...Simmons Strayer University PSY 100 September 9, 2011 Professor Yurandol Powers Psychological Dependence is a dependency of the mind, and leads to psychological withdrawal symptoms such as cravings, irritability, insomnia, and depression. Addiction can in theory be derived from any rewarding behavior, and is believed to be strongly associated with the dopaminergic system of the brain’s reward system like in the case of cocaine and amphetamines. There has been claims that it is a habitual means to avoid undesired activity but typically it is only so to a clinical level in individuals who have emotional, social or psychological dysfunctions. Psychological dependence does not have to be limited only to substances; even activities and behavioral patterns can be considered addictions, if they become uncontrollable, e.g. gambling, internet addiction, computer addiction, sexual addiction, pornography, and eating and vandalism addiction. Even work addiction. Physical dependence on a substance is defined by the appearance of characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the substance is suddenly discontinued opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine are drugs that induce physical dependence. On the other hand, some categories of substances share this property and are still not considered addictive: cortisone, beta-blockers and most antidepressants are examples. So, while physical dependency can be a major factor in the psychology of addition and continual use some drugs...
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...how an exercise scientist can help the individual suffering from exercise dependence. What are some of the positives of exercise? Exercising regularly can create some really positive health benefits to the individual. Positive Health reasons for exercise, according to the American Medical Association (1999, P.394), are benefits...
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...pharmacological, psychological are used to treat various psychological disease. In other words peoples use drugs to fight against psychological problems considering that connection between physical and mental state is significant. Drugs for the treatment of mental disease and psychological disorders firstly appear in 1950s in the form of iproniazid. It was created in the early 50’s in the United States. The main purpose of this drug was to increase the effectiveness of treatment of tuberculosis with antibiotics. As side effects doctors observed hyperactivity and mood improvement of the patients....
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...LITERATURE REVIEW PAPER Literature Review Paper Mitchell Adair Advanced General Psychology PSY492 A01 Argosy University 1 Each class of drugs has a property that is very distinguishing, and drugs that are within each class more than often produces effects that are similar. However, all substances that are controlled, despite of their class, share quite a few number of features that are common. This introduction will familiarize you with these features that are shared as well as define them in terms that are associated frequently with these drugs. All substances that are controlled have abuse that is potential or are precursors that are immediate when it comes to abuse that is potential. With the exception of anabolic steroids, substances that are controlled are abused when it comes to mood altering, feeling, and thought through their actions on the CNS or central nervous system, which is the brain and spinal cord. Some of these drugs are relievers of pain, depression as well as anxiety. Some are energizers and some are inducers of sleep. Even though some substances that are controlled are useful therapeutically, the effects that considered to be “feel good” of these drugs will more than likely prove to be primary contributors when it comes to their ...
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...body or mind Intoxication: temporary change Abuse: excessive, chronic use and impairment Dependence: abuse + physical or psychological dependence -Tolerance - Withdrawal Substance-related conditions recognized by the DSM-IV: * Substance dependence; diagnosis is given when substance use leads to psychological dependence or significant impairment or distress. * Substance abuse; diagnosis is given when recurrent substance use leads to significant, harmful consequences. * Substance intoxication; experience of significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system. * Substance withdrawal; experience of clinical significant distress in social, occupational or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use. DSM criteria for substance abuse: * One or more of the following occurs during a twelve month period, leading to significant impairment or distress 1. Failure to fulfill important obligations at work, home or school as a result of substance abuse. 2. Repeated use of the substance in situations which is physically hazardous to do so e.g. driving. 3. Repeated legal problems as a result to substance abuse. 4. Confirmed use of the substance despite repeated social or legal problems as a result of use. DSM criteria for substance Dependence: * Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to three or more of the following: ...
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...Psychological Disorders and Movies Jesse Flores University of Central Oklahoma Psychological Disorders and Movies In the comedy-drama film “28 days”, by Betty Thomas, the story line is focus with Gwen Cummings a newspaper columnist obligated to enter a rehabilitation center for alcoholism or face prison. At the weeding of her sister (Lily Cummings), Gwen’s pursuit of being the life of the party contributes into her getting drunk, which leads to her driving under the influence and ended up crashing into a house. After choosing the rehab center, Gwen is kept away from the things that once led her down a path of self-destruction. Furthermore, Gwen alcoholism cause her to develop a physical dependence on alcohol to maintain normal function and to cope with the challenges of daily life. In the beginning Gwen was reluctant into taking part in any of the treatment programs such as discussion chants or sing-a-longs. In addition of being in denial, while in the rehab facility she experience withdraw symptoms such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety due to the reduction of alcohol consumption after a prolonged period of heavy drinking. According to (Feist & Rosenberg 2012), “Withdraw symptoms are the adverse effects people with physical dependence experience if they stop using the drug. The drugs that lead to physical dependence create most severe withdraw symptoms”. Nevertheless, the portrayal of the disorder was incredibly realistic due to the fact that the signs and...
