...foundation for the second half of the essay, which assesses our progress in understanding institutional formation and change. Drawing on insights from recent historical institutional work on “critical junctures” and on “policy feedbacks,” the article proposes a way of thinking about institutional evolution and path dependency that provides an alternative to equilibrium and other approaches that separate the analysis of institutional stability from that of institutional change. INTRODUCTION Institutional analysis has a distinguished pedigree in comparative politics, and the “new” institutionalist literature of the past two decades has both sustained this venerable tradition and deepened our understanding of the role of institutions in political life. At the same time, recent work has given rise to new debates. It is now conventional to distinguish three different varieties of institutionalism: rational choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism, and sociological institutionalism. Each of these three schools in fact represents a sprawling literature characterized by tremendous internal diversity, and it is often also difficult to draw hard and fast lines between them. The differences that have...
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...Authoritarian Regime By Uri Gordon (student at the Department of Political Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel) Between being loved and being feared, I have always believed Machiavelli was right. If nobody is afraid of me, I’m meaningless. Lee Kuan Yew, 6.10.1997 Introduction ‘History’, observes Adorno, ‘is the unity of continuity and discontinuity’. Even a basic awareness to this reality should be enough to prevent anyone – especially the new sojourner into the realm of political science – from making coarse comparisons between past and present. And yet, sometimes the picture is so compelling, so painfully clear, that it simply cannot be ignored. Faced with it, all one can do is carefully explore the contours of the ancient and the new, hoping to retain enough responsibility to open his eyes to the differences when they manifest themselves. This is what the current paper sets out to do. Though hundreds of years and thousands of miles stand between 16th century Italy and 20th century Singapore, between the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli and the statecraft of Lee Kuan Yew, the similarities are extraordinary. This paper will argue that the political views and actions of Singapore’s ruling elite – more precisely, those of the country’s ‘founding father’ Lee Kuan Yew – can be powerfully interpreted through an application of Machiavellian principles. This interpretation takes place on two levels. First, the political actions of Singapore’s ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) can be...
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... and Private Sector Comparisons Joseph LaPalombara Wolfers Professor of Political Science and Management School of Management Yale University A chapter for the “Process of Organizational Learning” section of the Handbook of Organizational Learning, ed. Meinolf Dierkes, A. Berthoin Antal, J. Child & I. Nonaka. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming. DRAFT: Please do not cite without author’s permission. Power and Politics in Organizations: Public and Private Sector Comparisons Joseph LaPalombara Yale University Political Organizations and Their Milieu Organizational learning derives most of its knowledge from research on organizations in the private sector, particularly from the study of the firm. Its rich interdisciplinary quality is reflected in the range of social sciences that have contributed to the field’s robust development. The contribution from political science, however, has been minimal (reasons are suggested in the chapter on ‘politics’ by LaPalombara in this volume). The mutual failure of political scientists to pay more systematic attention to organizational learning and of organizational learning specialists to extend their inquiries into the public/political sphere is unfortunate in at least three senses. First, a general theory of organizational learning is unlikely to emerge unless...
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...Professor of Political Science and Management School of Management Yale University A chapter for the “Process of Organizational Learning” section of the Handbook of Organizational Learning, ed. Meinolf Dierkes, A. Berthoin Antal, J. Child & I. Nonaka. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming. DRAFT: Please do not cite without author’s permission. Power and Politics in Organizations: Public and Private Sector Comparisons Joseph LaPalombara Yale University Political Organizations and Their Milieu Organizational learning derives most of its knowledge from research on organizations in the private sector, particularly from the study of the firm. Its rich interdisciplinary quality is reflected in the range of social sciences that have contributed to the field’s robust development. The contribution from political science, however, has been minimal (reasons are suggested in the chapter on ‘politics’ by LaPalombara in this volume). The mutual failure of political scientists to pay more systematic attention to organizational learning and of organizational learning specialists to extend their inquiries into the public/political sphere is unfortunate in at least three senses. First, a general theory of organizational learning is unlikely to emerge unless and until what is claimed to be known about this phenomenon is shown to be the case (or not) in the public/political sphere as well. Second, sufficient evidence in political science—even...
