...to business management. It deals with the use of economic concepts and principles of business decision making. Formerly it was known as “Business Economics” but the term has now been discarded in favour of Managerial Economics. Managerial Economics may be defined as the study of economic theories, logic and methodology which are generally applied to seek solution to the practical problems of business. Managerial Economics is thus constituted of that part of economic knowledge or economic theories which is used as a tool of analysing business problems for rational business decisions. Managerial Economics is often called as Business Economics or Economic for Firms. Definition of Managerial Economics: “Managerial Economics is economics applied in decision making. It is a special branch of economics bridging the gap between abstract theory and managerial practice.” – Haynes, Mote and Paul. “Business Economics consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations.” - McNair and Meriam “Business Economics (Managerial Economics) is the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by management.” - Spencerand Seegelman. “Managerial economics is concerned with application of economic concepts and economic analysis to the problems of formulating rational managerial decision.” – Mansfield Nature of Managerial Economics: • The primary function of management executive in...
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...Contents Introduction 2 LO1. Understand the importance of cost, volume and profit for management decision making in the travel and tourism 2 1.1 Importance of Cost and Volume 2 1.2 Pricing Methods 4 1.3 Factors Affecting Profit 5 LO2. Understand the use of management accounting information as a decision making tool in travel and tourism businesses 7 2.1 Types of Management Accounting Information 7 2.2 Decision Making Tool 8 LO3. Be able to interpret financial accounts to assist decision making in travel and tourism businesses 10 3.1 Interpret Financial Accounts 10 LO4. Understand sources and distribution of funding for public and non-public tourism development 12 4.1 Sources of Funding 12 Conclusion 14 References 15 Figure 1: Costs Classification 3 Figure 2: Accounting for Travel Companies 7 Figure 3: Management Information for Decision Making 9 Figure 4: Financial Accounts 10 Figure 5: Sources of Finance 12 Introduction Management decision making is a crucial part for not only regular companies but even for travel and tourism companies. The report here thus highlights and discusses different financial practices as observed and applied at the micro level, i.e. specifically in the travel and tourism industry. The company that has been chosen for analysis and reference study here, is Cox and Kings. Cox and Kings is one of the longest established travel companies around the world. Founded in 1758, the company is headquartered in India and...
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...PROGRAMME STRUCTURE FOR ISBE (PG) |S No |Subject |Credit | |1. |Business Statistics |3 | |2. |Operations & Optimization Research |3 | |3. |Economics for Managerial Decision Making – II |2 | |4. |Management Information System & KM |2 | |5. |Human Resource Management |2 | |6. |Financial Management |2 | |7. |Executive Communication |6 | |8. |National Economic Planning – I (Presentation Only) |2 | |9. |National Economic Planning - II |2 | BUSINESS STATISTICS (As per University...
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...Sunderland Business School Working Capital Management And Relevant costing and decision making Student Name Course : APC 309: Strategic Management Accounting Instructor : Term : Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Part A: Working capital management of XYZ 3 2.1. Improving the elements of working capital 5 i. Inventories 5 ii. Trade receivables 6 iii. Trade Payables 7 iv. Cash and cash equivalent 7 3. Part B: Strategic Management Accounting for Decision making 8 3.1. Shutting down or keeping open a part of a business 9 3.2. Pricing a product or service 10 3.3. Product mix and limiting factor analysis 11 3.4. Make or buy decision 11 4. Conclusion 12 List of References 13 Appendix 01: Discount for early settlement 14 Appendix 02: Factoring 15 Appendix 03: Decision to shut down an operation 16 Appendix 04: Limiting factor and decision making 19 Appendix 05: Make or buy decision 21 1. Introduction This report has been prepared as per the request made by you to prepare a report on working capital management and using strategic management accounting techniques in decision making. This report has been divided into two parts, part A deals with working capital management and the components of working capital such as trade receivables, inventories, cash and cash equivalent and trade payables. This part also analyse the strategies to improve each component of working capital to improve overall working...
