...University History of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness that people have been dealing with throughout history. When we look at research as early as the 1800s, we find that there is evidence of individuals who were dealing with schizophrenia. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013), Schizophrenia is defined as abnormalities in five domains which are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms (p. 87). For this reason, this article will examine the history of Schizophrenia from three time periods which is in the 1800s, mid 1900s, and in the 21st century. 1800s In the 1817, the first moral-treated asylum was opened in America by the Philadelphia Quakers along with the Congregational Church in 1818 (Whitaker, 2002, p. 25). The Quakers and the church would not use any form of treatment to treat the mentally ill, however; they would help the people cope with their illness by creating activities for them such as gardening or playing games (Whitaker, 2002, p. 26). In the asylum, there were people who varied in mental illnesses. Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist, was one of the first people who presented schizophrenia in a category which he called dementia praecox. He would diagnose his patients by putting them into categories based on the symptoms and the patterns of the symptoms (Lyons and Martin, 2014, p. 33). Kraepelin believed that those who had schizophrenia...
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...1911 from the words “schizo” which means split, and the “phrene” that means mind. (citation? Schizophrenia.com). The way doctors handle and treat schizophrenic patients have drastically changed. Before the mid-1900s, no one really understood what schizophrenia really was or what caused it, so when people began to show symptoms of the disease, they became unpredictable and dangerous leaving families and friends confused and scared. Through the Middle age and Renaissance periods, mental illnesses were thought to be caused by demonic spirits and witchcraft so treatments such as exorcisms were performed in hopes of healing the patient. With little to no knowledge of mental illnesses, in the early 1400s, the first asylum was established. Though not everyone admitted to these asylums were schizophrenic, many of them were. In the beginning, asylums were not created to treat any of the patients, but to house them after family had abandoned them and keep them from roaming the city. The conditions were horrible, and there was little concern for any of the patients enrolled in the asylums. Butcher’s study (as cited by Foerschner) talks about the conditions of La Bicetre, which were not at all limited to this single asylum but to many asylums worldwide: Iron cuffs and collars permitted just enough movement to allow patients to feed themselves but not...
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...Examination of Clinical Psychology Mileva Repasky August 25, 2014 PSY 480 John Colyar Examination of Clinical Psychology Psychology itself involves many theories, outcomes, and studies involving behaviors. Clinical psychology involves licensed individuals who use their knowledge and expertise of human behavior to address and treat issues or concerns in an individual’s life. Our text describes clinical psychology as “the aspect of psychological science and practice concerned with the analysis, treatment, and prevention of human psychological disabilities” (Plante, 2010, p.7). Clinical psychology is used to treat mental health problems using the scientific method. Clinical psychology has a very diverse history and continues to evolve through research and continually advancing statistics in this field. As this branch of psychology continues to evolve there are many similarities and differences that are shared with many other health professions. History and Evolution of Clinical Psychology Though the aspects of psychology have been present throughout our history, the actual field of psychology and clinical psychology was not recognized as a science until the late 1800’s. Psychology became a distinct discipline in 1892 when the American Psychological Association was formed; clinical psychology was named a specialty four years later. In 1896 the first psychological clinic was open in Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer who became the first psychologist who treated an individual...
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...medical facility. Rob Pell makes a clear argument that patients and parents of young minors are not fully informed on the truth about vaccines and that they should think twice before making a decision to be injected before they are informed upon the true effectiveness and safety claims of the manufacturer. Pell believes that those with a “pro-vaccine mentality” are in danger and need to rethink their decision before unknowingly going through with a vaccine that could possibly not help, but rather hurt them. Rob Pell is able to support his anti-vaccine argument through the use of statistics and facts. One important statistic he recognizes is” In the US and England, the death rate from Pertussis (whooping cough) dropped from about 60 deaths per thousand in the mid-1800s to about 2 per thousand in the early 1950s, even before the Pertussis vaccine was used. Deaths from measles from the mid-1800s until the 1963 introduction of the measles vaccine fell at a nearly identical rate.” Rob Pell uses this specific statistic in order to show that even before vaccines were administered, in both cases the death rate was already decreasing rapidly throughout the United States and England. An extremely important fact Pell uses to further his point is “A 1978 survey of 30 states showed that more than half of all children who contracted measles had been fully vaccinated. Sweden abandoned its whooping cough vaccine after it examined 5,140 cases of whooping cough in 1978 and found that 84 percent had...
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...theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. His theories are clinically derived - i.e. based on what his patients told him during therapy. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be treating the patient for depression or anxiety related disorders. Psychodynamic Approach Assumptions * Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. * Our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences. * All behavior has cause even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behavior is determined. * Personality is made up of three parts: the id, ego and super-ego. * Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive & death instinct). * Parts of the unconscious mind are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind. This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt with by the ego’s use of defense mechanisms. * Personality is shaped as the drives are modified by different conflicts at different times in childhood (during psychosexual development). History of the Psychodynamic Approach * Anna O a patient of Dr. Joseph Breuer (Freud's mentor and friend) from 1800 to 1882 suffered from hysteria. * In 1895 Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, wrote a book, Studies on...