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...Ethnicity, Identity and Public Policy Critical Perspectives on Multiculturalism David Bromell Institute of Policy Studies Ethnicity, Identity and Public Policy Critical Perspectives on Multiculturalism David Bromell Institute of Policy Studies First printed in 2008 Institute of Policy Studies School of Government Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington © Institute of Policy Studies ISBN 158 IPS/Pub/978-1-877347-26-9 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Institute of Policy Studies. Copy editor: Belinda Hill Cover design: Milne Printers Ltd Printed by Milne Printers Ltd Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures iv List of Boxes iv Foreword v Acknowledgments and Disclaimer ix Part One: Introduction and Context of Inquiry 1 Introduction 2 New Zealand Context 3 21 Part Two: Communitarian Responses to Liberalism Introduction to Part Two 61 3 Civic Republicanism: Michael Sandel 63 4 The Politics of Recognition: Charles Taylor 83 Part Three: Multiculturalism Introduction to Part Three 105 5 Multicultural Citizenship: Will Kymlicka 107 6 Common Citizenship in a Multicultural Society: Bhikhu Parekh 151 Part Four: Critical Responses to Multiculturalism ...
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...politician. It ranges widely across the disciplines of theology, political theory and philosophy and poses acute questions about the basic moral foundations of liberal societies. Lord Plant focuses on the role that religious belief can and ought to play in argument about public policy in a pluralistic society. He examines the potential political implications of Christian belief and the ways in which it may be deployed in political debate. The book is a contribution to the modern debate about the moral pluralism of western liberal societies, discussing the place of religious belief in the formation of policy and asking what sorts of issues in modern society might be the legitimate objects of a Christian social and political concern. Raymond Plant has written an important study of the relationship between religion and politics which will be of value to students, academics, politicians, church professionals, policy makers and all concerned with the moral fabric of contemporary life. r ay m on d pl an t is Professor of European Political Thought at the University of Southampton and a Member of the House of Lords. He was a Home affairs spokesperson for the Labour Party from 1992 to 1996, and Master of St Catherine's College, Oxford, from 1994 to 2000. Lord Plant's main publications are Social and Moral Theory in Casework (1970), Community and Ideology: An Essay in Applied Moral Philosophy (1974), Hegel (1974), Political Philosophy and Social Welfare (with H. Lesser and P. TaylorGooby...
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...There have been no time where we as a Filipino have not kept our promise in time or words being 2 or 3 hours late and blaming the traffic not ourselves. Even new found friends will ask to 'borrow' money without the slightest hesitation (a request to send money by Western Union into the province was not uncommon!) Only few politicians or even those in the higher social standing to the average citizen will sugar coat and not ever keep his word a broken word is like a gust of passing wind. Every businessman dealing with a foreign partner expects the partner to provide all just to sit and wait for the big pay-check to come through. 3. Political - one summary word: Make-believe. Everybody in politics is there with a private agenda. Nobody cares for the country because of 1 & 2 above. Lip service is plenty simply because talk is cheap! Those in power tend to use the uneducated masses to support their claims in any...
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...Defining Marketing In this paper, the author’s personal definition of marketing as well three definitions from different sources are provided. The author also explains the importance of marketing in organizational success. Lastly, the author provides three examples from the business world to support her explanation. “Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization’s objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client”(Perreault, Cannon, McCarthy, page 6, 2011). Marketing is about identifying and meeting human and social needs. One of the shortest good definitions of marketing is “meeting needs profitably” (Kotler ,& Keller, page 5, 2012). In 2008 AMA's definition of marketing was: “Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large.” The author's definition of marketing after reading the learning material is that marketing is an ongoing communication exchange not only with costumers or buyers of products and services, but also look for receptors that need to buy specific ideas. Marketing includes diverse activities for businesses that help them to identify customers for their products and services. Marketing targets potential clienteles with advertising by creating in a way a new need for their products...
