...Purchasing power parity dates back several centuries but was actually introduced after World War 1. Before the war, gold standards were used but after the war it was difficult to continue this way because speculators were afraid countries would ask for high revenues after devaluing their currencies. Therefore, Cassel developed Purchasing Power Parity during the international policy debate when they were discussing about the nominal exchange rates and what the appropriate level would be. Gustav Cassel has created the modern definition of purchasing power parity; ‘When measured in the same unit, the monies of different countries should have the same purchasing power and command the same basket of goods.’ In simpler terms it means, that in its absolute version, when expressed in a common currency the price levels should be equal worldwide. The theory is developed from the law of one price. The law of one price is the main building block of purchasing power parity. ‘The law states that once converted to a common currency, the same good should sell for the same price in different countries’ (Mkenda 2001 pg 6). That is for any good: P* = SP** Where; P* is the domestic price of the good P** is the foreign price for the good S is the domestic nominal exchange rate. (Mkenda 2001 pg 6-7). Under the law of one price it assumes that the there is perfect competition, hence no transportation costs, trade barriers or tariffs. Purely free trade, which makes the price of goods in...
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...Purchasing Power Parity Purchasing power Parity (PPP), is called relative purchasing power index which is according to different countries pricing level to calculate out an equivalent index value for different currencies. It helps able to compare the GDP of counties from the economics view, although there is a great difference between theoretical exchange rate and the actual exchange rate. The unit for the PPP theory is international dollar (Intl. $) or international currency unit (ICU). The PPP is dollar-based, that the purchasing power of $ 1 in the United States as a reference base. It is an international purchasing power of the dollar is equal to $ 1 in the United States. In many cases, the direct use US dollar as PPP index. The theory...
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...world. P. 660. 2. The International Flows of Goods and Capital a. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, and Net Exports i. Exports are goods and services that are produced domestically and sold abroad. P. 660. ii. Imports are goods and services that are produced abroad and sold domestically. P. 660. iii. Net exports are the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports, also called the trade balance. P. 660. iv. Trade balance is the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports, also called net exports. P. 660. v. Trade surplus is an excess of exports over imports. P. 660. vi. Trade deficit is an excess of imports over exports. P. 661. vii. Balanced trade is a situation in which exports equal imports. P. 661. b. Case Study: The Increasing Openness of the U.S. Economy, P. 661. i. Over the last 50 years, both exports and imports as a share of GDP have more than doubled due to improvements in (1) transportation, (2) telecommunications, (3) technological progress and (4) the movement toward freer trade. ii. Figure 1: The Internationalization of the U.S. Economy. P. 661. iii. In the News: The Changing Nature of US Exports, P. 662. c. The Flow of Financial Resources: Net Capital Outflow i. Net Capital Outflow (NCO) is the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners. P. 664. ii. The flow of capital abroad takes two...
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...Seminar Financial Risk Management 20011-2012 Erasmus University Testing the validity of Purchasing Power Parity: In time series and panel analysis using CPI, TPI and PPI. Supervisor: Everaert Gerdie Leonora Jean-Timothy Marsoufandis-Balomenos Nikolaos Venieris Michael February 10th, 2012 319006 356941 354890 Abstract The examination of the Purchasing power parity theory with reference to 22 (invluding the U.S) countries is the prime objective of the paper. Consumer price index (CPI), whole sale price/producer price index (PPI), traded price index (TPI) and nominal exchange rate are the variables which were investigated in this study for the period 1957Q1-1998Q4, on the basis of the mean reversion hypothesis. Engle-Granger co-integration and Unit root tests have been employed to both of variables and estimated residuals of the sample in order to test the purchasing power parity. Keywords: Purchasing Power Parity, unit-root and co-integration. Content 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….….3 2. Literature review………………………………………………………….….4 3. Data……………………………………………………………………………7 4. Methodology………………………………………………………………….8 5. Empirical results………………………………………………………..…....11 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. Unit-root and cointegration results(CPI)……………………………....11 Unit-root and co-integration results(TPI)……………………………..15 Unit-root and co-integration results(PPI)……………………………..16 Half-life deviations from PPP…………………………………………..17 Forecast performance…………………………………………………...20 6....
