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siht taht noitartsnomed dna ,sdohtem fo noitceles eht ,cipot eht ot hcaorppa ralucitrap eht yfitsuj ot erutaretil eht ni saedi eht fo esu eht ,sdrow rehto ni ;sisehtnys dna sisylana evitceffe dna ,ytiverb dna ytiralc ,ycnetsisnoc dna ruogir ,htped dna htdaerb etairporppa snaem ytilauQ .seihpargoilbib detat -onna desiugsid ylniht ylno era ,tcaf ni ,sweiver ynaM .ylbaredisnoc seirav eseht fo ytilauq eht ,erutaretil eht fo sweiver dellac era tahw ecudorp od stneduts hcraeser hguohtla ,ecitcarp nI .enod ylisae ksat a sa dna suoivbo gnihtemos sa nees netfo si erutaretil fo ydob a fo weiver a gnikatrednU .ecalp tsr® eht ni enod eb ot sdeen ti yhw ro ,hcraeser eht ni desu eb nac ti woh ,enod eb nac erutaretil detaler fo weiver a woh fo gnidnatsrednu nommoc a yb dehctam ton si weiver erutaretil eht fo ecnatropmi eht ,revewoH .dle® eht ni trepxe na gnimoceb fo ± tnempoleved cimedaca ruoy fo trap a erofereht si weiver ehT .cipot eht no krow fo edam neeb evah taht smsicitirc niam eht sa llew sa ,depoleved dna deilppa neeb evah yeht woh dna aera tcejbus eht ni seiroeht niam eht dootsrednu evah uoy taht gniwohs ot stnuoma sihT .cipot ruoy no hcraeser suoiverp dnatsrednu uoy taht wohs ot detcepxe eb lliw uoy tcejorp nettirw ruoy nI .era seussi yek eht tahw dna ,dehcraeser neeb sah ti woh ,ti no enod neeb ydaerla sah tahw fo ,cipot ruoy fo gnidnatsrednu na eriuqca ton lliw uoy ti tuohtiw esuaceb tnatropmi si erutaretil eht fo weiver a taht yas nac ew yllaitinI .hcraeser ruoy fo cipot eht no egdelwonk fo ydob eht etutitsnoc taht saedi esoht ,saedi s'elpoep rehto esylana ot woh no selpmaxe dna noissucsid ,noitanalpxe si ,erofereht ,tcepxe nac uoy tahW .hcraeser ni tnemugra fo esu dna erutan eht dnatsrednu dna saedi tnereffid neewteb spihsnoitaler dn® ,saedi esylana ot desu eb nac taht seuqinhcet fo egnar a fo selpmaxe sedivorp dna secudortni tI .erutaretil hcraeser a gniweiver tuoba si tI .

naidrauG

ro

tnemelppuS lanoitacudE semiT

ehT

sa hcus srepapswen fo snoitces weiver eht ni dnuof selcitra fo sdnik .hcraeser rof erutaretil gniweiver ot ediug a si tI .koob siht

eht fo noitaulave lacitirc ro gniweiver tuoba ton si ,revewoh ,koob ehT fo esoprup eht ecneh ;weiver erutaretil eht tcudnoc ot woh no meht ediug ot desu eb nac taht txet elgnis on si ereht taht dn® srotut dna stnedutS .eno od dluohs yeht woh dna ekil skool erutaretil eht fo weiver a tahw wonk ot tnaw yllausu yehT .weiver erutaretil eht tuoba ksa ot stcejorp rieht no gnikrabme srehcraeser etaudarg rof lautir launna na emoceb sah tI

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT
1

lacitilop ( evitcepsrep dna )lacihte dna larom( tniopdnats eht gnidnatsrednu sevlovni ylirassecen cipot a no erutaretil a esylana oT .stnemugra gnidnats -rednu tuoba si 4 retpahC .weiver ot gnidaer ni yllaicepse ,krow nwo ruoy ni ezilitu dna tpada ot elba eb dluohs uoy taht secitcarp doog fo selpmaxe swohs osla tI .saera tcejbus fo egnar a ni nekatrednu sweiver fo selpmaxe htiw rehtegot ,erutaretil eht ni dnuof eb ot hcraeser fo sepyt eht senimaxe 3 retpahC .noitanigami hcraeser eht yb tnaem si tahw dna hcraeser ni weiver eht fo esoprup eht ta kool ew 2 retpahC nI .yduts larotcod dna s'retsam ot weiver eht fo ecnatropmi eht dna hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil eht fo ecalp eht ,hcraeser rof dedeen slliks eht ot uoy ecudortni lliw retpahc sihT .krow eht ot ytilibigilletni dna ecnerehoc ,ytiralc evig nac taht syaw ni saedi fo sisylana eht pu gnitirw no edam osla era snoitsegguS .erutaretil tcejbus fo sisylana suorogir dna citametsys a rof sloot eht edivorp ot mia seuqinhcet suoirav ehT .senilpicsid ssorca saedi fo noitazilitref-ssorc dna gnidnatsrednu eht rof sisab a mrof koob eht ni deniltuo snoitpmussa ehT .secneics laicos eht pu ekam taht senilpicsid fo egnar elohw eht ni decudorp krow gnidnats -rednu rof elbacilppa era taht seuqinhcet dna snoitpmussa ,selur dnuorg fo tes a htiw srehcraeser edivorp ot erofereht si koob siht fo mia niam ehT ygoloicos hcraeser laicos noitartsinimda dna ycilop laicos ygoloporhtna laicos yroeht lacitilop dna laicos seiduts suoigiler ygolohcysp seiduts lacitilop sisylana ycilop seiduts lanoitazinagro erutaretil yhpargoeg namuh seiduts redneg seiduts latnemnorivne seiduts lanoitacude scimonoce yrotsih laicos dna cimonoce seiduts larutluc seiduts ytinummoc seiduts aidem dna noitacinummoc seiduts ssenisub gninnalp nwot dna tnemnorivne tliub

.tsil siht ni dedulcni neeb evah thgim ,ecnatsni rof ,ygoloeahcra ;evitsuahxe ton si tsil sihT .woleb detsil senilpicsid eht sedulcni hcihw ,secneics laicos eht nihtiw gnikrow elpoep ta demia si koob sihT .hcraeser eht fo ytilauq eht evorpmi pleh thgim taht syaw gniticxe dna wen ni saedi ezisehtnys ot dna yllacitylana daer ot desu eb nac taht seuqinhcet cireneg fo egnar a ot noitcudortni na edivorp ot edam neeb sah tpmetta na ,hcus sA .erutaretil c®iceps-cipot a gniweiver fo yhw dna woh eht dnatsrednu ot redro ni detaicerppa eb ot deen taht ssecorp hcraeser eht fo stnemele esoht ot noitcudortni na eb ot dednetni si tI .hcraeser ni gniniart dna noitacude edivorp ohw esoht ot esu fo eb osla yam ti hguohtla ,srehcraeser tneduts rof yliramirp nettirw neeb sah koob sihT .hcraeser ni gniniart dna noitacude eht edivorp ohw esoht fo tluaf eht eb netfo nac sweiver erutaretil roop :ytiliba rieht ni gniliaf a ro tluaf rieht ylirassecen ton si tI .rehcraeser tneduts eht no demalb eb syawla tonnac erutaretil cipot a fo sweiver rooP .wen gnihtemos setubirtnoc hcraeser

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

2

.elbissecca ti ekam ot redro ni ,sexedni dna stcartsba sa hcus ,sloot fo esu eht hguorht dezinagro dna detareneg si egdelwonk woh tuoba gnidnatsrednu fo kcal a si rehto ehT .hcraeser ni desu eb nac ti woh dna ygolonhcet fo gnidnatsrednu fo kcal eht si enO .aera siht ni retnuocne yam uoy smelborp owt era ereht ,revewoH .sexedni dna stcartsba detnirp hguorht gnihcraes fo skeew morf dnuof neeb evah thgim naht secruos erom ynam pu worht nac tenretni eht ro esabatad MOR-DC a gnihcraes yad elgnis A .dn® ot evisnepxe dna tluc®fid neeb evah ylsuoiverp dluow taht noitamrofni ssecca ot uoy rof elbissop won si tI .srehcraeser ot seitilibissop wen fo egnar a pu denepo sah hcihw tnempoleved a ± ebolg eht dnuora etacinum -moc ot elba smetsys retupmoc fo dia eht htiw noitamrofni fo noisnapxe eht eganam seirarbil ynaM .)TI( ygolonhcet noitamrofni fo esu eht ni esaercni na yb deinapmocca neeb sah sertnec ecruoser noitamrofni sdrawot egdelwonk fo sesuoherots morf yawa seirarbil ytisrevinu fo evom ehT .rehcraeser a sa sdeen ruoy evres ot elba era seirarbil cilbup dna seirarbil ytisrevinu lla ylraen taht dn® lliw uoY .egdelwonk fo sesuoherots naht rehtar noitamrofni ot syawetag emoceb evah seirarbil cimedaca ynam ,ecneuqesnoc a sA .elbaliava taht fo noitroporp llams yrev a ylno gniriuqca seirarbil ni gnitluser ,esaercni ot seunitnoc noitareneg noitamrofni fo ecap eht mrof cinortcele dna detnirp nI .stneduts hcraeser ot elbaliava noitamrofni fo noisnapxe gniworg dna evissam a yb deinapmocca neeb sah noitacude fo noisnapxe ehT

egnahc ot gnitpadA
.hcraeser fo sepyt lla ni ylgnisaercni desu gnieb smetsys cinortcele eht fo tnempoleved fo ecap eht si eseht htiw denibmoC .egdelwonk fo saera tnereffid ssorca tuc hcihw seludom fo egnar a yduts ot stneduts rof seitinutroppo gnisaercni eht osla era erehT .de®issalc ylisae ton era ,evoba detsil neeb evah hcihw fo emos ,secneics laicos eht pu ekam taht senilpicsid tcejbus suoirav eht fo htped dna htdaerb ehT

SECNEICS LAICOS EHT NI HCRAESER ROF SLLIKS
.desu eb thgim stamrof dna serutcurts tahw no sa llew sa cipot ruoy yfitsuj ot desu eb nac weiver ruoy woh no nevig si ecnadiuG .erutaretil eht fo weiver ruoy pu gnitirw tuoba si retpahc lan® ehT .tneduts etaudargtsop eht fo deriuqer sdradnats lacinhcet eht kcal lliw siseht yna ,saedi dna slairetam fo tnemeganam tcirts tuohtiw ,esuaceb si sihT .noitamrofni eganam ot woh no ecnadiug si sretpahc eseht hguorht gninnur daerht A .denialpxe era saedi gnippam dna yllacitirc gnikniht ,tnemugra na gnisylana sa hcus seuqinhcet laitnessE .sisehtnys dna sisylana fo seuqinhcet dna sloot eht tuoba era 6 dna 5 sretpahC .desu sah rohtua na )lacigoloedi dna

