...PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PERIOD 3 OXIDES These pages explain the relationship between the physical properties of the oxides of Period 3 elements (sodium to chlorine) and their structures. Argon is obviously omitted because it doesn't form an oxide. A quick summary of the trends The oxides The oxides we'll be looking at are: |Na2O |MgO |Al2O3 |SiO2 |P4O10 |SO3 |Cl2O7 | | | | | |P4O6 |SO2 |Cl2O | Those oxides in the top row are known as the highest oxides of the various elements. These are the oxides where the Period 3 elements are in their highest oxidation states. In these oxides, all the outer electrons in the Period 3 element are being involved in the bonding - from just the one with sodium, to all seven of chlorine's outer electrons. The structures The trend in structure is from the metallic oxides containing giant structures of ions on the left of the period via a giant covalent oxide (silicon dioxide) in the middle to molecular oxides on the right. Melting and boiling points The giant structures (the metal oxides and silicon dioxide) will have high melting and boiling points because a lot of energy is needed to break the strong bonds (ionic or covalent) operating in three dimensions. The oxides of phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine consist of individual molecules - some small and simple; others polymeric. The attractive forces between these molecules...
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...change visible in the computer simulation. According to the computer model, how have sources of heat-trapping pollution changed from 1750 to today? How does the simulation predict they will change by 2050? The sources of heat-trapping pollution, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have grown since 1750 to today and pushed up the temperature from 57ᵒF to 59ᵒF and by 2050 the temperature rose to 63ᵒF showing an even higher increase of pollution in a shorter span of years. These three sources occur naturally and are also produced by human acts. According to the simulation’s prediction, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide pollution in 1750 were most dominant with carbon dioxide in the lead, while methane was attributing the least amount of heat-trapping pollution. The simulation’s prediction of heat-trapping pollution in today’s world showed an increase in heat-trapping pollution build-up within the atmosphere and like before the sources were carbon dioxide (more dominant) and nitrous oxide; methane remained at a low concentration as before. By the year 2050, according to the simulation, the heat-trapping pollution increased at a higher significant rate than 1750 and today by 2050. In fact all three sources of heat-trapping pollution seemingly were at an even level in the polluted air. 2. According to the computer model and your readings, which source(s) of heat-trapping pollution contribute the most to climate change? Explain. The sources of heat trapping pollution most...
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...Greenhouse Gases – Laboratory Assignment Prepared by XX 9/29/12 PART ONE Test 1 1750, Average temperature coming in at 57 degrees. Nearly an one to one ratio as equal amounts of both carbon dioxide CO2 and Methane CH4. Nitrous Oxide N2O was virtually invisible. It was a clean environment and It would be interesting to see just how fresh the air would have been to breath back in that time frame. There we're only a small rural farms, no automobile fossil fuels being burned. Test 2 Current: Average temperature coming in at 59 degrees. Carbon Dioxide CO2 is still being developed at a much greater rate with every increasing levels. Methane CH4 is having a harder time escaping, as the lever of build up has thickened. Nitrous Oxide N2O under microscopic review testing is appears to block red photons from being released back int the atmosphere. While some escape, most are being trapped. (Currently the USGCRP data showed since the pre industrial age, CO2 increased by 40%, CH4 by 148% and N2O by 18%) The test model animation could be flawed in how it is depicting the information based on these numbers. Test 3 2050 is not shaping up to be a comfortable place with an average temperature at 63 degrees. N20 Nitrous Oxide, is not escaping, and yellow photons are remaining trapped as well. Carbon Dioxide is escaping at a moderate level, with approximately, 1 out of six molecules bouncing back to earth. It is an exponential build-up with increased pollutions from an expanded...