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...Dollar Exchange Rates Johan Floyd Omoso Boles 173812 International Christian University International Finance Heather A. Montgomery Abstract: This study finds the purchasing power parity (PPP) model of exchange rates to explain movements in the yen-dollar exchange rate over the long run of twenty two years. The results show that this theory does not necessarily provide a satisfactory explanation of the behavior of exchange rates. However, as the exchange rates became flexible again in recent years, the theory has become more applicable. Does the PPP model exactly indicate that changes in price levels could bring about changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate? 1. Introduction “As for all that bold talk from Tokyo: as FT Alphaville earlier remarked, citing a Wednesday note from Nomura’s rates team, central banks ‘just don’t seem to be getting the same, err, market bang for their buck as they used to’ ” (The Financial Times, August 25, 2010). Apparently, Japan’s effort to push its yen to appreciate a long time ago did not seem to get a huge market response. Nowadays, the situation is not getting any better despite the struggles of the Central Bank of Japan to stabilize the growth of its currency. Acknowledging this scenario, the researcher would like to talk about the influence of the PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) model to argue if changes in price levels could bring about changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. Below is the yen-dollar exchange rates movements from...
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...la República* Abstract This study develops three exchange rate models as well as a simple statistical model defined as a random walk with a variable drift. The exchange rate models all use the purchasing power parity hypothesis to account for the long-term relationships between prices and the exchange rate, together with error correction models to represent any shortterm dynamics. The models are estimated for the USD/COP rate of exchange, and their forecast performance is compared to that of a simple random walk as well as to that of the random walk with a variable drift term. Two of the models are shown to outperform the simple random walk on the 12 and 24-months forecasting horizon. However, all the models are outperformed by the random walk with a variable drift, where the drift term is estimated using a Kalman filter. The results suggest that fundamental models might only be a useful tool for forecasting of the exchange rate in the very long run. The opinions expressed here are those of the author and not necessarily of the Banco de la República, the Colombian Central Bank, nor of its Board of Directors. I express my thanks to Luis Eduardo Arango, Javier Gómez, and Luis Fernando Melo for helpful comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are my own. * Contents 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 Introduction Exchange Rate Models A Random Walk with a Variable Drift The Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis The Scandinavian Model...
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...ASSIGNMENT TWO | Research on the currency of Bangladesh | | GROUP MEMBERS:IFTESHAM ARA JAHAN 082604030FARIHA NOWSHIN HAQUE 1020276030MINHAZUR RAHMAN 081314030MUSA HABIB KISHAN 0930442030NUSRAT MINALLAH SHOSHI 0910283030SIDRATUL MUNTAHA KHAN 0920517530 | Table of Contents Analysis of Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) against US Dollar($) 3 Factors that influences BDT 5 Analysis of Macroeconomic variables 7 Income level 7 Fig: Income receipts of Bangladesh from 2005-2012in US dollar 8 Income payments (US dollar) in Bangladesh 8 Effects of inflation on income 9 Effects of interest rates on income level: 11 Theory of Interest Rate Parity and BDT 12 Theory of Purchasing Power Parity 14 Theory of International Fisher Effect against BDT 16 Regulations on foreign currency transfers/remittances 16 Analysis of investment opportunity for US-based MNC 17 Analysis of Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) against US Dollar ($) Exchange rates play a vital role in a country's level of trade. This is critical to almost every free market-oriented economy in the world. Numerous factors such as inflation, interest rates, current-account/trade balance, public (government) debt and political environment determine exchange rates and all are related to the trading relationship between any two countries. The exchange rate, measured as a number of units of local currency per unit of foreign currency, is the price of the...
