...been a problem for quite some time now as it raises challenges of spoiling both structures and killing living organisms. Acid rains corrode structures, which are expensive to repair and maintain. They also cause scorching effects amongst crops and poison animals and human beings. The fact that the low concentration of the compound leads to tragic impacts is enough to show that the chemical is very powerful and has serious impacts when consumed. By occurrence, Aluminum occurs naturally in minerals such as mica silicates (white), muscovite, and kaolin. The impacts of acid rains on the H3O+ are in accordance with the following equation. If not in combined forms with minerals, aluminum can reach the water by first reacting with the atmospheric oxygen to form aluminum III oxide which the dissolves I water to form the acid rain. It can also react with water directly to transfer its chemical properties into the water. When undergoing a reaction with oxygen, the protective coating that protects the metal has to come off to allow the reaction to occur. Upon the removal of the coating, aluminum undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen to produce aluminum trioxide compound...
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...represents chlorine. We call chlorine "chloride" in this case because of its connection to sodium. You should have reviewed naming schemes, or nomenclature, in earlier readings. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. For example: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ---> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) In this equation, AgNO3 is mixed with NaCl. The equation shows that the reactants (AgNO3 and NaCl) react through some process (--->) to form the products (AgCl and NaNO3). Since they undergo a chemical process, they are changed fundamentally. Often chemical equations are written showing the state that each substance is in. The (s) sign means that the compound is a solid. The (l) sign means the substance is a liquid. The (aq) sign stands for aqueous in water and means the compound is dissolved in water. Finally, the (g) sign means that the compound is a gas. Coefficients are used in all chemical equations to show the relative amounts of each substance present. This amount can represent either the relative number of molecules, or the relative number of moles (described below). If no coefficient is shown, a one (1) is assumed. On some occasions, a variety...
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...here are basically three categories of chemicals normally functioning in the body—elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds: {draw:frame} Elements are components of all chemical compounds. Of the 92 naturally occurring elements, only 20 are normally found in the body. Seven of these, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur make up approximately 99% of the human body weight. In most cases, the elements are components of inorganic or organic compounds. In a few cases, however, elements themselves may enter into chemical reactions in the body, e.g., oxygen during cell respiration, sodium in neurotransmission, and arsenic and lead in impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Inorganic compounds are important in the body and responsible for many simple functions. The major inorganic compounds are water (H2O), bimolecular oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and some acids, bases, and salts. The body is composed of 60-75% water. Oxygen is required by all cells for cellular metabolism and circulating blood must be well oxygenated for maintenance of life. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cells and must be eliminated or a serious change in pH can occur, known as acidosis. A balance in acids, bases, and salts must be maintained to assure homeostasis of blood pH and electrolyte balance. Organic compounds are involved in nearly all biochemical activities involved in normal cellular metabolism and function. The mechanisms by which xenobiotics...
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...other elements using nuclear methods. An element is a type of matter composed of atoms that all have exactly the same positive charge on their nuclei. In other words, all atoms of an element have the same ------------------------------------------------- Examples of Elements ------------------------------------------------- aluminum, selenium, zinc, magnesium, carbon, mercury, gold, arsenic, lead and sodium. ------------------------------------------------- Compound is a chemical species that is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds. A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together. Chemical compounds can be broadly classified into two categories, namely, organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are complex compounds of carbon in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons....
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...table by using properties of these elements and their compounds and used his table to predict the existence and properties of some elements not then discovered ● Classify elements as metals or non-metals according to their position in the periodic table ● Describe the structure of an atom as a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells (energy levels) ● Demonstrate an understanding that the nucleus of an atom is very small compared to the overall size of the atom ● Describe atoms of a given element as having the same number of protons in the nucleus and that this number is unique to that element ● Recall the relative charge and relative mass of a proton, a neutron and an electron ● Demonstrate an understanding that atoms contain equal numbers of protons and electrons ● Explain the meaning of the terms, atomic number, mass number and relative atomic mass ● Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic ● Demonstrate an understanding that the existence of isotopes results in some relative atomic masses not being whole numbers ● Calculate the relative atomic mass of an element from therelative masses and abundances of its isotopes ● Draw the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements in the periodic table as diagrams and in the form 2.8.1 ● Describe the connection between the number of outer electrons and the position of an element in the periodic table Topic 2 Ionic compounds and analysis ● Demonstrate an understanding that...
