...Introduction Chapter I General Information on American Poetry 1.1 Historical and Cultural Contexts of 20th Century American Poetry 1.2 American Modernism Chapter II The Life and Work of Some of the 20th Century American Poets 2.1 Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888 – 1965) 2.2 Marianne Moore (1887 – 1972) Conclusion Bibliography INTRODUCTION Development in learning English has widely opened the door to the unknown world of foreign literature. While learning a new language may require the devotion of a learner, it exposes the original beauty that is hidden under the names which, I’d like to mention, culture, traditions and literature. It is clearly seen from the history that a nation cannot exist without its customs, spoken language and written literature. Having all these nuances in mind, I dedicate my course paper to revealing all the perfection of literature which is expressed through poetry. There are as many definitions of poetry as there are poets. Wordsworth defined poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings;" Emily Dickinson said, "If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know that is poetry;" and Dylan Thomas defined poetry this way: "Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing." Poetry is a lot of things to a lot of people. One of the most definable characteristics...
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...from wounds sustained in a military engagement. Sidney’s major writings probably belong to the period 1578–84, though none can be dated with certainty. Arcadia, a prose narrative interspersed with verse, combines chivalric romance, pastoral, comedy, and debate on ethics and politics. It survives in a complete earlier version and an unfinished expanded version. Astrophil and Stella, a cycle of 108 sonnets and 11 songs, is one of the first English adaptations of Petrarchan love poetry. By turns witty and tormented, it is a lightly disguised and no doubt fictionally embellished treatment of Sidney’s thwarted love for Penelope Devereux, sister of the Earl of Essex. The most likely date for the composition of the Defence is 1580–82. Like Sidney’s other writings, it circulated only in manuscript during his lifetime, and was published by two separate printers in 1595 under the titles Defence of Poesy and Apology for Poetry. It is one of several English defenses against moralistic or philosophical attacks on poetry, drama, and music. One of these attacks, Stephen Gosson’s School of Abuse (1579), was dedicated to Sidney and possibly prompted the writing of the Defence. The Defence has the structure of a classical oration, a literary form much utilized in Renaissance education and later adopted in Milton’s...
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...Home Poetry Book Contest Poetry Book Contest Brick Road Poetry Book Contest Michael Meyerhofer was selected as the winner of the 2010 Brick Road Poetry Book Contest for his manuscript entitled, Damnatio Memoriae. The 4 additional finalists were: Rupert Fike, Lotus Buffet Grey Held, Two-Star General Jamie Thomas, Etch and Blur Toni Thomas, Chosen Jason Schossler, Mud Cakes (scheduled for publication elsewhere) 4 of our finalists, all but Jason Schossler, are scheduled to be published by Brick Road Press. *** The first place winner receives a publication contract with Brick Road Poetry Press and $1000 prize, publication in both print and ebook formats, and 25 copies of the printed book. We may also offer publication contracts to the top finalists. Adhere to all the "general submission" manuscript guidelines. (provided below) Entry fee $25, payable through the online submission manager. If sending hard copy, please include a Check or money order to "Brick Road Poetry Press, Inc." Deadline: November 1, submission accepted starting August 1. Submit via the Brick Road Poetry Press Submission Manager Manuscript Guidelines * Book-length poetry manuscripts only. * Simultaneous submissions accepted, provided we are immediately informed if the manuscript is accepted elsewhere. * Original collection of 50 to 100 pages of poetry, excluding cover page, contents, acknowledgments, etc. * Single sided, single spaced. We prefer no more than one poem...
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...genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in literature are (in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy,[1] comedy, and creative nonfiction.[citation needed] They can all be in the form of prose or poetry. Additionally, a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a subgenre (see below), but as a mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in which they were composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be classified as either adult, young-adult, or children's. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book. GenresEdit For more details on this topic, see List of literary genres. Just as in painting, there are different types: the landscape, the still life, the portrait; there are different types of literary works. These types tend to share specific characteristics. Genres describe those works which share specific conventions.[2] Genres are often divided into subgenres. Literature, is divided into the classic three forms of Ancient Greece, poetry, drama, and prose. Poetry may then be subdivided into the genres of lyric, epic, and dramatic. The lyric includes all the shorter forms of poetry, e.g., song, ode, ballad, elegy, sonnet.[2] Dramatic poetry might include comedy, tragedy, melodrama, and mixtures like tragicomedy. The standard...