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...Assignment on “Meet the BRIC” Case Study | ITB 301Section: 3Spring 2012Submitted to:Salma AkterLecturerDepartment of Business Administration.East West University, Dhaka.Submitted byArafat Rauf2009-2-10-345Date of Submission: 28th March 2012 | Letter of Transmittal March 28, 2012 Salma Akter, Senior lecturer East West University Subject: Submission of Assignment on “Meet the BRIC” case study Dear Madam, I have prepared an Assignment on “Meet the BRIC” case study. It was an energizing experience throughout the semester and preparing this assignment further enhanced my insight about International Business. I hope that this report fulfils your requirements and your feedback is very much necessary to overcome my faults and lacking. This will help me in my entire life. It is my pleasure to carry out this assignment under your supervision. I would like to request you to accept my report for further assessment and I will be available to answer any question for clarification. Thank you for your sincere support. Yours sincerely, Arafat Rauf 2009-2-10-345 Table of contents Title | Page number | - BRIC | 4 | Economic growth of BRIC | 7 | Question 1: Map the proposed sequence of the evolution of the economy of the BRIC’s. What indicators might companies monitor to guide their investments and organize their local market operations? | 8 | Question 2: What are the implications of the emergence of the BRICs for careers and companies in your country? | 8...
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...transaction requires the use of foreign purchasing power i.e. foreign currency. The foreign exchange market facilitates such transactions by performing number of functions. Definitions of Foreign Exchange Market According to Paul Einzig, "The foreign exchange market is the system in which the conversion of one national currency in to another takes place with transferring money from one country to another." According to Kindleberger, "It is place where foreign moneys are bought and sold." In simple words, the foreign exchange market is a market in which national currencies are bought and sold against one another. There are large numbers of foreign transactions such as buying goods abroad, visiting foreign country for any purpose. Corresponding nation in whose currency the transaction is to be fulfilled. The foreign exchange market provides the foreign currency against any national currency. However, it is to be understood that unlike other markets, this market is not restricted to any particular country or any geographic area. There are large numbers of dealers' instruments such as exchange bills, bank drafts, telegraphic transfers (TT), etc. There are certain other dealers such as brokers, acceptance houses as well as the central bank and treasury of the nation. Functions of Foreign Exchange Market a) Transfer Function: As mentioned above, the foreign exchange markets are exchange markets engaged in transferring the purchasing power between two nations and two currencies...
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...Benchmarking the incidence of strategic management accounting in Slovenia Introduction The purpose of this research is to benchmark the degree which large companies in Slovenia apply strategic management accounting. This research conducted by Simon Cadez from Department of Accounting and Auditing, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia and Chris Guilding from Service Industry Research Centre, Griffith university, Queensland, Australia. This research is on 2007 at Slovenia. Before this research Guilding have done his research on United Kingdom, New Zealand and United States America. His study represented the first to provide an international comparison, which large companies are applying Strategic Management Accounting practices. This study extends Guilding work by benchmarking the degree of strategic management accounting adoption in Slovenia relative to Australia. Benchmarking is a measurement of the quality of an organizations policies, products, programs, strategies and their comparison with standard measurement, or similar measurements of it peers. The objectives of benchmarking are to determine what and where improvements are called for, to analyze how other organizations achieve their high performance levels, and to use this information to improve performance. Slovenia is a former socialist country that began the process of transition to a market economy in the early 1990’s after gaining independent from Yugoslavia. Slovenia is widely noted as a role...
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...exchange market develops where national currencies can be exchanged. Such markets serve the need of all international buyers and sellers. The equilibrium prices in these markets are called exchange rates. An exchange rate is the rate at which the currency of one nation is exchanged for the currency of another. The foreign exchange market is the financial relationship between countries that makes it possible for international trade to be accomplished more efficiently than barter. Because each nation uses its own monetary unit, people in one country who want to purchase something in another country must exchange their own currency for the other to accommodate the transaction. Many travelers will research foreign exchange rates before purchasing cheap airline tickets or other means of travel to other countries. Depending on the destination, some travelers can benefit greatly from exchanging currencies .The foreign exchange market is where one nation's currency is traded for another. On any given day approximately $1.5 trillion in foreign exchange is traded. By any standard, that's a lot. The figure dwarfs the value of daily global stock trading, it is almost 20% of the United States GDP and nearly the size of the U.S. federal budget for an entire fiscal year. Contrary to what many people think, most foreign exchange trading is not in...