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...The Risks of Doing Business in China Despite recent measures to curb corruption, foreign investors doing business in China must remain vigilant. Tuesday, June 04, 2013 , By Jim Barratt and Jimmy Ko China's economy is the second-largest in the world and continues to grow at an astonishing rate. Just recently, in fact, the Asian Development Bank forecasted that China's economy will grow by 8.2% this year. However, while economic growth brings business opportunities to all investors, continued widespread corruption in China has affected its government's legitimacy in maintaining prosperity in the region and can bring a multitude of risks to financial services companies that are doing business there. With China's recent transition to new leadership complete, it has been interesting to observe the ruling party's heightened focus on tackling corruption. Under China's new president, Xi Jinping, it has conducted a visible anti-corruption drive and imposed austerity measures in an effort to curb the display of wealth by government officials and generate goodwill among the Chinese population. While critics say that the recent measures target only the most conspicuous displays of wealth by government officials, the anti-corruption drive has already netted dozens of officials. Moreover, some perceive that the recent election of Wang Qishan as the new head of China's anti-graft body, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), signals that the financial sector could...
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...POLICE CORRUPTION AND MISCONDUCT Police corruption became widespread shortly after the formation of the first American police departments in the 1800's. Police misconduct can range from minor cases to criminal acts that are considered to be corruption. Misconduct can be defined as mismanagement especially of governmental or military responsibilities or intentional wrongdoing; specifically: deliberate violation of law or standard especially by a government official; or improper behavior. Corruption is defined as impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle: depravity; decay, decomposition; inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means (as bribery); a departure from the original or from what is pure and correct. Police corruption is a very gray area because people and society disagree on what is classified as corruption. One of the most famous police officers in the United States is Frank Serpico. Serpico had pride in wearing his police uniform, but it quickly dissipated when he realized his partner was picking up pad money (payments by store owners to ensure cops would be there in case of trouble, but also ignore minor violations of the store owners and their customers). Serpico did not want anything to do with that and didn't want the ...
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...Plato’s Rule of Man vs Aristotle’s Rule of Law Commonalities between them • Democracy as a form of governance is not only synonymous with rule of law, but also the most effective in enforcing law itself. • The law is subject to all individuals, whether part of the polis or a member of government. • Law according to both is constant and absolute Plato’s Rule of Men Historical Context • Understand that Plato’s opinion on democracy was largely influenced by the manner in which Socrates, his teacher, was put on trial and sentenced to death under the Athenian democracy. He thus concluded based on this experience that democracy is the most corrupt and unjust form of government. • Plato thus set out in his work, Republic to examine the meaning of justice, assess different types of government and then outlining his idea of the ideal state. He examined oligarchy, in which the poor would eventually overthrow the rich, democracy which would be set up by the victorious poor but flawed on the fact that the unquenchable desire for limitless liberty causes disorder and pits the poor against the rich who the poor perceive as plotting against the hence they seek protection. In tyranny, no outside governing power controls the tyrant’s selfish behavior. Only law to Plato can guard against tyranny-the law serves as the external authority. His thoughts on law • Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state in my view is not far off, but...
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...PROTECTING CIVIL LIBERTIES IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM Name Institution Professor Date Protecting civil liberties in the age of terrorism Balancing civil liberties and fighting terrorism is a delicate task that is affecting the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). It is evident that most Americans want the government to fight terrorism and at the same time, efforts against terrorism should not infringe on their civil liberties that are enshrined in the constitution. Polls conducted in the United States reveal that Americans are divided on the issue. Some feel that it is important for the government to safeguard civil rights and liberties than to protect citizens against terrorism, while others feel that it is important for Americans to sacrifice certain liberties in order to fight terrorism. The revelations by Edward Snowden that the government engages in massive surveillance through the NSA (National Security Agency) bring out the urgency of this topic. The passage of the Patriotic Act was the milestone in the fight against terrorism, but it has been controversial from the start. Proponents of this law argue that it is important if the fight against terrorism is to succeed. It is argued that the provisions of the Act empower law enforcement agencies to gather evidence and diffuse terrorism threats. On the other hand, opponents of the legislation view that it gives law enforcement agencies excessive powers and without the lack of restrictions, individual rights will...