3

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

,gnitaitogen dna snoitatneserp gnikam ,stroper gnitirw sa hcus ,noitacinum -moc fo stnemele cisab ehT .slliks elbarefsnart lanosrep fo tes a eriuqca ot detcepxe era stneduts ,noitacude lanoitidart a edisgnolA .seitilibapac lanoisseforp dna seicnetepmoc ,slliks fo ygolonimret a ni sevlesmeht tsef -inam ot nugeb evah tneduts eht no decalp stnemeriuqer gnignahc ehT .noitacude rehgih fo egatnavda lluf ekat ot sesab egdelwonk dna slliks redaorb hcum deen yeht siht od oT .egdelwonk ot edutitta rieht ni elbixe¯ erom eb ot deen srehcraeser taht si ecneuqesnoc A .seerged denibmoc sdrawot dnert eht si siht ot deddA .noitatneserp dna sisylana atad rof sretupmoc gniyolpme ,seuqinhcet lacitsitats fo esu eht ni tnetepmoc emoceb ot dna gnitupmoc ni gniniart ekatrednu ot detcepxe era sesruoc seitinamuh dna seiduts laicos no stnedutS .yranilpicsid-ssorc eb ot ,senilpicsid rehto morf nrael ot hcraeser dna noitacude rehgih ni evom a neeb sah ereht yltnecer eroM .laveirter rof dezinagro si ti fo tsom hcihw yb sloot eht dna egdelwonk fo secruos niam eht gniwohs weivrevo na sedivorp 1.1 erugiF noitamrofni dna egdelwonk hcraeser fo noitacinummoc dna noitareneg ehT 1.1 erugiF electronic media anthologies critical evaluations interpretative work research generated from INFORMATION is hardcopy associations commerce institutions pressure groups conducted by RESEARCH is meetings theses charities individuals government unions newsletters

abstracts bibliographies catalogues dictionaries directories encyclopaedias indexes

conference papers journals lectures letters newspapers reports seminars textbooks

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

communicated via

accessed through organized in

4

.)7 .p( 2.1 elbaT ni nees eb nac ,ygoloicos dna scitsiugnil ,saera tcejbus owt rof eseht fo selpmaxE .stneduts etaudargtsop fo detcepxe eb ot egdelwonk dna seitiliba ,slliks c®iceps-tcejbus yfitnedi osla senilediug CRSE eht slliks cimedaca nommoc eht ot noitidda nI .) faelrevo( 1.1 elbaT ni nwohs sa depuorg eb nac secneics laicos eht nihtiw sdle® tcejbus lla ot nommoc esitrepxe dna slliks cimedaca ehT .rehcraeser lanoisseforp a fo detcepxe esitrepxe dna slliks hcraeser cimedaca lareneg fo egnar eht ot ecitnerppa eht sesopxe taht gniniart hcraeser a rof llac slasoporp eseht fo htoB

.snoitadnuof l a c i go l o d o h t e m d n a t c ej b u s e h t f o e s a b egdelwonk eht ,sdohtem ralucitrap dna slliks lacitcarp ,ngised hcraeser dna dohtem ,yroeht n e e w t e b p i h s n o i t a l e r r et ni e h t f o g n i d n a t s -rednu na sevlovni senilpicsid lla rof hcraeser .smelborp dna scipot tnereffid htiw snoitautis tnereffid n i y lppa ot elba eb dlu oh s dna s sess op dluohs srehcraeser lla hcihw sedutitta dna slliks fo eroc nommoc a stsixe ereht ,evitcnitsid senilpicsid tcejbus ekam secnereffid eht elihw

:dohtem dna yroeht etargetni ot ytilibA · :seitiliba dna slliks eroC ·

.srehcraeser morf deriuqer slliks fo sepyt cisab owt eht setacidni tsil gniwollof ehT .hcraeser ytilauq etomorp ot dednetni era hcihw gniniart hcraeser rof slasoporp cisab fo rebmun a edulcni hcihw senilediug fo tes a decudorp KU eht ni )CRSE( licnuoC hcraeseR laicoS dna cimonocE eht sdnamed eseht ot esnopser sti nI .srehcraeser rof gniniart dna noitacude devorpmi dna retteb rof dnamed eht sah oot os ,dednapxe evah hcraeser ekatrednu ot seitinutroppo eht sA .noita -ulave deliated ot tcejbus ylgnisaercni era dna elbaredisnoc era deriuqer slliks ehT .hcraeser eht fo troper eht ni rehcraeser tnetepmoc a fo detcepxe seitiliba dna slliks fo sdnik eht etartsnomed ot rettam ysae na ton si tI pihsecitnerppa hcraeser ehT

.gnitirw dna gnihcraes enil-no ,gnildnah noitamrofni ,esu retupmoc ,slairetam fo noitazinagro ,tnemeganam emit :edulcni esehT .seno yek emos revoc od yeht ,slliks fo murtceps elohw eht revoc ton od erutaretil a gniweiver dna gnihcraes hguohtlA .depoleved dna deriuqca eb ot slliks elbarefsnart lanosrep hcus rof ytinutroppo laedi na si hcraeser etaudargtsop dna etaudargrednU .lareneg ni hcraeser ytilauq ot dna setaudarg fo sreerac eht ot tnatropmi gnimoceb era slliks ± noitacude secneics laicos a ot euqinu gnihtemos ton si slliks no sisahpme ehT .slliks eseht ni dedulcni eb thgim
5

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

hcraeser elohw eht fo egdelwonk dnuos A .tsil gnippohs a gnitirw era uoy fi sa eriannoitseuq a etirw ylpmis tonnac uoy ,ecnatsni rof ± deriuqca eb ot sah ytilibapac taht tub hcraeser fo eceip a gniod fo elbapac era elpoep tsoM

pihsralohcS
.pihsralohcs yb naem ew tahw gniredisnoc yb nigeb ew dna emocrevo eb nac sreirrab fo sdnik eseht hcihw ni syaw wohs ot smia koob sihT .dlrow eht gnidnatsrednu dna gnihcraeser fo syaw evit -anretla fo noitaicerppa fo kcal a dna seiduts yranilpicsid-ssorc ot sreirrab setaerc netfo sihT .detauteprep si stcejbus rehto tuoba gnidnatsrednu -sim dna seiradnuob yranilpicsid ,saib lacigolodohtem eht gniod os ni tuB .egdelwonk tcejbus eht ot ssenevitcnitsid dna epahs evig taht snoitidart lacirotsih dna laciteroeht eht ot stneduts rieht ecudortni senilpicsid tsoM .rehcraeser eht fo slliks elbarefsnart laitnesse eht fo trap era eseht llA .suorogir yllautcelletni era hcihw dna htdaerb dna htped yalpsid hcihw sweiver ticilpxe gnitirw dna ;saedi yek ezisehtnys dna erutaretil fo seidob esylana ot seuqinhcet gniylppa ;slairetam eganam ot serudecorp elbailer gnihsilbatse dna sdrocer etarucca gnipeek ;yrarbiL hsitirB eht dna )seugolataC sseccA cilbuP enil-nO( CAPO ,)krowteN cimedacA tnioJ( TENAJ ,elpmaxe rof ,hguorht ,dlrow eht ni seirarbil laicremmoc dna cilbup ,cimedaca fo secruoser tsav eht gnisu dna gnissecca :htiw railimaf emoceb ot deen uoy rehcraeser a sa taht snaem sihT .noitamrofni fo gnidnatsrednu hguoroht a si saera eroc eht ot nommoc tnemele nA .esab egdelwonk etairporppa na evah ohw dna seitilibapac dna slliks fo egnar a ni tned®noc dna tnetepmoc era ohw srehcraeser ecudorp seod gniniart dna noitacude hcraeser taht tnatropmi si tI

.snoitadnemmocer dna snoisulcnoc neewteb noitcnitsid eht fo gnidnatsrednu dna ;noisserpxe tnerehoc dna raelc ,lacigol ;stnemugra fo ecnefed dna noitcurtsnoc ;thgirypoc fo egdelwonk dna secitcarp noitatic ,secnerefer fo esu ;slanruoj dna secnerefnoc ,noitacilbup rof srepap gnittimbus dna gniraperp rof slliks ;gnitirw gninnalp :elpmaxe roF .esira yam hcihw snoitaredisnoc larom dna lacihte htiw laed ot woh dna ;snoitadnuof lacigolodohtem tnereffid fo snoitacilpmi eht etaicerppa dna dnatsrednu ;slairetam dna atad ezinagro ;selbatemit ezinagro ;sucof a yfitnedi dna cipot eht ezilanoitar ot krow detaler gniyfitnedi ;sngised hcraeser elbacitcarp otni noitalsnart dna smelborp elbahcraeser fo noitalumrof :elpmaxe roF .saedi fo noitubirtta dna gniweiver ,gnieerefer gnidulcni ,hcraeser fo noitaulave eht rof seuqinhcet dna ;liam cinortcele dna gnihcraes enil-no ,sesabatad ,gnissecorp -drow rof TI fo esu ;gnipeek drocer ;noitcurtsnoc cihpargoilbib ;sexedni dna stcartsba fo esu dna gnihcraes yrarbil :elpmaxe roF

gnitneserp dna gnitirW

ygetarts dna ngised hcraeseR

noitaulave dna hcraes erutaretiL

seitiliba dna slliks fo noitacilppa eht rof saera hcraeseR 1.1 elbaT

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

6

7 hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

.tnemeganam atad rof segakcap retupmoc fo esu dna ;slairetam evitatilauq rehto dna atad lautxet fo sisylana citametsys eht ;sisylana etairavitlum dna -ib dna scitsitats laitnerefni dna evitpircsed fo selpicnirp eht ;selbairav/stpecnoc neewteb spihsnoitaler gniyfitnedi dna gnidoc atad ;oediv dna oidua ,gnikat eton sa hcus atad gnidrocer fo sdohteM .serusaem evisurtbonu hguorht dna ,seriannoitseuq dna sweivretni fo sepyt suoirav ,noissucsid puorg ,krow dle® cihpargonhte ,noitavresbo tnapicitrap-non dna tnapicitrap yb seuqinhcet noitcelloc-atad fo elbaegdelwonK .atad lautxet dna ;slairetam lairotcip ;scitsitats laic®fo ;sdrocer ycnega ;atad lacirotsih dna lavihcra ,.g.e ,secruos fo egnar fo ssenerawA .hcraeser noitca dna noitciderp ;hcraeser noitaulave ;seiduts noitacilper ;seiduts esac ;yhpargonhte ;hcraeser lanidutignol ;seiduts evitarapmoc ;hcraeser yevrus ;yduts latnemirepxe :fo snoitacilpmi dna sesu eht fo gnidnatsrednU .seussi larom dna lacihte tuoba stnemegduj demrofni gnikaM .sngised hcraeser lacitcarp otni meht gnitalsnart dna smelborp elbahcraeser gnitalumrof ni sessecorp dna segatS

sisylana dna noitcelloc ataD

ngised hcraeseR

.hcraeser fo noitaulave dna ;krow laciripme ni degagne esoht rof setabed dna seussi laciteroeht ;hcraeser fo txetnoc laciteroeht eht fo gnidnatsrednU .seuqinhcet sisylana dna noitcelloc-atad ,seciohc hcraeser ,ngised hcraeser tceffa snoitisop suoirav woh fo gnidnatsrednU .sledom fo esu eht rof dna seiroeht fo slaog yrotanalpxe rof ,gnitset dna lasiarppa ,noitcurtsnoc yroeht rof snoitisop lacihposolihp evitanretla rojam eht fo gnidnatsrednU