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...countries. ◆ Briefly explain the following terms: international monetary system, exchange rate, spot exchange rate, forward exchange rate, fixed exchange rate, floating exchange rate, devaluation/revaluation of a currency, depreciation/appreciation of a currency, soft currency, and hard currency. ◆ Identify the different types of exchange rate systems. ◆ Distinguish between direct and indirect quotations, and American and European term quotations, and calculate cross rates between any two currencies. ◆ Differentiate between spot and forward rates, and explain what it means for a forward currency to sell at a discount or premium. ◆ Briefly explain the concept of interest rate parity and write the corresponding equation. ◆ Briefly explain the concept of purchasing power parity and write the corresponding equation. ◆ Explain the implications of relative inflation rates, or rates of inflation in foreign countries compared with that in the home country, on interest rates, exchange rates, and on multinational financial decisions. ◆ Distinguish between foreign portfolio investments and direct investments, and briefly explain the following terms: Eurocredits, Eurodollar, Eurobonds, and foreign bonds. ◆ Explain why new issues of stock are sold in international markets. ◆ Identify some key differences in capital budgeting as applied to foreign versus domestic operations including the following terms: repatriation of earnings, exchange rate...
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...1.1 Derivatives 2 1.1.2 Foreign Currency Exposure of a Commercial Bank 3 1.1.3 Effect of derivatives on foreign exchange exposure 5 1.1.4 Commercial Banks in Kenya 6 1.2 Research Problem 7 1.3 Objectives of the Study 8 1.4 Value of the Study 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Theoretical review 10 2.3 Foreign Exchange Risk Management 13 2.6 Empirical Review 18 2.6 Summary of Literature review 19 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 Research Design 20 3.3 Study Population 20 3.4 Data Collection Procedures 20 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 20 REFERENCES 22 APPENDICES 26 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CBK – Central Bank of Kenya ERV - Exchange rate volatility FOREX – Foreign Exchange FX – Foreign Exchange IFE – International Fisher Effect IFX - Income from foreign currencies as a percentage of total income IRP – Interest Rate Parity MST – Market Segmentation Theory NA - Net Assets NFXNA - Net Foreign Currency Exposure Relative to Net Assets NFX - Net Foreign Currency Exposure NSE – Nairobi Securities Exchange OS - Ownership Status or Nature of Ownership PPP – Purchasing Power Parity CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The traditional role for commercial banks has been perceived to be the reduction of transactions costs and the provision of information. However, given the technological, information...
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...Chapter 27 Multinational Financial Management ANSWERS TO BEGINNING-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS Most of the questions are illustrated in the BOC spreadsheet model. 27-1 A purely domestic firm does not have to deal with exchange rates, different laws in different countries, transferring funds between subsidiaries in different countries, having to communicate in different languages, and so forth. All of these factors create complications and challenges for multinational firms. In spite of these challenges, there is a strong trend among corporations to “go global.” The primary motivation is profit—many firms can increase their rates of return on investment, and their stock prices, by going global. Some do it primarily to get raw materials; oil companies are an example. Others go global to expand their markets, which helps them cover huge development costs; this is true for producers of movies like Lord of the Rings. Others go global because production costs are lower overseas; this is true for most electronics firms. Still others buy from foreign suppliers; Wal-Mart and Nike are examples. Finally, banks, accounting firms, and other service companies are going global because their customers are doing so, and they must follow their customers or lose them. 27-2 (See the BOC model for data and examples of exchange rates.) From a U.S. perspective, an exchange rate tells us: a. Direct quotation: Number of dollars required to buy one unit of a foreign...
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...Volatile Exchange In the Global Market Discuss and explain the functions of the foreign exchange market. The role of the foreign exchange market in international business and how it impacts a country's ability to do business is simple: It keeps the money flowing around the world. The foreign exchange (FOREX) market provides a place for nations to purchase, borrow, or sell their own currency to members of other nations. What the FOREX do in this regard is provide the resources for countries to make payments and transfer funds across borders, and provides purchasing power from one currency to another. These provisions make valuations of currency available to determine one of the greatest functions of the FOREX, the exchange rate. (Hill, 2011) The exchange rate is a price determined by the number of units of one nation's currency that must be surrendered in order to acquire one unit of another nation's currency. The exchange rate between two currencies is dependent upon official or private participants to buy and sell its currency to maintain an authorized pegged rate. The exchange rates in FOREX are set then by the market and not by governments. Even with these determinations, the biggest player in defining the exchange rates rely on supply and demand of American goods and currency. International business relies directly on the functionality of the FOREX. In addition to international business, citizens traveling to foreign nations have to rely on a standard in which...
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