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...172). Although in most cases Acid deposition is associated with rainfall, sometimes the acidic pollutants in the atmosphere can fall with hail, snow and sleet. Acid rain occurs when the oxides of various compounds dissolve in water in the atmosphere. One of the compounds supplying acidic oxide include sulfur dioxide, which is usually produced as a result of natural means, for instance volcanic activities, burning of fossil fuel and extractions of metals. Formation of acid rain The major compounds that cause rain are the sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrous Oxides (NOX) (Asimov 96). The production of these compounds result from the combustion of the fossil fuel. The combustion of the fossil fuel leads to the release of the oxide compounds into the atmosphere. Acid rain formation takes place in the atmosphere through chemical processes. One of the chemical processes is the reaction between water vapor, sunlight and oxide compounds such as sulfur dioxide (Hess, Darrel, and McKnight 172). This result in the formation of the acidic substances for instance, sulfuric acid. Also, nitric acid is formed through reaction between water vapor, sunlight and nitrous oxide (NOX) (Isabel 76). The chemical process in the atmosphere, which results in the formation of the acid rain takes hours or days. Within this period the polluted air move randomly from one place to the other. Due to the random movement of polluted air, the acid rain falls hundred kilometers away from the source. The process of the...
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...Iron is a shiny grey metal that is oxidized into a reddish-brown ferric oxide when exposed to moist air. It was discovered in 3500BC and is ranked as the fourth most abundant element by mass. The other major elements are sulfur and nickel. While iron is ingrained in most minerals, the primary iron is haematite. Nonetheless, iron is found engrained in other minerals such as taconite (Royal Society of Chemistry). Iron is produced commercially by heating the iron ores with carbon and limestone. The initial process results in an intermediate known as pig iron. Pig iron contains approximately 3% of carbon and other contaminants. It is utilized in the production of steel. The annual production of crude steel approximately about 1.3 billion tons (Royal Society of Chemistry). Pure iron crystals have a very soft texture. In order to enhance its strength, iron is either mixed with impurities such as carbon, or it is complexed with other metals as is...
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...have been utilized in conjunction with MRI scans to greatly increase the image contrast, leading to the detection of small and otherwise undetectable prostate cancer metastases. Additionally, nanoparticles are being used as a physical means of destroying tumorous tissue by the use of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia. This technology uses the power of magnets to oscillate iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles to create heat in the form of kinetic energy and has shown to drastically reduce the size of brain tumors when compared to patients who have no treatment at all. Beyond their use as diagnostics and physical tools to destroy cancerous tumors, magnetic nanoparticles are also used as a delivery agent for gene therapy. For example, magnetic nanoparticles have shown to increase the half life of the various biological matter such as DNA and RNA so that it can reach the intended target before the body’s immune response destroys the magnetic gene delivery system. In the future, research will be focused on pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles, ensuring the nanoparticles can stay in the body for longer periods of time and that the body reacts in a positive manner to the magnetic nanoparticles. Introduction Nanotechnology has been an emerging field recently due to its widespread capabilities. Nanotechnology has been applied in many fields of biomedicine due to its potential in controlling the delivery of drugs, providing greater contrast in magnetic resonance imaging...
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...hard substance on the pennies in trial three after 24 hours. How does the liquid affect the pennies? I will say that the effect of these both liquids had the acidic effect as describe in the research. Which liquid cleans the pennies better the orange juice or the vinegar? Based on the experiment I will say on all three trials the orange juice cleaned the pennies better than the vinegar on a 24 hour period.I expected the vinegar to clean the pennies instead it made it rusty in the last trial when it was for 24 hours. Experiment Hypothesis Orange juice on one set of pennies and vinegar on another set of pennies in separate containers will make you ask which liquid will clean the pennies is it the orange juice or vinegar? Answer to testable question: I mention before we did three trials of this experiment and I noticed that the orange juice gave the pennies a cleaning effect on all three trials. The vinegar seems to give the pennies a hard on trial #3 after 24 hours. Experiment Details Independent Variables On Trial#1 we started off with glass cups and the results were the Simply Orange juice and the Heinz vinegar actually cleaned the pennies. Trial #2 The Simply Orange Juice and the Family Gourmet vinegar cleaned the pennies and Trial #3 the Simply Orange Juice cleaned the pennies while the Family Gourmet vinegar rusted the pennies. Dependent Variables The time it took for these pennies to show a cleaning effect on all three trials was 24 hours based on the types...