secneics laicos eht fo yhposolihP

YGOLOICOS

.scitsitats laitnerefni dna evitpircsed ;erawtfos scitsitats ;ngised yevrus dna gnilpmas ;gniweivretni ;seriannoitseuq ;stnemirepxe fo tcudnoc dna ytidilav ;ngised latnemirepxe sdohtem evitatitnauQ .noitac®inu dna serutcurts erutaef ;cigol redro-tsr® fo scitnames dna secnerefni fo yroeht ;)suluclac adbmal ,yhcrareih ,ecnelaviuqe ,rammarg ,eert ,gnirts ,tes( scitsiugnil lacitamehtam sdohtem lamroF .golorP ,.g.e ,egaugnal level-hgih ni gnimmargorp cisab ;sisylana lacigolohprom dna lacigolonohp ;noitatskrow hceeps ;smetsys rammarg aroproc citsiugnil fo esu sdohtem lanoitatupmoC .)sisylana noitasrevnoc dna cinorhcaid( scitsiugnil evitpircsed ;noitpircsnart cihpargohtro dna citenohp ;gnidrocer oediv dna oidua ;stnamrofni fo esu sdohtem evitatilauQ .smgidarap nainhuK ;ytilaitrap larutluc ;noitazilaedi fo snoitacilpmi lacigoloedi ;slasrevinu rof hcraes ;atad dna yroeht neewteb pihsnoitaler ;selpmaxe fo sutats dna noitatnemugra ;msilamrof fo elor ;stnemegduj tnamrofni fo esu dna atad fo sutats ;seussi lacigolometsipe dna lacigolotno ;msicigol dna msiruoivaheb ,msiciripme ,msilanimon ,msilatnem ,msilaer ,.g.e semeht cisab ;noitanalpxe dna ,noitalumrof melborp ,noitcurtsnoc yroeht fo seussI

scitsiugnil ni sdohtem hcraeseR

scitsiugnil fo yhposolihP

SCITSIUGNIL

tneduts hcraeser eht morf detcepxe seitiliba dna slliks fo snoitpircseD

gniniart eroC

ygoloicos dna scitsiugnil :slliks dna egdelwonk tcejbus no senilediug CRSE 2.1 elbaT

,eroferehT .egdelwonk elbanoitseuqnu eb ot nekat otrehtih evah yeht tahw etaulave-er ylbissop dna tuoba kniht srehto ekam ot si tnetni ehT .dnats -rednu dna terpretni ot sruovaedne ralohcs eht ,yaw rehtiE .evitcepsrep detnarg-rof-nekat a otno ro egdelwonk fo erutcurts eht otno seigolopyt wen gnicrof naem thgim tI .yllacitametsys gnikniht tuoba ,erofereht ,si pihsralohcs fo ytivitca ehT .tnempoleved wen a fo thgil eht ni egdelwonk fo ydob gnitsixe na gninimaxe-er naem osla thgim tI .thgisni wen a edivorp ot ro sisehtnys wen a mrof ot seiroeht tnereffid morf stnemele gniward naem thgim sihT .nonemonehp taht ta gnikool fo yaw wen a gnidiv -orp ybereht ,krowemarf laciteroeht regral a otni edosipe emos gnicalp tuoba :rehtona ot aera eno morf ygolodohtem ro dohtem a gniylppa tuoba si tI .ecneirepxe dna seiroeht ,saedi neewteb snoitcennoc gnikam tuoba si noitargetnI .noitargetni si pihsralohcs doog rof sekam taht tnemele yek A .hcraeser od ot dewolla eb dluohs nosrep fo epyt tahw dna hcraeser lufesu sa stnuoc tahw tuoba secidujerp fo eerf si dna ,hcraeser fo sepyt dna selyts tnereffid ot dna saedi ot nepo si taht dnim fo edutitta na si ot tnuoma yeht tahw tuB .noitces txen eht ni liated erom ni ta kool ew hcihw ,selur dnuorg cisab fo rebmun a era eseht fo lla gninniprednU .noitanigami ruoy esu dna ;yllacitametsys dna ylraelc saedi tneserp dna etirw ;senilpicsid ssorca snoitcennoc ekam dna saedi ezisehtnys ;stnemugra esylana dna terpretni ,daer ;hcraeser tnetepmoc od :ot woh gniwonk tuoba si ytivitca ylralohcS .erom dna eseht fo lla sessapmocne ytivitca ylralohcs taht yas nac eW .seldruh lanoitacude lamrof revo depmuj yllufsseccus evah ot ro nigiro cinhte ,redneg ,ssalc laicos niatrec a fo eb ot evah ton od uoY .od nac nosrep a gnihtemos si ti :ytivitca na si pihsralohcS .sevlehs no skoob fo swor evah ot naht ,ygolonhcet htiw gnimmirb sertnec ecruoser gninrael deppiuqe llew nredom evah ot seitisrevinu rof nommoc erom si tI .ton od yadot srehto ynam tub ,seirarbil dalc-kao lanoitidart evah od seitisrevinu ynaM .secalp ylralohcs fo segami nommoc era ,rehtael dna tsud fo llems eht htiw dna ,stpircsunam dna skoob fo lluf yrarbil dalc-kao eht ,srewot hgih rieht htiw ,segelloc egdirbxO eht fo sgnidnuorrus laerrus ehT .detisiveR daehsedirB sa hcus slevon ni dna esroM sa hcus semmargorp noisivelet ni dezimotipe pihsralohcs fo secalp fo erawa eb yam uoy fo ynaM .dnah ni koob dnuob-rehtael dlo kciht a htiw yorudroc ni ylibbahs desserd ,riah tpmeknu htiw nam delcatcepseb gniega na fo eno sa ralohcs eht fo egami ralupop eht htiw railimaf lla era eW .od sepyt worb-hgih cimedaca gnihtemos eb ot thguoht netfo si pihsralohcS .pihsralohcs setartsnomed taht hcraeser fo eceip a dna hcraeser tnetepmoc fo eceip a gnicudorp neewteb ecnereffid a ,revewoh ,si erehT .egdelwonk lacinhcet seriuqer erofereht hcraeser tnetepmoC .no os dna ,stluser etalloc ot gniog era uoy woh wonk ,atad tcelloc ot euqinhcet etairporppa na gnisoohc yb snoitpmussa dna stpecnoc esoht )ecitcarp otni tup( ezilanoitarepo ,snoitpmussa lacigolodohtem dna stpecnoc rojam ruoy en®ed ,hcraeser ruoy fo sevitcejbo dna smia eht etats ot woh gniwonk snaem sihT .gniod era uoy tahw fo erutcip labolg eht otni st® noitcelloc atad erehw dnatsrednu ot deen uoy dna deriuqer si ssecorp

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

8

tnuoma ehT .level etaudargrednu ta naht liated retaerg ni dna ,senilpicsid ssorca ,ylediw erom hcraes ot detcepxe si tneduts hcraeser ehT .sesaercni hcraes erutaretil eht fo htped dna htdaerb ,epocs ehT .egnahc snoitat -cepxe taht dn® hcraeser etaudargtsop ot no evom ohw setaudargrednU .txetnoc ni saedi esoht fo eulav eht ssessa ot ytiliba eht dna saedi tnaveler fo eciohc eht no snoisiced yfitsuj ot ytilibapac lautcelletni eht ,rehto eht no dna ,slliks noitamrofni dna yrarbil ,dnah eno eht no ,etartsnomed ot deriuqer era yeht ,trohs nI .cipot rieht ot edam evah sehcaorppa ro snoitisop ,saedi ralucitrap taht noitubirtnoc eht pu hgiew ot detcepxe era yehT .ssenerawa lacitirc a gniwohs saedi yek ezirammus dna seihpargoilbib tnetsisnoc dna etarucca elipmoc ,tcejbus a no hcraes ot slliks eht setarts -nomed hcihw erutaretil eht fo yrammus a fo mrof eht sekat siht yllausU .cipot rieht htiw ytirailimaf wohs ot detcepxe era noitatressid ro siseht a rof gnihcraeser setaudargrednU .dle® rieht ni erutaretil eht fo weiver a ekatrednu ot detcepxe si ,ecneirepxe fo level revetahw ta ,rehcraeser ehT

WEIVER ERUTARETIL EHT DNA SLLIKS
.efil laicos fo seiduts lacigolodohtemonhte ekatrednu ohw srehto dna lekn®raG fo krow eht dezilanigram sah ecneics laicos lanoitidart taht noitac®icepser siht saw lacidar oS .ygolodohtemonhte fo euqinhcet eht detanigiro eh taht saw tluser eht ;snoitautis laer ni od elpoep laer tahw derongi ecneics laicos taht dnuof dna yroeht lacigoloicos lanoitidart fo yniturcs hguoroht a kootrednu eH .)1991 ,nottuB ees( ygoloicos yllaicepse ,secneics laicos eht fo anemonehp eht de®icepser lekn®raG .lekn®raG dloraH fo krow eht ni noitarug®er fo elpmaxe cissalc a ees nac eW .deppam saw somsoc eht woh fo noitarug®er a nageb ereht dna saedi sih deniltuo eh 1451 nI ?ti dnuora devlover srats dna stenalp ,htrae eht dna sselnoitom saw nus eht ,deksa eh ,fi tahW .feileb siht gniterpretni fo yaw rehtona saw ereht fi flesmih deksa sucinrepoC .htrae eht dnuora evlover ot deveileb erew stenalp dna srats rehto ,nus eht :esrevinu eht fo ertnec eht ta doots dna sselnoitom saw htrae eht taht weiv eht dleh yroeht lanoitidarT .ti nihtiw htrae eht fo ecalp eht dna somsoc eht tuoba seiroeht denimaxe-er )3451 ± 3741( sucinrepoC salociN ,elpmaxe rof ,ecneics fo yrotsih eht morF .dlrow laicos eht pam ew hcihw yb selpicnirp yrev eht gniretla tuoba si ti ,sredrob detupsid eht fo emos gnignahc ro pam larutluc eht gniwarder tuoba ton si noitarug®er syas eH .su dnuora dlrow eht gnidnatsrednu tuoba og ew woh fo sliated eht htiw gnirepmat ylerem naht erom si noitarug®er taht stseggus )6 ± 561 :0891( ztreeG droffilC tsigoloporhtna ehT .den®ed neeb yllanoit -idart sah melborp ro elzzup emos hcihw ni yaw eht yficepser ro erug®er ot gnitpmetta naem thgim ti ,level larotcod tA .erofeb deirt ton syaw ni ygolodohtem a gniylppa ta gnikool naem thgim siht ,level s'retsam tA .ytivitca ylralohcs fo serutaef era edutitta gniziniturcs a dna gniriuqni ,gninoitseuq citametsys