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...economy, the price system allocates these resources. That is, prices furnish the guideposts that indicate how resources should be used. Prices determine what products and services should be produced and in what amounts. Prices determine how these products and services should be produced. And prices determine for whom the products and services should be produced. Thus prices affect both incomes and spending behavior. For the consumer with a given income level, prices influence what to buy and how much of each product to buy. For business firms, profits are determined by the difference between revenues and costs, with revenues determined by multiplying price per unit sold by the number of units sold. Price changes also play a major role in a market economy. When the quantity demanded for a product or service is greater than the supply available, buyers bid the price up. If costs remain the same per unit sold, the higher price leads to greater profits and an incentive to invest in resources to produce even greater quantities of the product. Thus, the producers are able to bid more for raw material resources, thereby directing resources into their industry. In addition, higher prices may also stimulate a greater rate of innovation and the development of new technology. On the other hand, if available supply is greater than demand, pressures build to decrease prices and reduce output. These pressures lead producers to convert their resources to alternative uses. Thus, rising prices...
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...Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………...3 2.1 Economic Theory ……………………………………………………………………………...3 2.2 Costs …………………………………………………………………………………………...5 2.3 Cost – plus Pricing …………………………………………………………………………….5 2.4 Production Mix Decision …………………………………………………………..................6 2.5 Target Costing …………………………………………………………………………………7 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….................8 2.0 The Role of Standard Costing …………………………………………………….................8 3.6 The Role of Variable Analysis ………………………………………………………………...9 3.7 The Values and Limitations of Variance Analysis …………………………………………..10 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….11 3.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of Introducing ABC System ………………………………11 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………15 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………………15 Appendix A - Elastic and Inelastic Demand ……………………………………………...........16 Appendix B - Summary of Variance Formulae …………………………………………...........17 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………….20 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report discusses the different models and concepts which could affect Manac’s pricing decisions and what we should consider when pricing. It also pays attention to the current standard costing approach adopted by the company together with Variance Analysis and the roles it plays in management accounting and how variance analysis contribute to overall profit. In efforts to improve profit levels it was decided...
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...Pierre Vally Kevin AC 503 E MANAGEMENT CONTROL FALL 2008 Take-Home Case Study: AirTex Aviation Table of contents Table of contents......................................................................................................................2 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................3 Issue statement ........................................................................................................................4 Data analysis............................................................................................................................5 Key Decision Criteria................................................................................................................6 New control system implemented ............................................................................................7 Recommendations .................................................................................................................10 Action and implementation plan .............................................................................................11 2 Executive Summary Two managers recently graduated purchase Air Tex Aviation, a firm on the verge of bankruptcy. In front of the discrepancies of the current control system, Ted Richards and Frank Edwards decide to implement a system which improves transfer pricing, cost allocation and autonomy. Therefore...
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...PRICING AND PRICING POLICIES PRICING Pricing is the process whereby a business sets the price at which it will sell its products or services. It is a method adopted by a firm to set its selling price. It usually depends on the firm's average costs, and on the customer's perceived value of the product in comparison to his or her perceived value of the competing products. Different pricing methods place varying degree of emphasis on selection, estimation, and evaluation of costs, comparative analysis, and market situation. See also pricing strategy. PRICING POLICIES Pricing policy refers how a company sets the prices of its products and services based on costs, value, demand, and competition Pricing Policies provide the framework and consistency needed by the firm to make reasonable, practicable, and effective pricing decisions. Although policies in any area of management are difficult to develop, firms with a well-established set of pricing policies usually make consistently better pricing decisions than firms without such policies. STEPS IN SETTING A PRICING POLICY 1.) Selecting the Pricing Objective – it is where the company wants to position its product a. Survival b. Maximum Current Profit - estimate the demand and costs associated with alternative prices and choose the price that produces maximum current profit, cash flow, or rate of return on investment. c. Maximize Market Share/ Market Penetration – low price d. Maximum Product Skimming...
