to the developing world. The origin of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) goes back to the legal battle waged by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) from India for re-examination of patent No. US 5 401 504, which was granted for the wound healing properties of turmeric filed by two US based Indians. In a landmark decision, United States Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) revoked this patent after ascertaining that there was no novelty, the innovation having been used in India for centuries. This was the...
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...humanity is what separates it’s inventor from others. Of the many inventions by Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 - January 7, 1943), it is commonly accepted that his invention of Alternating Current (AC) and the AC Generator changed the way humans live indefinitely. With such a great impact to humanity it is surprising that the average person does not recognize his name or what he did. Over the next few paragraphs the research will discuss Nikola Tesla’s career which includes the invention of alternating current, his ongoing quarrel with Thomas Edison, and his controversial recognition. According to the myth, Nikola Tesla was born at midnight on July 10, 1856 during an electrical storm (Ancient, 2010) in an expiring Empire of Austro-Hungary, modern day Croatia. Milutin Tesla, his father of Serbian origin, was an Orthodox Priest. Nikola wanted to study engineering in a renowned Austrian Polytechnic School but was constantly oppressed by his father who wanted him to also join priesthood. After Nikola contracted Cholera, his father promised him that if he survived he would allow him to pursue his dreams of becoming an engineer (Tesla, 2004). Duka Mandic, Nikola’s mother and also of Serbian origin, was a hard working woman of many talents. She was also an inventor whom made tools and devices for her weaving, carpentry, and other handiwork (Glenn, J, 1994). She was descended from seven generations of priesthood and also supported her husband’s desire to have Nikola follow the same...
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...strategy to fit the needs of the Chinese consumer: in 2004, it has acquired the first modern cosmetics brand of China, Yue Sai. The cosmetic world is a market that keeps on growing: numerous new patents rhythm the life of each skincare line, and trends come and go as quick as they do in fashion. While luxury cosmetics are still being associated with Europe for Chinese women, the clientele is becoming more and more interested in skincare lines from Japan and Korea: herbal medicine they’re familiar with, needs that are similar to theirs… and L’Oreal China has well understood this fact. With Yue Sai, which holds the image of traditional elegance thanks to its founder, Madam Yue Sai Kan, L’Oreal aims at adding a new type of products to its never ending line: one that’s at the same time innovative with scientific improvements inspired by herbal medicine, glamorous, and widely accessible. Indeed, though assigned to the luxury product division of L’Oreal China, Yue Sai remains more affordable than imported goods such as Lancôme or YSL, but promises just as much. « Nobody knows Chinese skin more than Yue Sai », that’s the brand’s longstanding motto, on which L’Oreal is outbidding : with the launch of skincare lines such as the Vital Essential Line, that promoted the use of the ganoderma mushroom known for restoring the skin’s internal energy and balance, Yue Sai aims at relaying the image of a new and modern Chinese woman, one who is still attached to the deeply traditional culture of China...
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...INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY(IP)-This refers to the creations of mind: invetions, literary and artistic works and symbols, names, images and designs used in commerce and trade. IP is divided into two categories- 1-Industrial Property-which includes inventions (Patents, Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications of source) 2-Copyright-which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures and architectural designs. WHAT ARE IPR’s? Intellectual Property Rights are the rights given to people over the creations of their minds. With rights in hand, through the exploitation of IP, the individuals or the business organizations earn profits either through manufacturing or licensing and which is a reward for their innovative efforts. It also acts as a stimulus to R&D efforts. NEED FOR IPR’S: Michael Porter in his work on “Competitive Advantage” stated that differentiation is a key to business competitiveness. This can achieved through product, experience, technology or way the things are performed and exhibited to satisfy the customers. However, all this amounts to the knowledge which, in today’s highly dynamic and competitive business environment is the key source of competitive strength to the organizations. The need of IPR can be felt because any invention is the intellectual catpital of a firm or an individual which needs to be captured, preserved...
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...sport dates back to the time of Julius Caesar. Although it was not the golf that is played today, it was a similar game. They played by striking a feather-stuffed ball with club-shaped tree branches. Golf was also traced back to the Song Dynasty in China during the years 960 to 1279. The games of these times were not exactly the golf that is known today; the roots of today’s game can be traced back to Scotland in 1457. The game was then outlawed by King James II of Scotland, as it detracted from the training for the military (Schwietzer, 2013). Golf became a pastime in Great Britain in the seventeenth century, and that was a familiar theme throughout the world. In 1860, the first British Open, a tournament that is still played today, had taken place. The popularity of the sport then began to spread throughout the entire world. The first permanent golf club in North America was founded in Montreal, Canada, in 1873 and was named “Canada’s Royal Montreal Club.” The US caught wind of this and decided to embrace the golf craze as well. The first 18-hole course in the United States was in The Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Illinois, in 1893(Schwietzer, 2013). Wall paintings were discovered showing people using sticks to hit balls on the ground, resembling golf clubs. Although there are different historic view points...