9

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

-nepo dna elbixe¯ a rof deen eht rednegne selyts tnereffid ni nettirw neeb evah hcihw dna senilpicsid lareves morf etanigiro hcihw stxeT .ytisrevid si melborp eno ± shpargonom dna srepap ecnerefnoc ,selcitra fo snezod fo pu edam ± erutaretil fo ydob a gniweiver fo smret nI .gnisufnoc saedi elpmis ylevitaler ekam ot eganam dna sredaer laitnetop rieht fo sdeen eht tcelgen ot mees srohtua emos ,emit emas eht tA .txet a ni saedi eht psarg ot redro ni tsevni ot gnilliw era yeht troffe fo level eht dna gnidaer rieht ot etacolla sredaer taht emit eht si ,revewoh ,rohtua cimedaca eht rof melborp A .gnidaer ni tnemtimmoc ticilpxe dna gnitirw ni noisserpxe ticilpxe hguorht deveihca eb nac esehT .wef eht yb ylno decitcarp eb ot elba seitilauq suoiretsym ton era ecnerehoc dna ycnetsisnoc ,ytiralc taht tpecca ot dna deriuqer si troffe taht egdelwonkca ot deen eW .redaer eht ot noitartsurf fo esuac a syawla ylraen si esu egaugnal ro noitatneserp ,elyts eht htiw ytirailimafnU .redaer eht ot elbisneherpmocni ylrettu eb nac retirw eht ot tnerehoc dna raelc smees tahw ,ylesrevnoC .tsol eb thgim ,gnitseretni woh rettam on ,aedi niam eht ,tnatropmi tsoM .rohtua eht yb dednetni ton syaw ni desu ro dessimsid ,dootsrednusim eb thgim krow eht ecneuqesnoc a sA .elbigilletninu eb nac krow a meht tuohtiw esuaceb ,laitnesse era ecnerehoc dna ycnetsisnoc ,ytiralc ,sselehtreveN .cipot ro htgnel sti revetahw ,krow yna ni eveihca ot tluc®fid yrev gnihtemos ± tnerehoc dna tnetsisnoc ,raelc gnitirw rieht ekam ot tpmetta srohtua tsoM

tnemugra ruoy gnitacinummoC
.nrut ni eseht fo hcae ta won ylesolc erom kool eW .elpoep rehto fo krow eht gnidaer nehw dednim-nepo eb ot deen eht si rehto eht dna ,krow cimedaca ni sah tnemugra ecalp lartnec eht si eno :hcraeser cimedaca fo serutaef niam owt sesserdda siht ,ecitcarp nI .gnidnatsrednu yranilpicsid-ssorc egaruocne os dna noitazilatnemtrapmoc yranilpicsid emocrevo pleh thgim taht snoitpmussa fo sdnik eht tuoba neeb sah raf os noissucsid ruO .dessim eb thgim saedi tnaveler dna gnitseretni yllaitnetop ,ecneuqesnoc a sA .ssentcniccus dna ytiralc ruovaf ot meht gnicneu¯ni ,edutitta citamgarp erom a evah osla thgim yehT .seiroeht laicos htiw naht scitsitats htiw railimaf erom eb ot detcepxe eb thgim stneduts tnemeganaM .noitazilatnemtrapmoc yranilpicsid ot eud netfo si rehtona revo elyts eno fo ecnatpecca ehT .ealumrof laciremun eht fo noitarimda dna elyts esobrev eht fo lassimsid eht eb yam tluser ehT .scitsitats laicos decnavda htiw decaf fi tluc®fid ssel gniog eht dn® yam yeht ,ylesrevnoC .ygoloicos ,yas ,fo elyts esnesnommoc ylgnimees dna esobrev eht htiw railimafnu yllatot eb yam tnemeganam fo tneduts eht ,elpmaxe roF .seitluc®fid rehtruf etutitsnoc enilpicsid ralucitrap a rof smelborp elbahcraeser ,eroc eht eb ot nekat era tahw dna stcejbus tnereffid fo seiralubacov eht ,oslA .saedi tneserp senilpicsid suoirav hcihw ni selyts tnereffid eht fo esuaceb tluc®fid eb nac senilpicsid lareves ssorca slairetam gnidaer ,noitidda nI .od ot sah rehcraeser eht gnidaer fo tnuoma eht sesaercni de®itnedi lairetam fo

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

01

si ygolodohtemonhte tahw gnidnatsrednu fo ytluc®fid emertxe eht ot eud netfo si siht taht ,ecneirepxe morf ,dnuof evah eW .yduts fo semmargorp tsom ni revo dessap ylkciuq si ygolodohtemonhte ,snoitpecxe elbaton wef a morf trapa tub ,ygolodohtemonhte ssorca emoc evah lliw stneduts ecneics laicos ynaM .elpmaxe feirb a htiw detartsulli eb nac sihT .tniopdnats rehtona morf kcal ot demussa era yeht tahw rof ton dna era yeht tahw rof detaicerppa eb ot deen snoitidart lautcelletni tnereffid ehT .stniopdnats tnereffid morf yllaicepse dna smret lareneg no ylerup hcraeser taht ezicitirc ot ton erac ekat ot sdeen reweiver eht tuB .ygolonemonehp ro msivitisop sa hcus noitidart lautcelletni na ni ,smret lareneg ni ,decalp eb erofereht nac hcraeser fo eceip laudividni nA .hcraeser fo weiv a ot stnemtimmoc roirp no desab netfo snoisiced ngised era ,elyts niatrec a ni ti tneserp ot dna rehtona naht rehtar ygetarts c®iceps eno gnisu ti hcraeser ot noisiced eht htiw rehtegot ,cipot ralucitrap a fo eciohc ehT .snoitidart )lacigolodohtem ro( lacihposolihp dnatsrednu ot ssengnilliw a esicrexe ot sdeen rehcraeser eht edutitta siht fo trap a sA .railimaf tsom era uoy hcihw htiw enilpicsid eht fo secitcarp eht yb ti gnigduj ton dna enilpicsid eht fo smron eht fo txetnoc eht ni hcraeser eht gnicalp daetsni tub ,enilpicsid tcejbus eht fo snoitpecrep laicidujerp gnisu txet eht gnizirogetac ton snaem sihT .txet eht gnidneherpmoc ni ytluc®fid gnivah era uoy yhw dnatsrednu ot troffe eht gnikam snaem osla tI .noitaredisnoc rednu txet eht morf saedi niam eht tuo esaet ot troffe eht ekam ot tnatropmi erofereht si tI .etubirtnoc ot gnihtemos sah rohtua eht taht )gnidaer eht tluc®fid woh rettam on( emussa ot sdeen reweiver ehT .gnidaer nehw ecneitap esicrexe ot deriuqer si reweiver eht ,tnerehoc dna tnetsisnoc ,raelc saedi rieht ekam syawla ton yam rohtua na elihW .esoprup a rof setirw rohtua na dna ± esoprup a rof weiver a sekatrednu reweiver eht taht gnizingocer yb snigeb sihT .dlrow eht fo sweiv rehto era ereht taht etaicerppa ot dnim fo ssennepo tneic®fus evah dna sgnidnatsrednu wen eriuqca ,segnellahc ecaf ot ssengnilliw a dna emit sekat tI .noitacude dna gniniart hcraeser fo ssecorp eht fo trap a si tI .deriuqca ylisae ton si hcraeser gnidaer ni ecnetepmoc ,reilrae was ew sA ssendednim-nepo rof deen ehT

.msicitirc hcus diova ot sa os ylediw hsilbup ton od srehcraeser elba ynam ,ylbamuserP .noitcepsni lacitirc ot )rehcraeser dna( hcraeser eht sesopxe ticilpxe gnieb ,oslA .rohtua eht yb laedi demeed ton gnitide ni tluser netfo stnuoc drow ro ecaps no decalp snoitatimil ,yldnoceS .gnitirw ni saedi sserpxe ot emit dna troffe elbaredisnoc sekat ti ,tsriF .ssenticilpxe fo kcal eht rof snosaer eht fo emos etaicerppa ot sdeen reweiver ehT .seciohc esoht fo snoitacilpmi suoirav eht sessucsid dna enod saw ti yhw ,enod saw tahw tuo syal yllacitametsys taht hcraeser fo eceip a fo tnuocca na dn® ot erar si ti :ssenticilpxe fo kcal a netfo si ereht ,siht ot deddA .reweiver eht morf edutitta dednim
11

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

.tnetepmoc dna suorogir si taht yaw a ni nekatrednu neeb sah tcejorp eht taht dna hcraeser rieht fo ycamitigel dna ytirohtua eht etartsnomed ot snoitnevnoc citsilyts fo egnar a syolpme yllausu tnuocca eht fo rohtua eht tnemegnarra siht nihtiW .1 xidneppA ni nwohs si lasoporp hcraeser eht rof tnemegnarra lluf ehT .) faelrevo 3.1 elbaT ees( hcraeser rof lasoporp a ni dnuof osla era troper a ni dnuof snoitces eht fo ynam dna dezidradnats si hcraeser tsom rof troper lamrof eht fo erutcurts ehT .noitatressid ro siseht eht otni st® ti erehw dna si weiver erutaretil eht fo elor eht tahw fo gnidnatsrednu laitini na teg ot deen erofereht eW .tnuocca lamrof eht otni yaw rieht dn® ton od hcihw )!gnignellahc hcraeser ekam taht sgniht yrev eht( hcraeser tsom fo stcepsa tnegnitnoc dna detnemgarf ,citoahc netfo ,suotipidneres esoht ± 'seirots` detcurtsnocer era hcraeser fo stnuocca taht snaem sgnidn® hcraeser fo ytilibaliava cilbup ehT .derahs ton era sgnidn® hcraeser fi enod eb tonnac sihT .dlrow eht fo gnidnatsrednu ruo ot yaw emos ni etubirtnoc ot si hcraeser fo esoprup eht esuaceb tnatropmi si sgnidn® hcus fo noitanimessid ehT .repap ecnerefnoc ro noitatressid ,troper ,elcitra na ,elpmaxe rof ,tnuocca nettirw fo mrof emos si hcraeser tsom fo tcudorp ehT