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...yMacmillan Study Companions Sharon R. Wilson-Strann POETRY FOR THE CSEC® ENGLISH B EXAMINATION Second edition Prescribed list for 2012–2017 CSEC® is a registered trademark of the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) POETRY FOR THE CSEC® ENGLISH B EXAMINATION is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC. CSEC Study Comp Poetry 2nd Ed_2011.indd i 9/6/11 4:31 PM Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world www.macmillan-caribbean.com ISBN: 978-0-230-41802-8 Text © Sharon R. Wilson-Strann 2011 Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2011 First published 2008 This edition published 2011 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them. Designed by Mike Brain Graphic Design Ltd Typeset by E Clicks Enterprise, Malaysia Cover design by Clare Webber Cover photo by Jenny Palmer The author and publishers are grateful for permission to reprint the following copyright material: Bloodaxe Books for the poem...
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...To the romantic poets poetry was an instrument of emotion and feeling intended to reconnect man with the natural world, and in general the poet was viewed as a person uniquely equipped to guide the layman to this reconnection. Romanticism as a movement appeared following a period in history when great importance was put on scientific discovery and formal education. In the eyes of the romantic poets mankind had become so swept up in the pursuit of knowledge and innovation that they had disconnected from both the natural world, and their deeper, natural selves. Though the philosophies of the individual poets differed, in general romantic poetry focused on and lauded primitivism, and emotion, while minimizing (but not discounting) the importance of reason and logic. The ultimate goal of romantic poetry was the attainment of the sublime, the ultimate, transcendental connection with the natural self. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, one of the pioneers of the Romantic Movement, believed that the creative imagination was the key to man achieving his connection to the sublime. This caused much difficulty though, as the source of creative imagination was impossible to trace and because creative inspiration was quite fickle. Coleridge struggled with this conundrum throughout his life, but felt that as a poet and as one who understood the importance of the creative imagination it was his right and responsibility to better mankind through his poetry. William Wordsworth was, along with Coleridge...
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...The Analysis of the Problems in Understanding Figurative Language in Poetry as Perceived by Third Year Students of Child Jesus of Prague School for the School Year 2010-2011 Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction Language is a vital part of our everyday life and communication that are spoken by the human today and its natural human necessity. The word “language” has two meanings, language as general concept and language as a linguistic system. It is also traditionally signs, ideas and meanings of our heart and minds. But then, language cannot be fully expressed without even using figurative language Whenever someone used figurative language, he describes something by comparing it to another. In order to be successful in literary studies at any level, and for that matter, to be considered a good writer himself, at least a basic understanding of figurative language is absolutely essential. This series will explore the basic types of figurative language that you are likely to encounter in high school and early university settings; without knowledge of these, getting good grades is not a likely outcome, and succeeding in upper level literature courses will simply not happen. Although many teachers and professors do underline the importance of various kinds of figurative language, not many take the time to define it and explain its importance as a whole. Figurative language can most efficiently and simply be seen as a way of writing and speaking...
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...Hip Hop Music and Poetry Poetry and music are important in the life of human beings. Poetry and hip hop music bring about emotions and feelings among the human beings. In this article, the theme of race come out clearly through the two articles. Hence, this paper will focus on the theme of race and its effect in relation to poetry and hip hop music as brought out by the author Audre Lordes and The JBHE Foundation article. Though there are similarities and differences by the two authors, the theme clearly stands out in both. The article, ‘Poetry is not a Luxury’ by Audre Lordes is analyzed together with the article "Can Hip-Hop Be the New Driving Force behind Increased Racial Integration?" by The JBHE Foundation to find a common theme that relates to both articles. The first essay talks about poetry and women while the second essay talks about hiphop. Poetry is something fundamental and important to the human (particularly female) condition as opposed to a recreation movement. It is the path of womanhood, and the feelings brought by poetry is so effectively ready to express an immediate connection to the aged society. This aged association is kind of antitoxin to the ills of present-day life, which incorporate an unfortunate concentrate on the benefit, direct power, and the institutional dehumanization. Is poetry a luxury? What does poetry relate to women? How does Hip hop music affect the increased racial integration? What if there was no poetry and hip hop music...