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...arise in today’s world. Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, designs, artistic and literary works, as well as symbols, images, names used in commerce. The law protects IP with patents, copyright, and trademarks, all of which are legal means that are there to assist the creator in protecting unique ideas, inventions, and other non-tangible property and as well as giving the opportunity to receive recognition or financial benefit for what they invent or create (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2014). Intellectual property affords competitive advantages to a company. “Defining IP as an asset aims to provide it the same protective rights as physical property. Obtaining such protective rights is critical as it prevents replication by potential competitors - a serious threat in a web-based environment or the mobile technology sector” (Cohen, 2011). One such case, where patents were violated was a lawsuit brought on by Apple against Samsung. In 2012, a U.S. jury found Samsung guilty on six out of seven accounts of violating patents Apple had filed. Four of the claims were regarding design patents, “related to the appearance of the iPhone (the use of white and black on the devices and the rounded edges on the user-interface icons, which Samsung was found to have violated, and the tablet computer’s rectangular design, which Samsung did not violate)” (Cusumano, 2013). Apple also filed three claims concerning utility patents, which involved...
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...resources and stimulation of entrepreneurship are some of the essential components of an environment conducive to a knowledge economy. Intellectual property which concerns creation, management and protection of knowledge can greatly contribute to developing and maintaining such an environment.The economic dynamism of intellectual property is multi-faceted. A few of them may be briefly highlighted as follows. Incentive for inventiveness It is the human experience that the nations which are creative and innovative have better chances of spurring the economic growth. The creation of knowledge is an indispensable component in any economy. Intellectual property is always active as an incentive for creativeness and innovativeness. The law of patents, for example, operates as an incentive for inventiveness by recognizing and providing material benefits to...
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...technology inventor of all time or a technology as the greatest invention of all time is a very daunting and overwhelming task as it in unenviable task to burden a person with. There are a lot of questions to ponder on questions like how do you measure the impact it has made to civilization, does it lead to further innovation or an end product in its own, what negative impact has it had to our world? All these questions are valid questions and lead to me being very subjective on this topic while selecting my 3 innovators and their inventions. Nikola Tesla, one of the most unsung inventors of all, he was arguably the greatest inventor of all time his portfolio included the electrical coil, radio waves and a host of other patents which he still owns till this day. Tesla was born in 1856 in in the Austrian Empire now the modern day Croatia; he was an electrical and mechanical engineer, a physicist and above all an inventor holding over 300 documented patents in the fields of science and technology. What makes him so great was his aspiration to move the human race forward through his inventions, his patents were “freeware” he was not stringent on people stealing his ideas and using it “I don't care that they stole my idea…. I care that they don't have any of their own”- Nikola Tesla. His most prominent inventions are the AC (Alternating Current); which developed polyphase alternating current system of generators, motors and transformers which were a huge usurper to the DC (Direct Current)...
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...[13] In Europe, glue fell into disuse until the period 1500-1700 AD. At this time, world-renowned cabinet and furniture makers such as Chippendale and Duncan Phyfe began to use adhesives to hold their products together.[11] The development of modern adhesives began in 1690 with the founding of the first commercial glue plant in Holland. This plant produced glues from animal hides.[14] Liquid animal glue In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue. The following decades of the next century witnessed the manufacture of casein glues in German and Swiss factories.[11] In 1876, the first US patent (number 183,024) was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of casein glue.[11][15] Casein glue preparation The first US postage stamps used starch-based adhesives when issued in 1840. The first US patent (number 61,991) on dextrin (a starch derivative) adhesive was issued in 1867.[11] Natural rubber was first used as material for adhesives starting in 1830.[16] In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered that a rubber and sulfur mixture, when heated, becomes elastic. In 1843, Thomas Hancock named this process vulcanization. In 1862, a British patent (number 3288) was issued for the plating of metal with brass by electrodeposition to obtain a stronger bond to rubber.[14] The development of the automobile and the need for rubber shock mounts required stronger and more durable bonds of rubber and metal. This spurred the development of cyclized rubber...