WEIVER ERUTARETIL EHT FO ELOR EHT

.hcraeser ni snoitidart dna selyts tnereffid eht ,fo ssenerawa etartsnomed ot elba eb ot dna ,tuoba demrofni eb ot hcraeser fo sreweiver rof deen eht tsopngis osla yehT .hcraeser ni srennam doog dna pihsralohcs fo noitazilanoitarepo na si ot tnuoma yeht tahw ylevitcelloC .sretpahc retal rof sisab eht era noitces siht ni dessucsid snoitpmussa ehT .dias si tahw hguorht wollof dna tsiroeht eht fo skrow eht daer ot si ,lekn®raG yb desoporp esoht sa hcus ,saedi xelpmoc no tnemmoc ot hguone tnetepmoc emoceb ot yaw ylno ehT .dessim eb thgim gninrael rof ytinutroppo tnatropmi na neht ,troffe dna emit tsevni ot gnilliw ton si redaer eht esuaceb dessimsid era yeht fi ± tnatropmi eb thgim saedi s'lekn®raG ,yldnoceS .ti ssimsid ot nosaer tneic®fus ton si ygoloicos sa elbazingocer yltnatsni ton si krow s'lekn®raG esuaceb ylpmiS .ygolodohtemonhte sa hcus hcaorppa na dnatsrednu ot deriuqer si yticanet taht si tsr® ehT .ereh stniop tnaveler yrev owt era ereht tuB .yas ot gniyrt si lekn®raG tahw gnidnatsrednu ylerem ni seitluc®fid eht etaicerppa won thgim ygolodohtemonhte htiw railimafnu esohT .)01 :1991 ,lekn®raG( 'seiduts fo tnemecnuonna na ± )I( yteicos yranidro latrommi fo ytiecceah laitnesse eht fo sa dna ni .cte ,dohtem ,gninaem ,nosaer ,cigol ,redro fo anemonehp elbatnuocca yllarutan ,decudorp yllacol rof ecnedive :noitac®icepseR` :mih yb elcitra tnecer a morf eltit eht si sihT .tniop siht setartsulli ,lekn®raG dloraH ,ygolodohtemonhte fo rednuof eht fo krow eht morf elpmaxe nA .yduts lacigolodohtemonhte na od ot woh dna tuoba

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

21

.desoporp gnieb hcraeser eht ot noitaler ni stnemucod eseht fo noitaulave evitceffe eht dna ,detagitsevni eb ot si ti woh dna cipot eht fo erutan eht no sweiv niatrec sserpxe ro smia niatrec l®luf ot tniopdnats ralucitrap a morf nettirw ecnedive dna atad ,saedi ,noitamrofni niatnoc hcihw ,cipot eht no )dehsilbupnu dna dehsilbup htob( stnemucod elbaliava fo noitceles ehT

weiver erutaretiL :noitin®eD
.retal gnihcraes eugav dna troffe fo laed taerg a evas nac egats ylrae siht ta dednepxe ylluferac troffe dna emiT .elbaliava evah uoy emit eht ni ti no od nac uoy hcraeser tahw dna cipot ruoy tuoba ylsuorogir kniht ot uoy egaruocne lliw dna edutitta hcraeser a srednegne ti esuaceb ,slliks lacitcarp dna yticapac lautcelletni ruoy fo tnempoleved eht ot setubirtnoc osla tI .detelpmoc eb ot ylekil erom si hcraeser eht taht naem seod ti tub ,shtnom neve ro skeew lareves ekat nac dna tluc®fid eb nac cipot a nwod gniworraN .noitaredisnoc lacitcarp a hcraeser tsom sekam taht ,weiver erutaretil eht hguorht ,cipot eht fo gniworran evissergorp eht si tI .slasoporp suoitibma dna dezilareneg ,daorb ni stluser netfo ,noitpecnocsim nommoc siht htiw denibmoc ,msa -isuhtne laitinI .eulav sti htiw hcraeser rieht fo htdaerb eht etauqe hcraeser ot wen stneduts netfo oot llA .secnemmoc hcraeser 'reporp` erofeb cipot ruoy fo ytilibahcraeser eht serusne ti taht si weiver eht fo t®eneb rojam A .hcraeser cimedaca fo sseccus eht ot largetni si weiver erutaretil ehT .cipot ruoy no weiver erutaretil a gnikatrednu morf rewsna ot elba eb lliw uoy taht snoitseuq eht fo emos swohs )41 .p( 2.1 erugiF .emocrevo eb ot eldruh a ro nekatrednu eb ot egats tsuj a naht erom si ti ± troper hcraeser eht dna ssecorp hcraeser eht fo trap laitnesse na si erutaretil detaler fo weiver eht taht ees nac uoy 3.1 elbaT morF
.seuqinhcet evitanretla revo esu rieht yfitsuj ot dna ,snoitacilpmi lacigolodohtem dna seuqinhcet noitcelloc -atad fo gnidnatsrednu na wohs ot desu netfo era erutaretil eht morf secnerefer tnaveleR .deyolpme sehcaorppa lacigolodohtem eht dna atad rehtag ot desu seuqinhcet eht fo ssenetairporppa eht wohs oT .ygolodohtem dna ngised ,cipot hcraeser eht yfitsuj ot ;melborp eht fo gnidnatsrednu dna aera tcejbus eht fo dnammoc wohs ot ;gnihcraes yrarbil ni slliks etartsnomed oT .melborp eht fo erutan daorb eht de®itnedi ydaerla evah hcihw skrow rehto ot secnerefer yb detroppus yllausu si elanoitar ehT .hcraeser eht fo serutaef ngised dna elanoitar ,epocs ,sevitcejbo ,smia eht wohs oT

ygolodohteM

weiver erutaretiL

noitcudortnI

miA

noitceS

troper dna lasoporp hcraeser a htob ni dnuof ylnommoc snoitces emoS 3.1 elbaT

31

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

eceip tnac®ingis a gnieb sa siseht s'retsam a rof hcraeser ekat ew fI .siseht s'retsam eht rof yrassecen tnemele slliks eht si ereh no sucof lliw ew tahW s'retsam ehT

.etarotcod a rof slliks etisiuqererp yrassecen eht sevig osla hcihw ,s'retsam eht htiw nigeb eW .hcraeser etaudargtsop morf detcepxe eb thgim tahw ot sediug sa daer eb ot dednetni era yeht ,rehtaR .etarotcod a rof dna s'retsam a rof airetirc etarapes sa daer eb ot dednetni ton era wollof taht snoitpircsed owt ehT .erutaretil fo ydob a fo weiver tnetepmoc a ecudorp ot tub srossessa yfsitas ot ylno ton si nrecnoc niam eht taht etoN .slevel tnereffid eseht ta weiver erutaretil eht fo tamrof dna noitcnuf eht fo yrammus a sedivorp )51 .p( 4.1 elbaT .noitseuq siht ta ylesolc kool ot ecalp eht ton si siht hguohtla ,siseht s'retsam a ,yas ,morf sreffid siht woh dna tcejorp ro noitatressid etaudargrednu na setutitsnoc tahw tsuj gniyas si ,revewoh ,melborp A .tnemssessa eht ni elor rojam a syalp weiver erutaretil eht dna ssenihtrow sti rof dessessa si siseht etaudargtsop a ,seludehcs gnikram amrof orp ot gnidrocca dessessa netfo era stcejorp etaudargrednu saerehW .siseht a fo ssenihtrow eht gnissessa rof ecnedive edivorp taht stnemele dna snoisnemid eht fo emos eniltuo ot tpmetta lliw tI .siseht eht ot noitaler ni weiver erutaretil eht fo ecalp eht ta kool lliw noitces sihT .siseht eht si noitacude etaudargtsop ni semmargorp cimedaca fo tcudorp rojam A
SISEHT ETAUDARGTSOP EHT DNA SLLIKS GNIWEIVER rewsna nac erutaretil eht fo weiver eht snoitseuq eht fo emoS 2.1 erugiF
How have approaches to these questions increased our understanding and knowledge?

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

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41

siht :cipot ralucitrap a ot slliks eseht ylppa ot ytiliba ruoy etartsnomed ot evah lliw uoy ytinutroppo ylno eht si siseht ruoy taht rebmemeR .tnemom a ni liated erom ni stniop tnatropmi eseht ta kool lliw eW .krow nwo ruoy fo noitaulave lacitirc a htiw gnola saedi gnitsixe fo noitaulave dna egdelwonk gnitsixe htiw atad fo sisehtnys ,atad fo sisylana ,tnem -eganam noitamrofni ,noitcelloc atad ,ngised hcraeser htiw detaicossa esoht era dedeen slliks fo sdnik ehT .rehcraeser tnetepmoc a sa detidercca eb erofereht nac dna slliks yrassecen eht deriuqca evah uoy taht ecnedive eht si siseht ehT .hcraeser tnetepmoc dna elbapac gniod ot detaler era taht level etairporppa na ta slliks fo egnar a eriuqca uoy taht si ytivitca eht fo tnetni ehT .ytivitca gninrael a si )noitatressid eht dellac eb osla yam level s'retsam ta hcihw( siseht s'retsam eht hcraeser dna emit ruoy fo tcudorp eht sA .saedi etaulave dna etargetni ot ytiliba eht tset eht ot stup sihT .sisylana evitaulave evitcejbo dna denosaer ,tnegoc edivorp ot dna stnemugra suoirav fo erutcurts eht ezingocer ot tneduts eht rof dedivorp si ytinutroppo nA 3 .atad dna saedi yllacitylana terpretni ot dna slairetam dna stxet tnaveler eganam dna rof hcraes ot ytiliba s'tneduts eht tset eht ot stup sihT .cipot elbahcraeser a ot ti sucof ,erutaretil eht fo sisylana dna hcraes a hguorht ,dna cipot a ekat ot dedivorp si ytinutroppo nA 2 .ksed a morf ro dle® eht ni rehtehw hcraeser eht ot tnatropmi yrev eb lliw erutaretil tnaveler dna detaler fo weiver ehT .enilpicsid c®iceps-tcejbus a ni krow evitagitsevni fo eceip laitnatsbus a tuo yrrac dna ngised ot tneduts eht rof dedivorp si ytinutroppo nA 1 .noitagitsevni taht ni deidobme era )smia lanoitacude ro( seitinutroppo gniwollof eht neht ,krow evitagitsevni fo

.melborp eht ot etaler yeht hcihw ni syaw dna snoitidart lacihposolihp tnaveler no noissucsid fo htdaerb dna htpeD .melborp eht no krow suoiverp fo noitaulave evitamrof dna evitammuS .seiroeht ssorca dna nihtiw gniknil lautpecnoc fo level hgiH .segaugnal rehto ni taht gnidulcni ,melborp eht no erutaretil nwonk lla gnirevoc ,sisehtnys lacitylanA

sisehT ttiLD ,lihPD ,DhP

.melborp/cipot eht ot tnaveler seussi laciteroeht no rehtona dna ,segatnavdasid dna segatnavda eht fo egdelwonk setartsnomed hcihw ,seussi lacigolodohtem no eno ,sretpahc desab-erutaretil owt ylbissoP .scipot dna seuqinhcet hcraeser ,seussi lacigolodohtem gnirevoc ,evitammus dna lacitylanA .noitac®itsuj fo smret ni cipot eht fo si sisylanA .cipot eht no secruos tnerruc ,niam fo evitacidni yltsom ;desucof cipot ,evitpircsed yllaitnessE

siseht ro noitatressiD hPM ,cSM ,AM tcejorP dEB ,cSB ,AB

slevel eseht ta hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil eht fo tamrof dna noitcnuF