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...of the impurity than before. The salt can then be filtered and dried.Sugar cane industry. | Assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations Yes, fractional distillation can separate a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen because they have similar (but not the same) boiling points. Could filtration successfully separate sand from a sand-salt mixture? No. Without water the salts in the sand and salt mixture will not separate out via filtration because filtration requires an insoluble solid plus a liquid mixture, which in this case would be salt + water Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists * the process of determining the % by mass of one substance in a mixture * It is used to determine whether mining is economically feasible * to determine the composition of compounds in soil to determine whether the soil is appropriate for growing certain crops * to determine the percentage of particular pollutants in water Apply systematic naming of inorganic compounds as they are...
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... 232 g/mol 2. Sodium Sulphate Decahydrate Na2SO4 10H2O Na- 23x2= 46 S- 32x1 = 32 0- 16x16= 224 H- 1x 10 = 10 322 g/mol 3. Iron (III) Ferrocyanide, Fe[Fe(CN)6]3 Fe- 56 x 7 = 392 C- 12 x 18 = 216 N- 14 x 18 = 252 322 g/mol 4. Noncaloric sweetener saccharin , C7H5NO3S C- 12x7= 84 H- 1x5= 5 N- 14x1= 14 O- 16x3= 48 S- 32x1= 32 183 g/mol C.Percentage Composition 1. Determine the percentage composition by mass of NH4H2PO4. NH4H2PO4 N= 1 * 14 = 14 %N= 14/ 115 * 100= 12.17 % H= 6 * 1 = 6 %H= 6/115* 100= 5.22 % P= 31 * 1 = 31 %P= 31/115 * 100= 26.96% O= 4 * 16 = 64 %O= 64/115 * 100= 55.65% 115 g/mol 2. Sodium phosphate is used to cut grease. Calculate its percentage composition. Na3PO4 Na= 3 * 23 = 69 %H= 69/164 * 100= 42. 07 % P= 31 * 1 = 31 %P= 31/164 * 100= 18.90% O= 4 * 16 = 64 %O= 64/164 * 100= 39.02% 164g/mol 3.A platinum (II) compound, which is used to treat tumors, contains 65%Pt, 23.6 %Cl, 9.35%N and 2.05%H by mass. Calculate its empirical formula. Pt= 65 * (1mole...
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...Explosives Introduction An explosive can be defined as a chemical compound that can be ignited by friction, heat, shock or impact when detonated to release rapid heat and pressurised gas. The energy released by the gases causes rock displacement, rock fragmentation, ground vibration and massive air blast. Thexplosivs theory states that detonation usually produces a high-velocity vibration and shock waves which in turn causes cracks in rocks. The common properties of explosives include: they are exothermic, spontaneous, produces heat and once initiated, they sustain the process on their own. Explosives are referred as energetic materials used to be known as black powder or gun powder (Thompson, 1940). At the onset of development of explosives, black powder was used in mines, drilling boreholes, propellants, military explosives and guns. This research will examine briefly the chemistry behind explosives. Background and theoritical framework The contents of explosives are classified as: Explosive-bases- This is a liquid or solid compound that breaks down rapidly into gaseous products and heat energy upon application of shock or heat.An example of such a compound is Nitroglycerine(Burtsell, 1943).. Combustibles – These are compounds that combine with vast excess of oxygen to attain an oxygen balance and inhibit the formation of toxic nitrous oxide fumes and lower heat (Thompson, 1940). Oxygen carriers – the oxygen carriers ensure that there is complete carbon oxidation in the...