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...The purpose of this outline is to identify and recognize the Tangible and Intellectual property rights significant to the Information Technology sector. The research should identify what the managers in that industry can do to protect the property rights of the organization, and what the managers in that industry should do to assure that the organization protects the intellectual property rights of others. This will require an understanding of tangible and intellectual property in general, plus research about the tangible and intellectual property issues in the selected industry. Tangible Properties that is significant in the Information Technology sector According to Webster and Dictionary.com Tangible is having actual physical existence, as real estate or chattels, and therefore capable of being assigned a value in monetary terms, capable of being touched, real or actual, rather than imaginary or visionary. According to LAW-531, rEsource Ch 16, Tangible property is the type of property we can see and touch. Delivery trucks, desks, computers, inventory, and the Building and land in which a business is located are all forms of tangible property. Information technology computer hardware includes computers components input keyboards, output screens or monitors, and peripherals including cables, scanners, surge protectors, optical drives, digital imaging equipment, printers, data processing equipment, Fax machines. The IT sector has much to offer in this category...
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...If one was able to put their own price on a gene patent, then a lot more clinical research would be easily accessible, thus leading to less expensive testing and a lower amount of deaths. Film producer, Michael Crichton, who wrote “Patenting Life” and an economist in the Bureau Of Economics at the Federal Trade Commission, John E. Calfee, who wrote “ Decoding The Use Of Gene Patents,” discuss the use of gene patents and its negative effects on medical research. Crichton and Calfee both disagree on the handling of gene patents. Each source points out the rising medical costs, monopoly effects and impeding the advancement of future research. Gene patents are shown to gradually increase in price. This can be seen when Crichton talks about how a test for breast cancer which could be done for $1,000 has dramatically increased to $3,000, stating “ Why? Because the holder of the gene can charge whatever he wants and does”(Crichton 441). Believing that everyone should be able to test on the gene patent not solely the company who owns it. On the other hand, Calfee argues that not...
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...Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. More significant than the number of Edison's patents was the widespread impact of his inventions: electric light and power utilities, sound recording, and motion pictures all established major new industries world-wide. Edison's inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison developed a system of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories – a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York. His father had to escape from Canada because he took part in...
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...An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[3] The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile - with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German inventor Carl Benz. Motorized wagons soon replaced animal-drafted carriages, especially after automobiles became affordable for many people when the Ford Model T was introduced in 1908. The term motorcar has formerly also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.[4] It was estimated in 2010 that the number of automobiles had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986.[5] The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India and other NICs. ------------------------------------------------- Etymology The word automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word αὐτός (autós, "self") and the Latin mobilis("movable"); meaning a vehicle that moves itself. The loanword was first adopted in English by The New...
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...Women Inventors, What significant inventions( important parts of our lives) are women responsible for? Battery container Nancy Perkins 1986 Beehive Thiphena Hornbrook 1861 Canister vacuum Nancy Perkins 1987 Car heater Margaret Wilcox 1893 Circular saw Tabitha Babbit 1812 Computer program Augusta Ada Byron 1842 Cooking stove Elizabeth Hawk 1867 Dam and reservoir construction Harriet Strong 1887 Direct and return mailing envelope Beulah Henry 1962 Dishwasher Josephine Cochran 1872 Drinking fountain device Laurene O'Donnell 1985 Electric hot water heater Ida Forbes 1917 Elevated railway Mary Walton 1881 Engine muffler El Dorado Jones 1917 Feedback control for data processing Erna Hoover 1971 Fire escape Anna Connelly 1887 Globes Ellen Fitz 1875 Grain storage bin Lizzie Dickelman 1920 Improved locomotive wheels Mary Jane Montgomery 1864 Improvement in dredging machines Emily Tassey 1876 Improvement in stone pavements Emily Gross 1877 Kevlar, a steel-like fiber used in radial tires, crash helmets, and bulletproof vests Stephanie Kwolek 1966 Life raft Maria Beaseley 1882 Liquid Paper correction fluid Bette Nesmith Graham 1956 Locomotive chimney Mary Walton 1879 Medical syringe Letitia Geer 1899 Mop-wringer pail Eliza Wood 1889 Oil burner Amanda Jones 1880 Permanent wave for the hair Marjorie Joyner 1928 Portable screen summer house Nettie Rood 1882 Refrigerator Florence Parpart 1914 Rolling pin Catherine Deiner 1891 Rotary...
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