tcudorp hcraeser dna eergeD

weiver erutaretil eht fo erutan eht dna seergeD 4.1 elbaT

51

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

ni tnetsisrep eb ot deen erofereht lliw uoY .skeew wef a ni eriuqer uoy noit -amrofni eht lla dn® yllamron ton lliw uoY ecnegilid dna ecnarevesreP .siseht ruoy ni siht wohs ot elba eb dna ygolodohtem eht no erutaretil eht htiw railimaf emoceb lliw uoy emit emas eht tA .eciohc ruoy gniyfitsuj rof ecnatsbus dna ecnedive edivorp ot uoy pleh lliw erutaretil ehT .tnemugra na fo noitcurtsnoc eht sevlovni sihT .hcaorppa fo eciohc ruoy yfitsuj ot sralpmexe sa seiduts tnaveler dna srohtua eroc gniyfitnedi ,hcraeser ot hcaorppa citsivitisop a etacovda taht skrow yek fo lasiarppa lacitirc evlovni thgim sihT .syevrus no erutaretil eht htiw ytirailimaf wohs ot detcepxe eb dluow uoy desab yevrus saw ygolodohtem niam ruoy fi ,eroferehT .ygolodohtem htiw gnilaed erutaretil eht fo esu eht no tnedneped ylivaeh netfo ,esruoc fo ,si ,rettal ehT .ygolodohtem no retpahc dna weiver erutaretil eht ni yllausu si eseht rof sucof ehT .ygolodohtem dna cipot eht fo gnidnatsrednu roirp fo level tneic®fus a etartsnomed ot detcepxe eb lliw uoY gnidnatsrednu roirP .tneduts hcraeser eht yb noitnetta laiceps eriuqer hcihw dna tnatropmi yrev era taht ruof tuo dekcip evah ew ereH .seitilibapac dna slliks lareneg eht fo emos tuoba erom elttil a yas ot ,egats siht ta ,lufesu eb yam tI .eno roop a morf dehsiugnitsid eb nac krow fo eceip tnellecxe na woh swohs osla ti dna siseht s'retsam a fo ssenihtrow eht gnissessa rof desu yllamron airetirc eht fo weivrevo na sedivorp ) faelrevo( 5.1 elbaT .dessessa si siseht s'retsam a hcihw no airetirc eht rof sisab eht mrof netfo taht slliks fo egnar a ,neht ,era erehT .seuqinhcet noitcelloc-atad fo egnar a fo esu eht hguorht ygolodohtem fo stpecnoc yek ezilanoitarepo ot woh no noitartsnomed a osla si tI .yolpme ot hcaorppa lacigolodohtem hcihw revo gninosaer fo elbapac neeb sah tneduts eht taht wohs ot dednetni si tI .gniod dna gnikniht hcraeser ni noitartsnomed a erofereht si siseht s'retsam A 4 3 2 1 .cipot eht no erutaretil gnitsixe eht ot ecnats evitaulave yllacitirc dna lacitylana na edivorp ;erutaretil gnitsixe eht no desab ygolodohtem hcraeser detats ylraelc a edulcni ;cipot eht fo stcepsa lacitcarp dna lacigolodohtem ,laciteroeht eht neewteb ecnalab a wohs taht smret ni etabed ro eussi ,melborp taht ot etaler ;etabed ro eussi ,melborp c®iceps a no sucof

:dluohs hcraeser eht taht yas nac ew ,ezirammus oT .snoitadnemmocer dna snoisulcnoc ruoy dna ,seussi eht fo noissucsid ruoy ,atad tcelloc ot desu snaem dna ngised hcraeser fo eciohc eht ,weiver erutaretil eht dna hcraeser ruoy fo smia eht neewteb sknil raelc eb dluohs erehT .stnemele detaler yletauqedani dna etarapes fo seires a ton dna ,lacigol dna tnerehoc eb dluohs siseht eht ,oS .siseht eht si noitartsnomed weiver erutaretil a gnioD
61

faelrevo deunitnoc

71

.desu neeb evah ot yhpargoilbib a egral oot ro yhpargoilbib oN .cipot eht ot tnaveler de®itnedi selbairav yek ro stnemugra on erofereht ,noitaulave lacitirc a ta tpmetta on tub smeti emos fo snoitatonna ;erutaretil eht fo weiver oN

.noitac®itsuj dna ygolodohtem ot edam sknil emoS .de®itnedi stnemugra dna selbairav niam htiw erutaretil niam eht fo weiveR

.ygolodohtem dna noitac®itsuj ot deknil ylmr® noitaulave lacitirC .de®itnedi stnemugra dna selbairav niam lla dna desylana yllacitametsys ;erutaretil tnaveler eht fo weiver hguorohT

noitaulave dna weiver erutaretiL

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

.ngised hcraeser llarevo oN .yaw citametsys a ni atad tcelloc ot ytiliba fo noitartsnomed on os ,seuqinhcet noitcelloc-atad ro ygolodohtem no gnidaer fo noitacidni oN .hcraeser eht rof ssenetairporppa ro eciohc sti ,ygolodohtem eht fo noitanalpxe oN

.cipot eht no krow suoiverp ni tnerehni saib ro sessenkaew detacilper evah yaM .cipot eht rof elbatius dna raelc seuqinhcet hcraeseR .deyolpme ygolodohtem etairporppa na ,sselehtreven ;seciohc rof nevig noitanalpxe on os ;smret evitarapmoc ni ton tub debircsed ygolodohteM

.htiw tlaed dna dezingocer era seuqinhcet noitcelloc-atad/seigolodohtem desu ylsuoiverp ni sessenkaew dna shtgnertS .ylppa ot tneduts eht rof lacigol dna raelc yltnadnuba ngised hcraeser llarevO .gnidnatsrednu dna gnidaer fo ecnedive elbaredisnoc gniwohs smret evitarapmoc ni denialpxe ygolodohtem fo eciohC .enod eb ot elba si tahw no sucof ot deen eht fo ssenerawa lluf swohS .erutaretil eht gnisu noitac®itsuj tcniccus htiw cipot eht fo noitanalpxE .dezilanoitarepo eb ot elba smia raelC krow evitcnitsid dna tnellecxE

noitcelloc atad dna ygolodohteM

.sucof fo kcal ot eud raelc ton cipot lautcA .cipot eht yfitsuj ot tpmetta tneic®fusnI .meht neewteb snoitcennoc lacigol on ot eud raelcnu sevitcejbo dna smiA krow tneic®ed yltnac®ingiS

.cipot eht fo noitac®itnedi htiw noitac®itsuj elbatpeccA .sevitcejbo dna smia raelC krow tnetepmoC

noitac®itsuj dna sevitcejbo ,smiA

noitatressid s'retsam a gnissessa rof airetirC 5.1 elbaT

weiver erutaretil a gnioD
81

.atad eht no desab ton tub ,noitaterpretni ta tpmetta emoS .tnedive erutcurts evitatnemugra oN .ehcilc  fo esurevo dna smret lacinhcet fo esu rooP .tnedive gninnalp on erofereht hcaorppa deredisnoc a toN

.de®itnedi hcraeser rehtruf rof saedi dna snoisulcnoc ;ticilpmi emos hguoht ,detats yltsom snoitpmussa ;egaugnal fo esu yrotcafsitas ;noitatneserp fo erutcurts eht ni ytiralc ;hcaorppa deredisnoC

.dradnats elbahsilbup a fO .hcraeser rehtruf rof ytilibissop dna spag fo noitac®itnedi ;noitaterpretni fo ytirahc ;detats snoitpmussa ;egaugnal fo esu reporp ;tnemugra fo gnirutcurts eht ni cigol dna ytiralc ;evixe¯er yllacitirc ;hcaorppa deredisnoc dna citametsyS

ruogir cimedaca dna ecnerehoc llarevO

.egaugnal fo esu yppolS .secived cihparg ro lausiv fo esu eht tuoba thguoht fo ecnedive elttiL .tnetsisnoc ton tub tcerroc yltsom snoitatiC .tnetnoc evitnatsbus no niht yrev tub noitatneserp derutcurtS krow tneic®ed yltnac®ingiS

.secived cihparg dna lausiv fo esu etairporppa ,snoitatic etarucca htiw slairetam fo tnemegnarra dna erutcurts raelC krow tnetepmoC

.snoitnevnoc ylralohcs gniyolpme ,hsilgnE fo esu reporp dna etaruccA .slairetam fo tnemegnarra evitceffe dna ,secived cihparg dna lausiv fo esu evisserpmI .yhpargoilbib dna snoitatic etarucca htiw detneserp llew yreV .erutcurts evisehoc dna raelC krow evitcnitsid dna tnellecxE

slairetam cihparg fo esu eht gnidulcni ,noitatneserp dna elytS

) deunitnoc( 5.1 elbaT

eht fo noitaterpretni dna ;atad dna tcejorp eht fo tnemeganam ;seuqinhcet noitcelloc-atad fo noitacilppa ;hcraeser eht fo ngised ;hcraeser eht :era stnemele yek stI .syasse dednetxe ruof ro eerht ,yas ,ot tnelaviuqe gnitirw fo eceip tsedom ylevitaler a si noitatressid ro siseht eht ,sdrow 000,51 ot 000,01 yletamixorppa gnikaT .hcraeser fo eceip detimil a si s'retsam ehT .krow nwo ruoy ot saedi esoht fo ssenlufesu eht gnitaulave emit emas eht ta elihw srehto fo saedi eht ot elbatirahc gnieb sevlovni sihT .skoob dna selcitra fo stnetnoc eht fo noitpircsed evitammus citsilpmis diova ot yrassecen eb lliw lasiarppa lacitirc fo edutitta nA .esoprup ruoy ot tnaveler tsom eht ,si taht ,tnatropmi tsom eht era secnerefer hcihw ot sa tnem -egduj esicrexe ot deen erofereht lliw uoY .hcraes ruoy ni etacol uoy taht secnerefer eht lla etic ot elba eb ton thgim uoY .etaredisnoc dna deredisnoc si taht yaw a ni erutaretil eht gnisu snaem osla tI .2 xidneppA ni siht no ecnadiug dn® lliw uoY .ytinummoc cimedaca eht yb dezingocer tamrof dradnats a ni secnerefer gnitic snaem siht level cisab tsom eht tA .reporp si taht yaw a ni erutaretil eht esu ot deriuqer era uoY snoitnevnoc ylralohcS .gnikcab tneic®fus tuohtiw tnemetats a timbus reven dna sweiv dna snoinipo lanosrep gnisu diova ot detcepxe erofereht era uoY .erutaretil eht morf ecnedive :nees eb syawla tsum gniht eno noitac®itsuj ruoy rof sucof eht sa esu uoy revetahW .cipot ruoy ot hcaorppa deirt a ylppa ot gnisoporp eb dluow uoy esac siht nI .ecnedive fo kcots gnitsixe eht ot noitidda na eb lliw hcraeser ruoy woh no snoitadnemmocer gnikam dna hcraeser tsap gnizirammus evlovni dluow sihT .weiver evitargetni ro evitammus a edivorp thgim uoy ,ylevitanretlA .eb thgim laitnetop sti tahw tseggus ybereht dna cipot eht ot setaler ygolodohtem a woh wohs ot tnemugra na gnitcurtsnoc evlovni thgim sihT .desu neeb ylsuoiverp ton sah ti hcihw ni aera na ni cipot a no ygolodohtem a yolpme ot esoporp uoy taht ni ,lacigolodohtem ,elpmaxe rof ,eb thgim txetnoc ehT .txetnoc ralucitrap a no sucof ot erutaretil gnitsixe fo esu eht sevlovni sihT .hcraeser fo yhtrow si hcraeser ot esoporp uoy tahw taht gniwohs snaem hcihw hcraeser ruoy rof cipot eht yfitsuj ot tnem -ugra tneic®fus edivorp uoy taht si tnemeriuqer rojam A noitac®itsuJ .erutaretil eht fo weiver eht ro retpahc ygolodohtem eht ni pu nettirw eb nac sihT .siseht ruoy ni nwohs eb ot deriuqer erofereht si secruoser dna secruos tnaveler lla fo esu ehT .no os dna ,yrarbil eht morf deredro esoht dna deniatbo smeti ,detacol secnerefer ,sesabatad ,sdrocer ,steehs hcraes fo noitartsi -nimda eht gniganam fo rettam a hcum yrev si cipot a no erutaretil eht rof hcraes evisneherpmoc a esuaceb si sihT .ytivitca eht fo noitartsinimda eht deganam uoy woh fo sdrocer deliated gnikam yb ;hcraes ruoy ni hguoroht gnieb snaem osla ecnetsisreP .sesarhp dna sdrow fo snoitanibmoc xelpmoc erom esu ro ylediw erom hcraes dna elbixe¯ eb ot deen erofereht uoy ;detnaw evah thgim uoy tahw laever ton yam seigetarts hcraes laitinI .erutaretil eht fo hcraes eht htiw esac eht yllaicepse si sihT .krow ruoy 91 hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