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...inability to abstain from alcohol use (delta). Historically Jelinek took the stigma attached to alcohol addiction. He took alcoholism from being looked at as a bad habit, to being a concept of actual disease. He Studied groups of thousands in AA. And their behavioral patters. He categorized and defined the stages of alcoholism into these subtypes. Definition of alcoholism: any use of alcoholic beverages that causes any damage to the individual, to society, or both. Subtypes are: ALPHA:Use to relieve bodily or emotional pain; not progressive BETA:Heavy drinking (cultural, social) leading to heavy organ damage GAMMA:Tolerance; psychological dependence (craving); physical dependence (withdrawal); impaired control DELTA: Tolerance; psychological and physical dependence; inability to abstain EPSILON: Dipsomania (periodic binges) Jelinek believed that certain behaviors and phases led to ones alcoholism, and that alcoholics could be rehabbed. Jelleniks work has ben largely responsible for shifting the view of alcoholism as a defect, rather than a disease. His belief did not go without criticism. In retrospect, Jellinek may have blurred rather than...
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...different chemicals and natural substances for pleasure. When using drugs frequently a psychological and physical dependence occurs due to the pleasure and relief assoaciated with drug use. Drug use is most commonly started through peer pressure, model observation, and advertisement. The use of tobacco is commonly started in the early 20’s of an adult. There are a number of reasons why people may start to smoke tobacco. As a child growing up, children may see their parents or older siblings smoking cigarettes making them want to try it. As children grow into young adults, they are either pressured into smoking cigarettes or they see their favorite role models smoking cigaerretes. Teenagers usually view cigarettes as the cool thing to do and start becoming regular smoker in the early 20’s. At this age many people have higher risk factors such as having kids, not graduating from college, low paying jobs, or problems with their appearance. Although cigarettes may have a positive feeling as far as calming the person, or realiving stress, there are also negative factors. A persons health is damaged by cigarettes. The nicotine in the cigarette causes psychological and physical dependence making the person believe that smoking is ok when in fact it can cause heart and lung disease. Alcohol causes some of the same effects. Alcohol just like cigarettes cause a psychological and physical dependence because . Even though drinking too much can cause hangovers and illness people still engage...
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...MODEL This involves * Addiction as a “brain disease” * Neurotransmitter imbalance * Disease model: * Agent: drug * Vector: dealers * Host: addict PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL This involves the following * Drug abusers who are self-medicating * Drug abuse which is a symptom of underlying psychological problems * Drug use is also a maladaptive psychological coping strategy * Drug abusers also need to resolve internal conflict, and when they do, drug use will be unnecessary. SOCIAL MODEL This involves * Drug use as a learned behavior * People using drugs because drug use is modeled by others * Peer pressure * Environmental effects leading to drug use MORAL MODEL * Addicts are usually weak and can overcome a compulsion to use with willpower * Drug abusers are anti-social and should be punished for that * Drug are generally evil BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL * All the above are true, to greater or lesser degrees * Each person’s drug use is a result of some aspects of some or all the other models * Treatment and recovery require addressing the body, mind, social, nutrition, employment, family issues, psychological issues. On a broad inference, addiction is generally concerned with alcoholism so therefore we shall talk extensively on alcoholism. ALCOHOLISM Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled...
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...Drug Abuse and its Psychological Effects Jessica Cadett University of Phoenix Abstract Substance abuse causes substance dependence that of which is a group of psychological and physical symptoms which causes addicts and drug abusers to use drugs and other substances compulsively in order to self-medicate. However, because an abuser takes high amounts of drugs daily, they tend to need larger amounts of drugs in order for an addict to receive a decent euphoric feeling from a drug. Withdrawal symptoms are psychological, as well as physical, causing person’s with drug abuse issues to feel the need of drugs in order to live or function, as well as feeling the need of drugs to help subside physical pain, sleeplessness, low energy levels, and stomach virus symptoms. These psychological symptoms are caused by the chemical chain reactions and chemical imbalances within the human brain. Drug abuse, especially a large amount of drug abuse, causes drug abusers to risk attaining addiction, as well as causing many psychological issues and physical issues within their life. Some people who do not understand addiction and drug abuse do not always realize that abusing drugs is not merely a way of life, but instead it is simply a serious health condition usually generated through genetic DNA or because of a physiological chemical imbalance from long-term drug use. Drug Abuse and its Psychological Effects For many years, drugs have become a huge epidemic throughout the world, affecting...