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...Chapter 5 Pricing strategies LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you will: n n appreciate the strategic significance of pricing decisions in marketing strategy understand the approaches to pricing of the economist and accountant, together with their contributions and limitations in the context of the price setting process n apply a framework to pricing decisions based around the key inputs to these decisions n understand the main pricing methods and their relative advantages and disadvantages 160 Pricing strategies INTRODUCTION The price of a company’s products and services represents the vehicle for that company to achieve its financial objectives. It is through price and volume that revenue is generated. Price equates to the financial sacrifice that the customer is willing to make to purchase the product or service desired. The important criterion of pricing is problematical to marketers. This is attributed to the uncertainty associated with pricing decisions as it is a complicated area of decision making. It is with a view to examining this problem and the ways in which it can be resolved that his chapter is framed. The pressures of today’s market environment place increasing burdens on management. It is important, therefore, that the decision maker has a framework for making pricing decisions. We start by examining the traditional economist’s view of price to illustrate both the shortcomings and potential contributions of this approach as a prelude to discussing...
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...What implication do fluctuations in foreign exchange rates have on the pricing decisions of export marketing managers? Globalization is no longer an abstraction but a stark reality that virtually all firms, large and a small, face. Firms that want to survive in the 21st century must confront all encompassing force that pervades every aspect of business. However, exchange rate fluctuation is an issue that affects the decisions marketing managers make about pricing. Management faces different decision situations, depending on whether currencies in key markets have strengthened or weakened relative to the home country currency. If the home country currency is weakened this would be an opportunity as exchange would be in a favourable position. A producer in a weak-currency country can choose to cut export prices to increase market share or maintain its prices and reap healthier profit margins. When revenues are translated into home country, the returns would be substantial. On the other hand it is a different situation when a company’s home currency strengthens, management would see this as unfavorable for exportation as overseas revenues would be reduced when translated to home country currency. Management in making there decision must consider currency fluctuation even though the degree of exposure varies among companies. In an example, Honda is heavily dependent on the North American market, which accounts for more than half of its operating income. In trying to reduce currency...
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...Generally speaking, cost-based transfer pricing is top management chooses a transfer price based on the costs of producing the intermediate product. For instance, variable production costs, variable and fixed production costs, full costs (including life-cycling costs) as well as some markup. It is useful when market prices are unavailable or too costly to obtain. When a large organisation transfers product across international borders, transfer prices are relevant in the calculation of income taxes, and are sometimes relevant in connection with other international trade and regulatory issues (Horngren, Datar, Foster, Rajan, Lttner, 2009). When transfer prices are based on full cost plus a markup, it may probaly lead to sub-optimal decisions. Since it causes the buying division to regard the fixed costs and the markup of the selling division as a variable cost. Indeed, the buying division may then purchase products from an external supplier expecting savings in costs that will not exist (Horngren, et al, 2009). In a large company, the transfer price is a major factor between manufacturing and distribution divisions. In order to achieve company profit maximization when decentralized segments of a company interact, a transfer pricing system should be established that treats supplying segments as variable cost recovery centers and setup costs are treated as a variable function of run size. This induces optimal run sizing decisions by the producing and purchasing divisions. ...
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...Managerial Theory 4 Decision-making 6 Scope of Managerial Economics 6 Positive versus Normative Economics 7 Positive Economics 7 Normative Economics 7 Examples Demonstrating How Managerial Economics Translates Economic Theory into Business Practice 9 Demand Analysis and Forecasting 9 Cost and Production Analysis 10 Inventory Management 10 Advertising 11 Pricing Decision, Policies and Practices 11 Profit Management 11 Capital Management 12 Responsibilities of a Managerial Economist 13 Conclusion 15 Gadgets International: A Case Study Nature of the Case Study 16 About Gadgets International (GI) 16 Market/Industry Structure 17 Firm’s Objectives 19 Using Economic Theory to Attain Gadgets International’s Organizational Goals & Objectives 19 Optimal Output Level & Pricing Strategy 19 Inputs and Costs 22 Accommodating Change 24 Promoting Growth 25 Conclusion 26 Managerial Economics Bridging the gap between economic theory and business practice Introduction The science of Managerial Economics has emerged only recently. With the growing variability and unpredictability of the business environment, business managers have become increasingly concerned with finding rational and ways of adjusting to an exploiting environmental change. Managerial economics generally refers to the integration of economic theory with business practice. Economics provides tools managerial economics applies these tools to the management of business. In simple...