ni devlovni ksat tnemeganam noitamrofni eht fo noitacidni na sevig 4 xidneppA ni 1.4A erugiF .slliks elbarefsnart lanosrep fo egnar ediw a poleved dna eriuqca ot detcepxe era setaudargrednu tsom ytiliba dna slliks fo smret nI .elbativeni si mrof emos fo noitazilaiceps tcejbus taht snaem seerged nihtiw snoitpo dna eerged fo eciohc fo ytilibaliava ehT .egdelwonk c®iceps-tcejbus a no gninrael rieht sesucof dna ,seitiliba dna slliks fo egnar evitalumuc a seriuqca yllaudarg tneduts a reerac cimedaca na hguorhT .yduts emit-trap ro emit-lluf eb nac hcihw fo htob ,krow etaudargtsop yb dewollof eerged tsr® a fo stsisnoc yllamron reerac tahT .eltit a hguorht deyevnoc ton dna latnempoleved si pihsralohcs hcihw ni reerac cimedaca na semussa ereh desu ledom eht eerged tsr® a tuohtiw seerged rehgih rof llorne ot setadidnac wolla seitisrevinu emos hguohtlA noitazilaicepS .dessucsid eb won lliw taht ,ytilanigiro gnitartsnomed htiw rehtegot ,eseht si tI .erutaretil detaler fo gnidaer dna hcraes hguoroht a yb edam eb nac taht tupni eht wohs eerht tsr® ehT .flesti siseht eht fo tnetnoc eht ni dna ssecorp hcraeser eht ni weiver erutaretil eht fo ecnatropmi laicurc eht wohs hcihw stnemeriuqer fo tes a edivorp ,revewoh ,od yehT .hcraeser larotcod lla fo htped dna epocs eht erutpac ton od stnemetats esehT .enod saw ti yaw eht revo seciohc dna hcraeser eht gniod rof nosaer eht fo smret ni decudorp saw tahw yllaro gnidnefed 8 :aviv larotcod eht ot c®iceps erom eno ;noiretirc hthgie na dda osla thgim eW 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 .hcraeser eht ot detaler krow dna aera cipot eht fo gnidnatsrednu htped-ni gniwohs ;siseht eht fo gnitirw eht gnidulcni ,hcraeser eht eganam yllautcel -letni ot retcarahc lanosrep dna yticapac eht poleved ot ytiliba eht ;htgnel tnac®ingis a fo krow gnidnamed yllautcelletni fo emulov tnerehoc a etirw ot ytiliba eht ;ytilanigiro gnitartsnomed ;pihsralohcs fo level hgih a gnitartsnomed ;egdelwonk fo aera na ot noitubirtnoc wen a gnikam ;pihsralohcs ni noitazilaiceps

:era esehT .siseht larotcod a fo tcudorp dna ssecorp ,tnetnoc eht gnirevoc ,noisseforp cimedaca eht ssorca deerga yllareneg ,stnemeriuqer niam neves eb ot raeppa erehT etarotcod ehT

.3 xidneppA ni nevig si deriuqer sdradnats eht fo yrammus A .hcraeser eht fo tnemeganam evitceffe sdnamed ylralohcs si taht yaw a ni sgniht eseht od oT .krow suoiverp fo txetnoc eht ni sgnidn® weiver erutaretil a gnioD
02

ees ot ytiliba sih saw ,llams ylevitaler si decudorp sah eh krow fo tnuoma eht hguoht neve ,noitubirtnoc wen a ekam ot lekn®raG delbane tahW .ecneics laicos fo seiradnuob dna snoitadnuof eht ,erutnevda fo tirips eurt eht ni ,erolpxe ot elba saw eh gnikniht dna gnidaer sih hguorhT .deilppa fi dael dluow saedi emos erehw ees ot redro ni seiroeht gnitsixe fo egnar a hguorht dekrow yllacitametsys lekn®raG .saedi dna seiroeht fo tes gnitsixe na morf tnempoleved a saw tI .gnihton morf egreme ton did ,sdle® tcejbus lla ni stnempoleved gnitseretni dna wen rehto ynam ekil ,elpmaxe rof ,ygolodohtemonhte s'lekn®raG .gnikniht rieht decneu¯ni evah hcihw rohtua eht yb detic skrow rehto ot sdael rof gnikool :hcraeser fo tirips eht sevlovni sihT .aedi taht tuoba elbaegdelwonk si eno litnu yroeht ro aedi yna tuoba snoitpmussa roirp ekam ot noitatpmet eht gnitsiser si ereh tuoba gniklat era ew tahW .hguot steg gniog eht nehw neve troffe dna emit eht tsevni ot yticanet dna aedi na gnigdujerp sdiova taht edutitta nepo na ,)saera wen erolpxe ot ssengnilliw a( erutnevda fo tirips a seriuqer osla ti tuB .seirarbil gnisu ot noitaler ni denoitnem ydaerla slliks fo sdnik eht rehcraeser eht morf seriuqer ssecorp sihT .noitacilppa dna yroeht hguorht depoleved neeb evah saedi lareneg hcihw ni syaw tuo gnikees dna gnidaer fo troffe dna krow eht hguorht deniatbo eb ylno nac egdelwonk tahT .tcejbus eht fo egdelwonk nopu tnedneped yltcerid si ,noitubirtnoc wen a gnikam hguorht gnidnatsrednu ecnavda ot hcraeser etaudargtsop rof tnemeriuqer eht taht ,ereh dias si tahw ot setaler swollof hcihw ytilanigiro no noitces ehT

noitubirtnoc wen a gnikaM

.snoitacilbup lanoisacco fo noitcudorp eht ro ,semmargorp ni-pord ,mret-trohs ton dna krow cimedaca evisnetni hguorht deniag yllausu si sthgisni evah dna seiroeht dna saedi tcartsba htiw yalp ,noitamrofni fo stnuoma evissam ylevitingoc eganam ot yticapac dna ytiliba ehT .hcraeser seerged rehgih rof noitaraperp sa reerac cimedaca eht rof snosaer cimedaca dnuos era erehT .tneduts larotcod a fo dednamed egdelwonk htped-ni eht gniriuqca fo dohtem elbailer erom a eb ot ylekil si reerac cimedaca eht ,pihsecitnerppa lautcelletni etairporppa na tuohtiw gnidnats decnavda fo level a hcaer ot elbissop eb thgim ti elihW .noitagitsevni sti rof desu eb nac taht seigo -lodohtem evitanretla eht dna cipot eht fo noisneherpmoc gnitartsnomed snaem sihT .tcejbus eht fo saedi eht yllacitirc esylana ot nigeb dna tuoba yltnerehoc klat ot elba eb ot egdelwonk tcejbus tneic®fus evah yeht lliw siht enod evah yeht nehw ylnO .selbaton tnerruc dna stsiroeht gnidnuof eht fo saedi eht htiw smret ot semoc etaudargrednu eht taht laitnesse si ti ,tcejbus eht fo sc®iceps eht dnatsrednu ot redro nI .enilpicsid eht fo 'selbaton tnerruc` dna 'stsiroeht gnidnuof` eht yllausu ,elpoep rehto fo saedi eht era ,shpargonom dna seigolohtna ,slacidoirep ,slanruoj morf selcitra fo mrof eht ni ylnommoc ,krow etaudargrednu rof ,slairetam war ehT .weiver eht fo stnemele lacinhcet eht eganam ot woh no ecnadiug sedulcni osla 4 xidneppA ;erutaretil a gniweiver

12

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

.hcaorppa eht fo snoitatimil eht fo gnidnatsrednu lacitirc dna raelc wohs ot redro ni cipot eht fo yduts eht ni ro enilpicsid eht ni desu seigolodohtem ssessa ot ytiliba eht etartsnomed osla tsum uoy rehcraeser a sA .egdelwonk elbarefsnart lanosrep laitnesse sa nees eb thgim stsinredomtsop eht ro xraM ,yas ,fo egdelwonk ,slliks ot yaw ralimis a nI .laitnesse si ,yroeht laicos dna yhposolihp ro ,seiroeht dna saedi lacirotsih fo egdelwonK .dlrow ruo fo gnidnatsrednu dna egdelwonk gnipoleved tuoba og ot elbissop si ti woh dna dlrow eht fo erutan eht weiv ot dnet ew hcihw ni syaw eht depahs evah dna troppus taht snoitidart eseht si ti esuaceb si sihT .ygolonemonehp dna msivitisop sa hcus snoitidart lautcelletni rojam eht no erutaretil eht dnuora ylediw daer ot tnatropmi erofereht si tI .atad gnitcelloc rof seuqinhcet dna seigolodohtem hcraeser fo egnar a fo sessenkaew dna shtgnerts evitcepser eht htiw ytirailimaf etelpmoc etartsnomed ot ytiliba eht si hcraeser lla gninniprednu taht ees nac ew siseht eht fo tcepsa lacigolodohtem eht ekat ew fI .seitilibapac lautcelletni dna slliks fo egnar ediw a sdnamed erofereht pihsralohcS .saedi niatrec rof seitilibissop dna snoitac -ilpmi no tce¯er dna ,atad tcelloc ot seuqinhcet dna seigolodohtem ,saedi gnitaulave fo smret ni yllacitirc kniht ot ytiliba eht etartsnomed osla tsum tI .cipot eht no egdelwonk tnerruc fo latot mus eht gnitneserper sa erutaretil siht ees ot deksa gnieb si siseht eht fo redaer ehT .yhpargoilbib a ro smeti etarapes naht erom hcum si tub ,daer dna deniatbo ,detacol ,dehcraes neeb sah tahw fo stsisnoc sweiver lla fo lairetam ehT .gnidaer evisnetxe morf nekat seton fo tnuoma evissam eht fo noisrev nwod detide na si retpahc weiver eht ,yllacipyT .detcepxe dna deriuqer si taht lla revoc ot ecaps trohs yrev a si siht yaw rehtiE .krow laciripme naht weiver regnol a eriuqer ot sdnet krow desab-yroehT .hcraeser eht fo erutan eht no sdneped netfo htgnel lautca eht hguohtla ,siseht s'retsam a ni 02 ot 51 ro ,siseht larotcod a ni sa ,segap 04 ot 03 ylno esirpmoc thgim retpahc weiver ehT .tnemssessa dna yniturcs rof deyalpsid ylluf eb nac seitiliba dna slliks lautcelletni fo level dna ecnalab eht taht noitces siht ni si tI .erutaretil eht fo weiver eht si pihsralohcs setartsulli hcihw siseht eht fo trap yek A .deveihca neeb sah pihsralohcs fo level derised eht taht etartsnomed ot ,mrof etairporppa na ni dna epyt thgir eht fo ,ecnedive hguone edivorp ot sdeen ti nosaer siht roF .hcraeser eht otni enog sah taht troffe dna krow eht fo ecnedive elbignat ylno eht si siseht eht ,reilrae deton evah ew sA pihsralohcs fo level hgih a gnitartsnomeD .coh da naht rehtar citametsys netfo si dna den®ed eb nac ytilanigiro ,yltrohs ees lliw uoy sA .thgisni eht secudorp taht krow fo ytilauq eht si ti ,srettam tahw ton si noitubirtnoc eht fo ezis ehT .suineg a eb ot evah ton od uoy egdelwonk ot noitubirtnoc wen a ekam ot taht ,revewoh ,dezisahpmerevo eb tonnac tI .lanigiro ,spahrep ,dna evitaerc eb ot woh gniwonk sevlovni osla ti ,slairetam fo stnuoma egral dna tluc®fid ezisehtnys ot elba gnieb tuoba ylerem ton si sthgisni wen gnikaM .saedi gnitsixe ni seitilibissop