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...this case in identifying issues that may interfere with patient care. Nursing-sensitive indicators are determinations used to delineate the excellence of nursing interventions and positive patient outcomes. This is not a new concept. In the 1800’s, Florence Nightingale, a promoter of outcomes, revealed such indicators when she revealed her statistical findings of soldier’s mortality rate associated to environmental conditions during the Crimean War (Fee & Garofalo, 2010). Over the past decades, various studies world-wide have been conducted on the connection of nursing quality indicators and their outcomes. The American Nurses Association (ANA) recognized these studies were an important focus in evidenced-based practice among the nursing profession; and in 1998, they established a program for implementing, developing and storing these nursing-sensitive indicators, known as the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) (ANA, 2014). The NDNQI serves as a valuable resource for hospitals nationwide at the acute level for administrators and nurses alike to compare various indicators and outcomes with that of other facilities to determine best practices for patients and staff. In the case of Mr. J, it is clear the nurse caring for this patient had little or no knowledge of indicators of restraint prevalence. However, my initial concern after reading this case was why this patient was in restraints to begin with. There is no indication that this patient was...
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...Abstract Health care utilization has fluctuated over the past few years. Some things that have been effected are health care spending, health care cost, and the use of name brand and generic drugs. Since the Affordable Care Act has come into play, it has caused some changes for the better. Although name brand drugs are being declined, more generic brands are being produced to be cost effective for both the insurer and the consumer. Many different types of Americans are effected by the health care reform, and the first step starts with making sure everyone is educated on the benefits. After everyone is educated an action is taken, Americans will be healthier as a whole. I will go over many facts that support the healthcare reform, the pros and cons, and much more. Keywords: Health Care utilization, Affordable Care Act Health Care Utilization Paper Recent health care reform measures have expanded access to care by allowing more Americans access to affordable health care. When President Barack Obama introduced the Affordable Care Act to us and signed it into law on March 23, 2010, he meant for it to provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending. Although Obama Care has caused tremendous growth in the healthcare reform, this plan has been in the works for decades now. One way the health care reform has expanded access to care is by making it affordable for seniors to pay for their medication. The Medicaid part d prescription...
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...On our study of 10 private medical diagnostic centres of Sylhet, of different categories revealed significant differences on three areas: priced charged, availability of services in the diagnostic centres, the use of colour or black and white images to make a report. We appreciate your choosing ‘Peter Drucker’ for this assignment. If you have any queries or need assistance in implementing our recommendation, please contact us. Sincerely yours, Kaniz Fatima Choudhury, Group Leader, Peter Drucker. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………. 05 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………….. 06 Incidentals of Authorization and Submittal Objective of the Study Use of Observational Techniques A preview of the presentation 2. THE DIAGNOSTIC CENTRES ……………………. 07 3. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRICES ……….. 11 4. CONCLUSION …………………………………… 13 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………… 13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The pricing strategy of the different diagnostic centres reveals that a few organisations are charging a high price compared to the service provided, while others charge a reasonable amount. The quality of the services also varies as it depends on the technology used by the organisations. A few firms use the colour or 3D system to test and make a report. On the other hand some are using the old technologies of 2D, black and white reports. The 2D old reporting method lets a patient spend...
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...illness exist, each effecting the patient in similar but different ways. Causes of mental illness are not completely understood but factors such as genetics are considered to be a cause although not always the case. Psychological, biological and environmental factors are also considered to take part in the development of mental illness. Tourette’s is just one of many mental illnesses that are known around the world. Known to effect roughly 138,000 children alone is the United States according to the Centers for Disease...
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...CASE STUDY: Mrs. F., a 56 year old Caucasian woman, was admitted to the Cardiac Step-Down unit with complaints of increasing shortness of breath on exertion, weight gain of 10 pounds in the last month, and difficulty sleeping without sitting straight up on three pillows. History: CABG X 2 with aortic value replacement in 1991, mitral valve regurgitation, HTN, CHF, hyperlipidemia, Type II DM, asthma, DJD, anxiety, and recently diagnosed with sleep apnea following 3 sleep studies with a CPAP prescribed at HS. Mrs. F. works as a cosmetologist instructor. She states she has been unable to walk across the school campus without stopping several times to “catch her breath”. She states she has faithfully been taking her medications. She has not been sick or around anyone with any type of infection recently. Assessment: Neurological- able to follow commands, moves all extremities without difficulty, A&OX3. Respiratory-Lungs sounds are diminished in all lobes both anteriorly and posteriorly. No wheezing or crackles present. Respirations are 20 with noted use of accessory muscles. SATs are 96% on 4L of O2 via nasal cannula. Cardiovascular-Heart rate is regularly-irregular at 65 bpm. Telemetry monitor shows NSR with controlled a fib. Trace pitting edema in noted bilaterally in the lower extremities. GI-Patient is obese. Abdomen is slightly distended. Last BM was this am. A cardiac, 1800 ADA diet is prescribed. GU-Patient voids clear yellow urine without difficulty...