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...What is dissolved oxygen? Dissolved oxygen alludes to the level of free oxygen not bonded to any existing molecule in the water or other liquid substances. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water. In limnology (lakes studies), dissolved oxygen is a crucial factor second only to water itself. A dissolved oxygen level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality. Non-compound oxygen, or free oxygen (O2), is oxygen that is not bonded to any other element. Dissolved oxygen is the existence of these free O2 molecules in the water. The molecule of oxygen bonded in a water molecule (H2O) is in a compound and does not count toward dissolved oxygen levels (Rivsbech et al., 1988). Dissolved oxygen from the atmosphere Dissolved oxygen goes into the water through the air or as a byproduct of a plant. From the air, oxygen can slowly diffuse across the water’s surface from the nearby atmosphere, or be assorted in rapidly through aeration, whether natural or man-made. Water aeration can be brought about by wind (creating...
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...Research report: Sphalerite By Jia Ni Zhou (Viola) Section A a. The metals contained are Zinc, Iron, Palladium, Cadmium, lead. The main metal compounds found in it is ZnS. b. The extraction of Zinc from Sphalerite follows: (the flow diagram is on the next page.) Step 1: Sieving The ore is firstly crushed and be able to be separated from the gangue. Step 2: Froth Flotation Since the concentration of zinc in natural ore is usually between 40%-50%. By using froth flotation, the percentage of ZnS rapidly increased. Step 3: Roasting High temperature is required to allow oxygen to react with Zinc sulphide. The following balanced equation shows the reaction, which is oxidation. The chemical balanced formula is stated below: 2ZnS (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2ZnO (l) + 2SO2 (g) Step 4: Extraction by using chemical reactions The use of carbon, mixed with ZnO under a hyperthermal environment produces the metal of Zinc with impurities. The chemical balanced formula is stated below: 2 ZnO (l) + C → 2 Zn (l) + CO2 (g) Step 5: Evaporation The ore changes its state as gas and leave the impurities behind. Step 6: Further purification Either fractional distillation or Electrolytic refining is applied to concentrate the impure zinc. c. The whole procedure of two extractions are very similar. At the beginning of extraction, both ores are needed to be ground by crushing to get rid of...
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...called ligands. All ligands are electron pair donor which act as Lewis base. The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs. The number of ligands bound to the transition metal ion is called the coordination number. The natures of ligand are the availability of coordination sites or ligating atoms and the conditions under which these are available for coordination. One of the ways to prepare coordination compounds is through the direct combination of a metal ion and appropriate ligands in solution. Thus, the addition of a sufficiently high concentration of ammonia to an aqueous solution of a nickel2+ salt leads through a series of reactions. Complexes of metal ions in high oxidation states are sometimes more readily formed by adding the ligands to a solution of the metal ion in a lower oxidation state in the presence of an oxidizing agent. Thus, addition of ammonia to an aqueous solution of a cobalt2+ salt in the presence of air or oxygen leads to the formation of cobalt3+-ammine complexes such as hexaamminecobalt3+, [Co(NH3)6]3+, and pentaammineaquacobalt3+, [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+, ions. Apparatus and materials: Copper(II) nitrate, ammonia, acetylacetone, distilled water, glass rod, beaker, suction filtration set, oven, dropper, watch glass, filter paper Procedures: 1. 6g of copper (II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O) was dissolved in 60 cm3 of water. 2. The solution of 1:1 ammonia was slowly added with stirring...
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...SCIE206-1303B-07 UNIT 2 IP 2 ‘Photosynthesis and Respiration’ Running Head: Photosynthesis and Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration The process in which carbon dioxide is transformed into organic compounds from sunlight is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, a natural process, offers every aerobic being on earth oxygen and also assists in maintaining a natural percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere (Cloud, David 2011). Human beings would not exist without this process. Photosynthesis also occurs in algae, plants, and certain bacteria. In contrast, respiration takes glucose (sugar), along with other organic compounds oxidizing them to develop carbon dioxide. Respiration is the metabolic reaction in organic cells, biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate/ATP. Each cycle depends on the other, in order for the ‘complete cycle’ to transpire. When it comes to receiving energy from the foods we eat, photosynthesis stores the energy and respiration releases it. Both cycles are important to ensure continuous life on earth. Photosynthesis and respiration are connected between plants and animals based on the reactants and products of both pathways by the usage of autotrophs and heterotrophs. An autotroph are organisms the have the ability to manufacture their own food (“Autotroph vs. Heterotroph” n.d.). Heterotroph organisms are essential in respiration and are not an...