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...the ever pioneering fortitude of the American people. He is a symbol of variety, largeness and the tendency toward innovation. Brief History Walt Whitman was born on May 31st, 1819 in West Hills, a village near Hempstead in Long Island, New York. His mother, Louisa Van Velsor was a farmer, while his father, Walter Whitman was a carpenter. The family moved to Brooklyn where Walt attended school. He left school at the age of eleven, after completing his formal education and started learning the printing trade. In 1836, he started teaching at school in Long island and it was during this period that he founded the weekly magazine Long Islander. This magazine cultivated his interest in journalism where he started writing short stories and poetry. His early works in literature were to say the...
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...world. And he strove hard to fulfill this aim in his critical writings. Attaching paramount importance to poetry in his essay "The Study of Poetry", he regards the poet as seer. Without poetry, science is incomplete, and much of religion and philosophy would in future be replaced by poetry. Such, in his estimate, are the high destinies of poetry. Arnold asserts that literature, and especially poetry, is "Criticism of Life". In poetry, this criticism of life must conform to the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty. Truth and seriousness of matter, felicity and perfection of diction and manner, as are exhibited in the best poets, are what constitutes a criticism of life. Poetry, says Arnold, interprets life in two ways: "Poetry is interpretative by having natural magic in it, and moral profundity". And to achieve this the poet must aim at high and excellent seriousness in all that he writes.This demand has two essential qualities. The first is the choice of excellent actions. The poet must choose those which most powerfully appeal to the great primary human feelings which subsist permanently in the race. The second essential is what Arnold calls the Grand Style - the perfection of form, choice of words, drawing its force directly from the pregnancy of matter which it conveys. This, then, is Arnold's conception of the nature and mission of true poetry. And by his general principles - the" Touchstone Method" - introduced scientific objectivity to critical evaluation by providing...
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...Classification of Literature According to Form * CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE ACCORDING TO FORM * POETRY * -one of the three major types of literature * -divided into lines, stanzas, with diverse and unique characteristics and often employ regular rhythmic patterns or meters. * -most poets make use of imagery, figurative language, and special devices * ELEMENTS OF POETRY 1. Persona or the voice- “speaker”, may be a poet or completely different character 1 2. Theme- insight into life revealed by the poem 3. Rhythm and Rhyme-2 (pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry ,3 repetition of sound at the ends of words, * 4. Form/Genre (Lyric, Narrative, Dramatic)4-6 * 5. Diction (Connotative, Denotative) * 6. Literary Devices (Techniques, Figures of Speech) * Miscellaneous elements: * Tone-attitude of the writer 7 * Mood-atmosphere or general feeling * TYPES AND FORMS OF POETRY 1. LYRIC POETRY- meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre -short, simple and easy to understand 8 A. Kinds of Lyric Poetry B. Sonnets- 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme or pattern 9 C. Elegy- expresses lament or mourning for the dead 10 3. Ode- noble feeling, expressed with dignity and praises * TYPES AND FORMS OF POETRY * 4. Songs- poem w/ or w/o definite number of syllables and stanza and always accompanied by musical instrument * 5. Psalms- song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing...