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...malicious individuals. According to Stanislaus State’s Annual Security Report for the years of 2013 and 2014, the number of sexual assaults rose from two in 2013 to seven in 2014, and aggravated assaults, up from three to four. The report states the increase is due to better reporting policies, but the increased amount of individuals walking by themselves is certainly another factor that contributed to the rise of these numbers. Students and faculty who have evening classes are mainly affected because they have to walk long distances to their cars and there is not much visible vigilance around campus at those times. Also, several cars are parked for long periods on the streets and neighborhoods around campus, which attracts criminals that may try to break into cars because they know the campus police is not really active outside of...
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...Corrosion and Biofouling Resistance Evaluation of 90-10 Copper-Nickel Carol Powell Consultant to Copper Development Association, UK. Square Covert, Caynham, Ludlow, Shropshire, UK. Tel 0044 (0)1584 872805, Fax 0044 (0)1584 876632. carol.powell@btinternet.com Abstract Copper-nickel alloys for marine use were developed for naval applications in the early part of the 20th century with a view to improving the corrosion resistance of condenser tubes and seawater piping. They still enjoy widespread use today not only for many navies but also in commercial shipping, floating production, storage and offloading vessels (FPSOs), and in multistage flash desalination. The two popular alloys contain 90% or 70% copper and differ in strength and maximum sea water velocity levels they can handle but it is the 90-10 coppernickel (CuNi10Fe1Mn) which is the more economic and extensively used. An additional benefit of this alloy is its high resistance to biofouling: in recent years this has led to sheathing developments particularly for structures and boat hulls. This paper provides a review of the corrosion and biofouling resistance of 90-10 coppernickel based on laboratory test data and documented experience of the alloy in marine environments. Particular attention is given to exposure trials over 8 years in Langstone Harbour, UK, which have recently been completed by Portsmouth University on behalf of the Nickel Institute. These examined four sheathing products; plate and foil...
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...suffer from cancer in Australia died from skin cancer in 2010, and in 2010-2011, there were 10,457 patients with melanoma, which is one type of skin cancer, making up 1.2% of all cancer related hospitalizations in those years. There are always debates on the ability of sunscreens to prevent and protect skin from ageing and skin cancer. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage, with the use of sunscreen. This essay will include an overview of the different types of UV radiation and how it is responsible for skin damaging, secondly, how sunscreen works by combining organic ingredients and finally, how inorganic ingredients contribute in sunscreens. DISCUSSION UV Radiation With two of three Australians estimated to suffer from skin cancer during their lifetime, Australia remains the skin cancer capital of the world (The Australian Photobiology Testing Facility at the University of Sydney 2007). The health system in Australia spends around $232 million annually for only skin cancer (AIHW 1998). Compared to visible light, UV radiation has a shorter wavelength (figure 1) which makes it invisible to the naked eye (Epstein and Wang 2014). The ozone layer of the Earth’s atmosphere filters most of the UV radiation before it reaches the surfaces. Without the ozone layer, skin that...
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...Zero Dimensional Simulation of Combustion Process of a DI Diesel Engine Fuelled With Biofuels Donepudi Jagadish, Ravi Kumar Puli and K. Madhu Murthy Abstract—A zero dimensional model has been used to investigate the combustion performance of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled by biofuels with options like supercharging and exhaust gas recirculation. The numerical simulation was performed at constant speed. The indicated pressure, temperature diagrams are plotted and compared for different fuels. The emissions of soot and nitrous oxide are computed with phenomenological models. The experimental work was also carried out with biodiesel (palm stearin methyl ester) diesel blends, ethanol diesel blends to validate simulation results with experimental results, and observed that the present model is successful in predicting the engine performance with biofuels. Keywords—Biofuels Zero Dimensional Modeling, Engine Performance, Engine Emissions I. INTRODUCTION C OMPUTER simulation has contributed enormously towards new evaluation in the field of internal combustion engines. Mathematical tools have become very popular in recent years owing to the continuously increasing improvement in computational power. Diesel engines occupy a prominent role in the present transportation and power generation sectors. There have been many methods tried and are in use to reduce pollutant emissions from a diesel engine. The main options to reduce pollutants are the...