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...drug addiction and drug abuse Introduction drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine , that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. Definitions of drug abuse and addiction are subjective and infused with the political and moral values of the society or culture...
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...Addiction Addiction is a physical, psychological and physiological state that is as a result of dependence on substances that are psychoactive. These substances are known to cross the barrier between blood and brain when they are taken into the body either through smoking, drinking, injection or any other means that may cause their entry into the body. These substances work by altering the normal functioning of the brain and results in what is often called 'getting high' (Heyman, 2009). The addiction develops when an individual cannot stay for prolonged periods of time without relying on the psychoactive substance that they are addicted to. An addiction may also include habits or behavior patterns that with time become ingrained in our day to day lives and which an individual eventually finds out that they cannot live without indulging in their particular habit or behavior. Though the involvement in the activity or substance is initially a means to seek bliss and enjoyment, after a while, the individual will need to engage in the substance or activity to feel that he or she is normal. Experts in psychology have identified addiction in many forms, but all of them highlight the unusual psycho-dependency on substances and activities. These include; gambling, eating, sex and/or pornography, the internet, work, watching TV, shopping and many more. The main forms of addiction discussed widely though involve excessive drinking, excessive gambling, drug use, eating and sexuality (Orford...
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...Introduction Marijuana is a psychoactive drug made from the dried leaves and flowering parts of the hem plant (Dudley, 1999). Marijuana contains an active ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol, known as THC. It is one of the most strictly classified illegal drugs in the United States. Marijuana is a schedule I substance. Schedule I means that marijuana has a high potential for abuse. It is illegal to buy, sell, grow, or possess marijuana in the United States. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. Marijuana is derived from the plant Cannabis. War on Drugs Marijuana prohibition comprises a large part of the federal government’s War on Drug’s. Law enforcement officials made 600,000 marijuana-related arrests in 1995 (Gerdes, 2002). The criminal prohibition of marijuana, this represents an extraordinary degree of government intrusion into the private, personal lives of those adults who choose to use it. People convicted of marijuana offenses face penalties ranging from probation to life imprisonment, plus fines and forfeiture of property. The government spends millions of dollars annually on preventative programs such as Dare Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), in which local police officers visit schools to teach young people to refrain from trying marijuana and other drugs. Marijuana Medical Uses Despite federal laws prohibiting marijuana in 1996, California and Arizona passed state initiatives legalizing marijuana for medical use by patients...
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...Sasha Flearly Causes and Treatments of Addiction Introduction Addiction is a condition defined by an individual's intense need to consume a particular substance, usually an illicit drug or alcohol. Typically regarded as a disease or medical condition, addiction is seen by many as a form of disability. Addiction is generally diagnosed based on the following criteria: tolerance, withdrawal, and craving. Tolerance refers to the body's ability to metabolize, or tolerate, a certain quantity of a substance prior to reaching the point of intoxication. Withdrawal refers to the agitated behavior, ranging from mild irritability to severe physical illness that many habitual substance users display when they cannot consume their desired substances (Hamid, 2002). Finally, craving refers to a user's physical, and frequently psychological, need to consume a substance in order to offset withdrawal symptoms. People are believed to be addicts when they habitually consume drugs or alcohol, often to the point of intoxication, and when they display signs of withdrawal and craving in the absence of those substances. Recently some scholarship has examined how many behaviors like gambling, sex, and exercise can also be addictive based on these criteria. Thesis Statement Drug Addiction is a relatively recent construct in a social phenomenon. That is, regardless of the use of psychoactive drugs for many years, drugs only became a social trouble when the working of a member of a specific...
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...Addiction to Computer Games on Physical and Mental Health of Students INTRODUCTION Computer diversions are the most prominent excitements in present day social orders and they focus on an assortment of individuals in various ages. The dependence on the competition and fervors of the amusements make them the most widely recognized recreational projects throughout today's young people, with the goal that they do anything to achieve a larger amount of the diversion, they submerge in the diversion so much that they totally isolate from their environment. Testing with the hindrances and achieving a larger amount in the diversion, make the players energized and losing the amusement make them anxious. Computer amusements began in 1972 with Pang, a computer tennis diversion, and afterward created in equipment and programming frameworks. Change of value and assortment of recreations progressively spread it in the general public particularly adolescences.2 It is trusted that computer diversions like sitting in front of the TV gives chances to visual learning. Particularly on the grounds that these amusements are more dynamic contrasted with staring at the TV, they are viewed as more effective.3 Since these diversions are known as the second excitement after TV, rivals of these recreations underscore on their negative impacts, for example, invigorating resentment and savagery, costing a great deal of cash and having negative impacts of physical and psychological wellness, which are much higher...
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