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

22

eht :edis krad a evah dluoc saedi sih taht dezilaer eh nehw krow sih trohs deppots eH .snoisulcnoc laciteroeht rieht ot saedi sih hguorht gniwollof ni saw tnemeveihca s'nietsniE .gnicneirepxe fo elbapac era su fo tsom gniht -emos ;edosipe llams a saw yenruoj s'nietsniE taht si eton ot tniop ehT .2cm = e noitauqe suomaf sih ecudorp ot hguorht ysatnaf sih wollof ot elba saw nietsniE .yenruoj yranigami na htiw nageb lla ti gniyas yb did eh yaw eht ni ecaps dna emit fo ytivitaler eht tuoba kniht ot emac eh woh debircsed ,elpmaxe rof ,nietsniE .elbatcennoc sa ees yllamron ton dluow uoy taht sgniht gnoma snoitcennoc ekam ot desu si euqinhcet sihT .stnemirepxe yranigami pu ekam ot dna segami latnem htiw yalp ot elba gnieb ot saedi rieht etubirtta nietsniE sa hcus stsiroehT .noitanigami eht ot nier eerf gnivig sevlovni dna saedi deviecnocerp ro snoitibihni yna tuohtiw ,serutcip lausiv gnisu gnikniht ot stnuoma sihT .tluda eht ni dlihc eht gninekawaer ,repap no ro dnim ruoy ni segami htiw yalp dna etaerc ot ytiliba eht si sihT .hcraeser ot tnemele yranigami na si erehT .saedi htiw yalp dna eganam ,tuoba kniht ot woh wonk yeht fi fo elbapac era srehcraeser lla gnihtemos si ti :ytilauq suoiretsym a ton si ytilanigiro taht si rebmemer ot gniht ehT .slaudividni wef a ylno yb dessessop eb ot demussa seitilauq laiceps htiw ytilanigiro setauqe ytilanigiro tuoba gnikniht ot hcaorppa fo dnik siht semitemoS .erofeb gniod tuoba thguoht neve ro ,erofeb enod sah eno on gnihtemos gniod naem ot nekat eb thgim lanigiro gnieB .lanigiro ton si ti tuB .euqinu si nosrep rehtona yb enod krow setacilper taht hcraeser nevE .euqinu yaw nwo sti ni si hcraeser llA .evil ew hcihw ni dlrow eht fo gnidnatsrednu ruo rehtruf spleh taht gnihtemos ,llams woh rettam on ,yaw emos ni dda ot tub ,enod neeb ydaerla sah tahw etacilper ot ton si mia eht hcraeser cimedaca ni esuaceb tnatropmi si sihT .mret eht fo gninaem eht psarg ot eseht esU .ytilanigiro fo snoitin®ed tnereffid eht morf edam eb nac taht snoitaicossa eht fo emos wohs ew )42 .p( 3.1 erugiF nI .ytilanigiro fo tpecnoc eht ot ereh noitnetta ruo nrut ot deen ew ,enod eb nac dna sah siht woh sretpahc retal litnu edisa gnicalP .depoleved eb nac cipot dehsilbatse na fo tnemtaert lanigiro na taht ssecorp gnisucof siht hguorht si tI .cipot a ot sucof evig nac eno erutaretil hcraeser a fo sisylana suorogir a hguorht taht detacidni ydaerla evah eW .erutaretil eht fo sisylana dna hcraes eht fo noitcnuf eht ot detaler ylesolc yrev si ytilanigiro fo noiton ehT ytilanigiro gnitartsnomeD .ekatrednu ot dnetni uoy hcraeser eht rof )tnemugra( esac a poleved uoy woh ees ot detseretni eb lliw redaer ruoy ,ralucitrap nI .gnidaer ruoy morf snoisulcnoc tnednepedni depoleved evah uoy woh dna seiroeht hcus desylana evah uoy woh ees ot gnikool eb lliw )renimaxe lanretxe na( siseht ruoy fo redaer eht ± srehto fo stnemugra eht esylana ot woh wonk ot deen uoy ,oS .erutcurts tnerehoc a ni tnemugra taht tneserp dna yllanoitar eugra ot yticapac eht gnitartsnomed sevlovni tI .gnidnatsrednu ecnavda ot redro ni noitaulave lacitirc ot meht tcejbus ot dna enilpicsid eht ot nommoc saedi dna seiroeht fo egnar a yolpme ot ytiliba ruoy wohs lliw sihT
32

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

dna ygolodohtem sdrawot detneiro si ti ecnis ,stneduts larotcod morf detcepxe eb thgim tahw ot esolc si hguP dna spillihP yb detneserp tsil ehT .erofeb enod neeb ylsuoiverp ton sah taht yaw a ni egdelwonk ot gnidda ;erofeb ta dekool ton evah enilpicsid eht ni elpoep taht saera ta gnikool ;seigolodohtem tnereffid gnisu yb yranilpicsid-ssorc gnieb ;rehtona ot aera eno htiw detaicossa yllausu euqinhcet a gniylppa ;yrtnuoc nwo s'eno ot yrtnuoc rehtona ni enod gnihtemos gniylppa ;erofeb enod neeb ton sah taht sisehtnys wen a gnitaerc ;melborp ro eussi dlo na no raeb ot ecnedive wen gnignirb ;noitaterpretni wen a htiw tub sehcaorppa ro secitcarp ,saedi nwonk ydaerla gnisu ;erofeb enod neeb ton sah taht krow desab yllaciripme gniod 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

:era esehT .lanigiro eb ot snaem ti tahw fo snoitin®ed enin de®itnedi ,hcraeser larotcod fo yduts rieht ni ,)4991( hguP dna spillihP .hcraeser ni lanigiro eb ot woh nrael dna ees ot elba eb thgim ew enod si siht ecnO .edis eno ot decalp eb nac lanigiro eb ot redro ni suineg fo dnik emos eb ot gnivah tuoba sfeileb dna snoiton ,eroferehT .gnidnatsrednu rof yticapac ruoy esaercni lliw uoy ,cipot ruoy ot ygrene erom ylppa uoy sa ,esuaceb elbisneh -erpmocni ro tluc®fid demees ylsuoiverp skeew ro syad wef a tsuj taht sgniht gnidnatsrednu flesruoy dn® netfo lliw uoY .ssecorp gnikniht eht fo trap a sa sedosipe hcus gnivah flesruoy dn® netfo lliw uoY .noitanigami hcraeser eht fo trap laitnesse na era sedosipe hcus taht yas ot tneic®fus si tI .)nietsniE fo taht ot noitautis ralimis a ni sevlesmeht dn® lliw elpoep wef yrev taht wonk ot gnirussaer si ti ( nopaew raelcun a fo tnempoleved ytilanigiro fo snoitin®ed ni snoitaicossa fo paM 3.1 erugiF

weiver erutaretil a gnioD

the result of thought

authentic

new in style, character, substance or form produced using your own faculties originality without copy or imitation not been done

42

.hcraeser ruoy nageb uoy erofeb evah ton did uoy seitiliba lautcel -letni deriuqca dna slliks depoleved evah uoy taht ssenerawa eht morf semoc noitcafsitas taht fo erusaem egral A .erom ro raey a ot pu eb thgim siht etadidnac larotcod ro s'retsam a roF .emit fo doirep a revo weiver eht ta gnikrow morf dah eb nac noitcafsitas fo eerged egral A .troffe lautcelletni hcum oot tuohtiw dna ylkciuq pu gnihtemos gnikconk naht gnidrawer erom raf eb nac tI .tluc®fid oot eb ton deen weiver doog a gnicudorP .srehto fo saedi eht rof tcepser ylralohcs fo kcal a diova ot yrt dna stnemegduj eulav nwo ruoy fo erawa eb dluohs uoy ,weiver a gnikatrednu ro esle enoemos yb nettirw weiver a gnidaer nehW .weiver a fo tniop gnitrats eht demrof ro dedavni evah ot dnuof eb netfo nac seugoloedi dna gnizilarom ,snoinipo ,stnemegduj eulav fo smret ni ytilaitraP .evitacovorp ro gnignellahc ,gnitseretni weiver a ekam nac yeht hguohtla ,weiver roop a rof esucxe ro nosaer ton si siht tuB .rehto ro yaw emos ni laitrap sweiver lla ekam taht eseht sa hcus srotcaf si tI .ecneu¯ni ot tnaw thgim yeht taht redaer a :dnim ni redaer fo dnik ralucitrap a htiw etirw yllausu sreweiveR .redaer ralucitrap a seilpmi reweiver eht fo ytiralucitrap eht ,ecneuqesnoc a sA .detacol si reweiver eht hcihw ni tniopdnats lacigoloedi ro noitacov ,thguoht fo loohcs eht morf setanigiro netfo evitcepsrep sihT .reweiver eht fo tniopdnats ro evitcepsrep ralucitrap a morf nettirw era ,cipot eht fo evitcepserri ,sweiver llA .weiver tcefrep eht sa gniht hcus on si erehT

NOISULCNOC
.egdelwonk tcejbus a fo gnidnatsrednu na sah ydaerla tneduts eht semussa tI .pihsralohcs

52

hcraeser ni weiver erutaretil ehT

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The Role of Effective Communication in Managing Information Technology Projects

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