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...The Brain and Cognitive Functions Centuries of philosophy and science have been dedicated to unraveling the mystery behind how cognition occurs, how it maps to areas of the brain, and to what degree cognition is dependant upon these various areas in which cognitive activities are located. Modern neuroscience has helped tremendously to provide some answers as have tests on brain trama patients such as Phineas Gage which revealed startling changes in individual behavior that can be linked to damage in specific areas of the brain. Even though studies continue to discover new information, there is strong evidence to support the premise that specific areas of the brain are dedicated to certain cognitive functions. Phineas Gage was an upstanding citizen that lived Cavendish, Vermont in the mid-1800's. Phineas worked as a railroad crew foreman and was considered by his employer to be a highly reliable, responsible man with morals, and a true model citizen. However, an accident that occurred in 1848 drove an iron pole called a tamping iron, through Phineas left cheek and out the top of his skull. According to reports, Phineas was able to get help from a physician, John Martyn Harlow, with whom Phineas carried on a discussion even during the initial treatments. John Martyn Harlow continued to treat Phineas for months after the accident and recorded the substantial changes in Phineas behavior that occurred during that time. It was a significant discovery in modern medicine and some...
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...My initial research led me to the most famous and historic example of Sleep Paralysis, Henry Fuseli’s 1781 painting “The Nightmare”. The painting portrays symptoms of sleep paralysis. The central figure is lying on her back with the demon sitting on her chest and some strange creatures in the background. The work is considered to be the greatest work of this artist. It is also believed that this is the first artistic impression of Sleep Paralysis. In the history of Western medicine, Sleep Paralysis has been documented for at least 300 years. Several cases were found to support this argument including the Dutch, Persian and Greek. The Dutch case report (“Of the Night-Mare”) was documented back in 1664 from a physician Isbrand Van Diemerbroeck. The case describes...
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...to the early first and second centuries, or even earlier, the study of nursing research and theories is a 20th and 21st century phenomena. The act of nursing is rooted in the Greco-Roman tradition of humanista, which core values are respect for the dignity of person, and the right to be free of pain and suffering; and the Judaic – Christian tradition of Caritas, with core values of solidarity with the sick, hungry, homeless, and hopeless (Evers, 2003). Coming from this line of thought it is not surprising that Florence Nightingale as a professed Christian chose to care and advocate for the sick and poor. The study and history of professional nursing science, research, and theories although a late 20th and 21st century phenomena, is said to begin with Florence Nightingale. Her use of mathematical and statistical data to show the relevance of her findings; that environmental factors can, and do influence patient’s rate of recovery was the beginning of nursing research and science as it is known today. One could almost imply that Nightingale knew that outcome measures needed to be “relevant, and address both the constant and variable components in order to determine effectiveness of an outcome” (Blackwood, 2006). Over the past centuries, Nursing as an independent science has emerged as a rich culture of theoretical perspectives and frame-works that have impacted the profession positively. Until the mid-1800s the act of nursing was performed by spiritual leaders, nuns, and...
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...everyone, as evidenced by the increase in the number of patients in the health care system. The nursing profession is already facing numerous challenges to deliver good quality and safe patient care. Therefore, there is a need for growth in remodeling the nursing profession to meet the high demand of an aging population with more complex needs. The nurses have to quickly adapt to a new world of technology that is complex and sophisticated. The nurse, as the primary health care provider, has the power to provide a consistent environment to the patient. In order to direct the nursing profession forward, professional nursing organizations will have to address the following: expanded role of nurses, the use of evidence- based practice, the value of the nurse’s role in research, and the changing trends in health care. Evidence-based practice and trends in health care and the future of nursing “Evidence for nursing practice comes from research and other sources. Evidence-based practice requires an understanding of how research findings and other evidence inform and guide practice” (Fawcett & Garity, 2009, p. 3). Evidence-based practice (EBP) is developed to help in the delivery of a higher quality of care and the best outcome for patient’s health. In the past, nurses have been performing in their field based on established practices and experiences. Early efforts to study client outcome began from quality improvement studies in the development of interdisciplinary care plans...
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...Evolutionary. Each perspective helps to determine a patient’s mental status, but the differences are the way that each perspective suggests to go about discovering these patients’ mental statuses. The Psychodynamic perspective in psychology was developed in the late 1800’s by Sigmund Freud, and it is also known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic perspective tells us that most processes, feelings and behaviors that occur within our minds are done without our conscious knowledge. According to Kowalski and Westen (2009), “The psychodynamic perspective rests on three key premises. First, people’s actions are determined by the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes are connected in their minds. Second, many of these mental events occur outside of conscious awareness. And third, these mental processes may conflict with one another, leading to compromises among competing motives. Thus, people are unlikely to know precisely the chain of psychological events that leads to their conscious thoughts, intentions, feelings, or behaviors.” With the Psychodynamic perspective, a psychologist uses the case study method most often to interpret what might be going on in the patient’s mind that they may not be aware of. This means that the best way to use the psychodynamic perspective is for the psychologist and the patient to work one on one. (Kowalski & Westen, 2009) The behaviorist perspective tells us that our mental processes are affected heavily by learning, and our environment...
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