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...Assignment On Engineering Materials (Glass) Introduction Glass is a non-crystalline solid material. Glasses are typically brittle, and often optically transparent. The most prevalent type of glass, used for centuries in windows and drinking vessels, is soda-lime glass, made of about 75% silica (SiO2) plus Na2O, CaO, and several minor additives. Often, the term glass is used in a restricted sense to refer to this specific use. [pic] [pic]Roman Cage Cup from the 4th century A.D. In science, however, the term glass is usually defined in a much wider sense, including every solid that possesses a non-crystalline (i.e. amorphous) structure and that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state. In this wider sense, glasses can be made of quite different classes of materials: metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids, and polymers. Of these, polymer glasses (acrylic glass, polyethylene terephthalate) are the most important; for many applications (bottles, eyewear) they are a lighter alternative to traditional silica glasses. Glasses play an essential role in science and industry. Their chemical, physical, and in particular optical properties make them suitable for applications such as flat glass, container glass, optics and optoelectronics material, laboratory equipment, thermal insulator (glass wool), reinforcement fiber (glass-reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete), and glass art (art glass, studio glass). ...
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...Study on Power Electronic Device Battery Manufacturing At Advance Power Electric Company Limited By Shawn Das ID: 0921244 An Internship Report Presented In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science In Electrical and Electronic Engineering INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH School of Engineering and Computer Science Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering AUTUMN, 2013 Internship Study on Power Electronic Device Battery Manufacturing At Advance Power Electric Company Limited By Shawn Das ID: 0921244 has been approved ...
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...will it start to condense? (A) 1250C (B) 1500C (C) 1750C (D) 2500C 2. How long does it take all the solid to melt? (A) 2.5 mins (B) 6.0 mins (C) 1.0 mins (D) 3.0 mins 3. 25cm3 of a gas X contains Z molecules at 150C and 75mmHg. How many molecules will 25cm3 of another gas Y contain at the same temperature and pressure? (A) 2Y (B) 2Z (C) Z (D) Y 4. What mass of water is produced when 8.0g of hydrogen reacts with excess oxygen? (A) 36.0g (B) 8.0g (C) 72.0g (D) 16.0g [H = 1, O = 16] 5. A particle that contains 9 protons, 10 neutrons and 10 electrons is a (A) negative ion (B) positive ion (C) neutral atom of a non metal (D) neutral atom of a metal 6. Cancerous growth are cured by exposure to (A) γ -rays (B) β -rays (C) α -rays (D) x-rays 7. An oxide XO2 has a vapour density of 32. What is the atomic mass of X (A) 32 (B) 20 (C) 14 (D) 12 [O = 16] 8. Milikan’s contribution to the development of atomic theory is the determination of (A) charge on electron (B) positive rays (C) charge to mass ratio (D) cathode rays 9. Four elements W, X, Y, and Z have atomic numbers 2, 6, 16 and 20 respectively. Which of these elements is a metal? (A) X (B) W (C) Z (D) Y 10. An element X with relative atomic mass 16.2 contains two isotopes 16X 8 with relative abundance of 90% and X m8 with relative abundance of 10%. The value of m is (A) 16 (B) 18 (C) 12 (D) 14 11. + The diagram above represents the formation of (A) a metallic bond (B) an electrovalent bond (C) a covalent bond (D) a coordinate bond 12. Which...
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...it has to travel before it gets to the table. Meat production is a major contributor to climate change. It is estimated that livestock production accounts for 70 percent of all agricultural land use and occupies 30 percent of the land surface of the planet. Because of their sheer numbers, livestock produce a considerable volume of greenhouse gases (such as methane and nitrous oxide) that contribute to climate change. In fact, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that livestock production is responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gases. Other agricultural practices can impact the climate. Synthetic pesticides and fertilizers are widely used in agriculture, and are often made from fossil fuels. Manufacturing and transporting these chemicals uses significant quantities of energy and produces greenhouse gases. Not surprisingly, studies have shown that chemical farming uses considerably more energy per unit of production than organic farms, which do not use these chemical inputs. In addition, the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers in soils produces nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that is approximately 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Organic farms, on the other hand, which rely on natural manure and compost for fertilizer, store much more carbon in the soil, keeping it out of the...
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