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...granules undergo oxidation on plasma treatment this is mainly due to the gas such as oxygen, ozone, nitric oxides. Plasma treatment proceeds oxidation by forming carboxylic acids, thus increases reducing sugars. Effect of plasma on Antioxidant properties: Figure 1 depicts the antioxidant properties of plasma treated flour. Total phenolic content were significantly(P<0.05) higher in plasma treated samples .Total phenolic contents The total phenol contents of the Plasma treated samples increased significantly (P<0.05)for 30 W and 40 W for 5 and 10 minutes. But significant decrease(P<0.05) in 30W 15 minutes and 50W samples was seen,this is due to reaction of these phenolic compounds and free radicals. A similar result was shown in previous works with irradiated samples(Beaulieu, D’Aprano, & Lacroix, 2002; Breitfellner, Solar, & Sontag, 2002; Rombo et al., 2004; Yu & Wang, 2007).Increased phenolic content after plasma treatment could be attributed to the release of phenolic compounds from glycosidic components and the degradation of larger phenolic compounds into smaller ones. Similar results were also seen for total antioxidant content.The total antioxidant content of plasma treated samples significantly (P<0.05) higher for 30Watts and 40 Watts than control. Decrease in TAC values was seen for all 15 minutes treated samples this is due to reaction with free radicals to form intermediate compounds or due to degradation of phenolic compounds.Free radicals generated during plasma treatment...
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...Mass Relationships for Compounds Answer all assigned questions and problems, and show all work. 1. How many atoms are there in 5.10 moles of sulfur (S)? (6 points) 1 mole= 6.02 x 1023atoms 5.10 = (Reference: Chang 3.13) 2. How many moles of calcium (Ca) atoms are there in 77.4 g of Ca? (6 points) No of moles = mass of compound/ molar mass of compound (Reference: Chang 3.15 3. What is the mass in grams of 1.00 × 1012 lead (Pb) atoms? (8 points) Mass in grams = no of atoms x molar mass of compound / Avogadro’s number (Reference: Chang 3.19) 4. Describe how you would determine the isotopic abundance of an element from its mass spectrum. (6 points) (Reference: Chang 3.32) The mass spectrometer separates isotopes on the basis of their charge-to-mass ratio providing a spectrum with a number of peaks. Each peak represents an isotope. The mass of each isotope is determined from the magnitude of its deflection on a spectrum whereas the abundance of each isotope is given by the area of the peak. 5. Cinnamic alcohol is used mainly in perfumery, particularly in soaps and cosmetics. Its molecular formula is C9H10O. a. Calculate the percent composition by mass of C, H, and O in cinnamic alcohol. (8 points) b. How many molecules of cinnamic alcohol are contained in a sample of mass 0.469 g? (8 points) c. How many carbon atoms are in 0.469 g of cinnamic alcohol? (8 points) a) Mass percentage of the elements in cinnamic...
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...Introduction Acid rain, also called acid deposition refers to the deposition of wet or dry acidic materials from the atmosphere on the surface of the earth (Hess, Darrel, and McKnight 172). Although in most cases Acid deposition is associated with rainfall, sometimes the acidic pollutants in the atmosphere can fall with hail, snow and sleet. Acid rain occurs when the oxides of various compounds dissolve in water in the atmosphere. One of the compounds supplying acidic oxide include sulfur dioxide, which is usually produced as a result of natural means, for instance volcanic activities, burning of fossil fuel and extractions of metals. Formation of acid rain The major compounds that cause rain are the sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrous Oxides (NOX) (Asimov 96). The production of these compounds result from the combustion of the fossil fuel. The combustion of the fossil fuel leads to the release of the oxide compounds into the atmosphere. Acid rain formation takes place in the atmosphere through chemical processes. One of the chemical processes is the reaction between water vapor, sunlight and oxide compounds such as sulfur dioxide (Hess, Darrel, and McKnight 172). This result in the formation of the acidic substances for instance, sulfuric acid. Also, nitric acid is formed through reaction between water vapor, sunlight and nitrous oxide (NOX) (Isabel 76). The chemical process in the atmosphere, which results in the formation of the acid rain takes hours or days. Within this period the...
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