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...ONUR TAMUR PRICING WHEN ENTERING A NEW MARKET IN B2B ENVIROMENT: Understanding the B2B Dynamics Seminar Report ii ABSTRACT With the rise of globalization and saturated local markets, many companies started chasing international opportunities that would help them expand to new countries and increase their brand recognition around the globe. One of the challenges that companies face while entering a new market is defining the right price and pricing of their offering to be competitive and successful in the market. In B2B area, there are not any wide research on pricing issues that companies face in the markets that they are planning to enter and the effects of business relations on pricing. This paper focuses on market entry strategies and market entry modes, the fundamentals of pricing in a new market and the differences of B2B and B2C pricing. The study covers market entry modes and its impact on profitability, value creation in B2B area and the key aspects of pricing behaviour while entering a new market. This study in general provides a framework for implementing the right pricing strategy while entering new markets and defining the right pricing behaviour in B2B environment. This framework enables companies to understand the dynamics of B2B environment covering buyer-supplier and distributors relations and providing pricing models for companies to be a competitive player. Tamur, O. iii PREFACE This paper discusses the concepts of pricing and pricing behaviour...
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...OBJECTIVE : To evaluate present organizational structure and management control system of Birch Paper Company particularly on the decentralized operations of its divisions with respect to its overall performance. PROBLEM : What effective management control system or systems should the Company adopt to attain maximum profitability not only of its divisions’ respective operations but that of the Company as a whole? AREAS OF CONSIDERATION 1. Company Background Birch Paper Company is a medium-sized, vertically integrated paper company, producing white and kraft papers and paperboard. It has four producing divisions and a timberland division which supplied part of the company’s pulp requirement; each division is operating independently headed by its respective division managers. Birch’s division managers normally were free to buy materials or inputs from whichever supplier they wished, and even on sales within the company; so divisions were expected to meet the going market price if they wanted the business. Early in the year, its Northern Division designed a special retail display box in conjunction with the Thompson Division, which was equipped to make the box. Thompson, as one of Birch’s four producing divisions converted paperboard output into corrugated boxes. It also printed and colored the outside surface of the boxes. Birch’s Southern Division will supply the lineboard and corrugating medium to Thompson Division in the event the latter got...
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...Decision making is the process of choosing among alternative courses of action for the purpose of attaining a certain goal. In this paper I am going to scrutinise a number of courses offered in four different disciplines within a business school and identify how these courses relate with decision making. The conclusions are presented in tabular form. IVEY Business School and The University of Pennsylvania were my source of information. There school of Business offers many different courses all of them lying under or comprising of the different disciplines that are found in business school. Some of these include: i. Business, Economics and Public Policy Course Relation to Decision making Focus Computerized support Intro to Business Economics Explores the economics and politics of public policy to provide the student with an analytic framework. Policy issues relating to taxation, social security, low-income assistance. High Financing and Managing Government Covers cost-benefit evaluations which influence decision making. Role of public policy in affecting the efficiency of markets and the distribution of resources in society. High. Economic Analysis of Law Teaches students how to think as an economist about legal rules and evaluate alternative legal rules. Interpretation of legal rules Moderate Behavioural Economics, Markets, and Public Policy Applies insights from psychology to the study of economic phenomena and decision making. How psychology plays out in markets, where...
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