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...“An efficient, responsive, fair and effective bureaucracy is based on the principle of political neutrality”. With the aid of specific examples and relevant literature, support or refute this contention. A bureaucrat is an unelected official whose main purpose is to serve the public interests to his maximum capacity, with efficiency, responsiveness, fairness and effectiveness. This can only be achieved if the bureaucrats are politically neutral, as politics extends further than core party politics, to relationships, religion, blood ties and ethnic groups. Politics leads to partiality, favoritism, appointment of unqualified bureaucrats and inaccessibility of these officials by the general populace, and corruption. Therefore an efficient, responsive, fair and efficient bureaucracy is based on political neutrality. Nevertheless, this has remained only as a utopia as bureaucracy and politics have proved to be inseparable and bureaucrats have proved to have remained political. Van Riper 1984, asserted that “the field of administration is a field of business. It is removed from the hurry and strife of politics,” Dwight Waldo states that “administration should not be driven by partisan patronage and electoral politics” This stands to mean that, as a business field, it should act business like, which involves impartiality and efficiency .This aspect can be paralleled to the ministry of education. Even though the bureaucrats are stationed in Harare, one can see that the same education...
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...Discipline is the process of training oneself in obedience, self control, skill, etc. The controlled, ordered behavior results from such training. Discipline is the basis of the whole universe. The solar system is governed by certain laws to maintain perfect harmony and beauty. Without this order, there would be utter chaos. Discipline is a basic requirement of a civilized society. Citizens of a disciplined nation work with a spirit of cooperation and unity. Aristotle has rightly said, "Discipline is obedience to rules formed by the society for the good of all. Discipline should be inculcated from a very young age. Talent and genius alone are not enough to achieve success. Discipline has an equally important role to play. Talents blossom in a disciplined person. Liberty is highly cherished and mush valued privilege in our society. But absolute liberty is not possible. Discipline involves a restraint on liberty, which is necessary for the interest of society. Discipline has been found necessary for both individual and social welfare. Discipline and restraint were deemed essential in prehistoric time also and as society has become more and more complex, the urgency and importance of discipline has been felt all the more. Discipline is not only desirable but indispensable. Wherever discipline and regulation of human conduct are absent, moral and material deterioration has set in. Absence of discipline means decay. To prevent decay, discipline has to be imposed in the common interest...
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...Unit 1 Journal Entry In recent years, corruption and bribery become a controversial issue worldwide. Some countries including the U.S. and China have specific laws to resist these conducts, but some countries like Somalia consider corruption and bribery as a tool of doing business. This difference between countries is due to the deeply cultural distinction. After reading chapter five on ethical values, it brings me a good argument about the definitions of morality and ethics. According to the textbook, ethical relativism and ethical objectivism are two different principles (Lawhead, 2010). Ethical relativism states that the human option decides a person's standpoints to judge if a conduct is ethical or not, while ethical objectivism states the moral principles, which is universally acceptable regardless of the individual and society, do exist and it is objective (2010). These two principles are all true. For example, murder is considered as illegal and unacceptable worldwide. This conduct fits for the ethical objectivism. On the other hand, prostitution is considered as unethical and immoral conduct in China while it is a legitimate occupation in Japan. This is an instance of the ethical relativism. In this journal, I will focus on the ethical relativism. First of all, we should know the definition of bribery. It means to voluntarily offer payment by someone seeking unlawful advantages (Wikipedia). In the U.S., in order to prohibit this conduct, Foreign Corrupt Practice Act...
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