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...1960/1970)…………………………………..Page 3 Seamus Heaney’s Work: Evaluation of Poetry influences…………………………………………………….Page 4 Seamus Heaney’s Poetry……………………………………………………………Page 5 Digging…………………………………………………………………………………Page 6 Analysis and Explanation of Digging…………………………………………….....Page 7 References…………………………………………………………………………....Page 8 Biological Life Childhood: Seamus Heaney was the eldest child from among the nine siblings in his family; he was born on 13th April 1939 in Mossbawn (Northern Ireland), which was their own family farmhouse. But later in 1953 (14 years later), Heaney’s family had decided to move location to Bellaghy which is just only a few miles from their farmhouse. His background consists of two different traditions which come from both his parent’s families, an Ireland from the Cattle-Herding Gaelic (Father’s family – Patrick Heaney) and the Ulster from the Industrial Revolution (Mother’s family – Margaret Kathleen Heaney). He studied at Anahorish Primary School in the local area; and as he grew older, he started to attend St. Columb’s College where he was awarded a scholarship at the age of 12. Career: Heaney who was only 18 years of age at the time when he had decided to travel to Belfast where he was given the opportunity to study English Language and Literature at the Queen’s University of Belfast. By reading and analysing the book ‘Ted Hughes’ Lupercal, he got an idea of writing poetry; once he had graduated with a First Class Honours Degree, Heaney...
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...has been regarded as one of the most pessimistic poets. Larkin surely takes a very dark view of human life. The main emphasis in his poems is on failure and frustration in human life. And then there is his preoccupation with death. In a number of poems he emphasizes the sombre and grim aspects of human life and in many poems he speaks of the cert of death. We are all aware of the facts of failure and frustration in human life and we are all aware of the faith of death. But what makes Larkin a pessimist, and a confirmed pessimist at that, is his repeated emphasis, and over-emphasis, on these aspects of human life. On explanation of his repeated reminders to us of the certain of death, he has been regarded as “a graveyard poet”; and the general and brooding atmosphere of melancholy and despondency in his poems justifies the label “pessimist” for him. A number of poems come to our minds in this connection. The poem Ambulances paints a gloomy picture of human life because of the fact that every street is visited by an ambulance at one time or the other. An ambulance is a symbol of disease and death. Dockery and Son contains the following pessimistic line: “Life is first boredom, then fear”. And this poem concludes with the pessimistic view that there is old age, and that the end of old age is death. Aubade is a poem in which Larkin’s fear of death reaches its climax. Larkin himself described it his “in-a-funk-about-death poem.” The Positive Features of His Pessimistic Poems ...
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...respect for someone or something Hymn: a song of praise or joy Folk Ballad: culture song Literal: usually meaning of the word Concrete: relating to or involving specific people, things, or actions rather than general ideas or qualities Abstract: elating to or involving general ideas or qualities rather than specific people, objects, or actions Figure of Speech: simile or metaphor Simile: “like”, “as”, “seems” and or “appears” Metaphor: “to be”, “is”, “are”, “was” and or “were” Metonymy: a figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another Synecdoche: a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole Image: the thought of how something looks or might look Imagery: language that causes people to imagine pictures in their mind Meter: arranged and measured rhythm in verse Foot: the basic unit of verse meter consisting of any of various fixed combinations or groups of stressed and unstressed or long and short syllables Iamb: unstressed-stressed Trochee: stressed-unstressed Anapest: unstressed-unstressed-stressed Dactyl: stressed-unstressed-unstressed Pyrrhic: unstressed-unstressed Spondee: stressed-stressed Scansion: the analysis of verse to show its meter Caesura: a pause separating phases within lines of poetry Rhyme: one of two or more words or phrases that end in the same sounds Alliteration: the use of words that begin with the same sound near one another Assonance: repeating identical or similar vowels in in nearby...
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...Twenty years of age, she seemed to enjoy her time there, and met many important persons. While Phillis was in London, her book of poetry, entitled Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published. The book was dedicated to Lady Huntingdon, to whom she may have been introduced. According to Richmond, this was the first book by a black woman ever to be published (33). In fact, Phillis' book was one of the first books published by anyone from the Colonies. The fact that this poetry was that of a twenty year old female slave was extremely remarkable—and unbelievable. Thus it was that, in order to make the book acceptable to the public, eighteen well-respected Bostonian gentlemen signed a statement verifying the work as hers, along with a separate statement by her master. These were printed inside the book as a preface to her...
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