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Real Estate Price Structure

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Submitted By simonTSE
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Aix Marseille School of economics

Etude de la structure des prix immobiliers

Projet 1 économetrie

Novembre 2013

Thibault Lelarge -­‐ Simon Leymarie

Les phénomènes se rapportant au marché immobilier d’une ville ou d’un pays sont des phénomènes très interressants à étudier puisque le marché immobilier reflète généralement la santé globale de l’économie.

Dans ce rapport, nous allons étudier la formation des prix immobiliers dans la ville de Lyon, en essayant de construire un modèle économetrique explicatif de ce phénomène. Notre approche sera progressive et s’axera sur trois types de facteurs: les caractéristiques intrinsèques du bien, sa localisation, et enfin les effets de la conjoncture économique.

Nous expliciterons aussi bien les details techniques de notre explication (en italique) que l’interprétation des résultats, de fait qu’un lecteur non initié aux méthodes économétriques puisse lire ce rapport sans perdre le sens global de l’explication.

Nos explications s’appuient sur une base de données regroupant de nombreuses informations sur 20797 ventes immobilières survenues entre 2000 et 2008, permettant ainsi de justifier nos résultats statistiquement.

Caractéristiques intrinsèques du bien

Nous commençons notre explication en étudiant les liens entre le prix de vente du bien et ses caractéristiques ainsi que la nature du bien en lui même, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs. Pour cela nous disposons de plusieurs variables se référant aux caractéristiques des biens.

Pour donner les premiers éléments d’explication, nous expliquons le prix du bien immobilier (p_ht) par la taille du bien en m2 (b_shab), qui semble etre la plus importante dans la formation du prix.

Pour ce faire, nous construisons une regréssion linéaire simple tel que :

P_ht= α+β1*b_shab+ε (1)

Lecture: Une augmentation d’un mètre carré, entraine une augmentation de 2273,34€ du prix du bien.

Ce modèle est un modèle simplifié, et les résultats donnés ne sont pas

complets (modèle biaisé par omission de variables explicatives, et/ou influence implicite d’autres variables sur la variable b_shab). Les coefficients sont donc inutilisables. Mais il reste néanmoins très intéressant dans le sens où on remarque qu’il explique 61% (R2=0,61114) des variations du prix. On peut donc dire que la surface habitable et ses relations implicites avec d’autres variables explicatives jouent un rôle très important dans la formation des prix immobiliers.

Afin d’affiner notre explication, nous introduisons désormais, en plus de la surface habitable, le nombre de pièces (b_np), le nombre de salle de bain (b_ndsb) et l’étage(b_nniv). Nous construisons donc une régression lineaire multiple :

P_ht= α+β1*b_shab+β2*b_np+β3*b_ndsb+β4*b_nniv+ε (2)

Lecture: L’ajout d’une salle de bain, entraîne une augmentation de 19569€ du prix du bien.

Remarque technique: Tous les coefficients sont significatifs avec un risque de première espèce de 1% selon les test de Student sauf la variable étage qui l’est au risque de première espèce de 5%.

-­‐ Grâce aux tests de student, on voit que tous les coefficients participent à l’explication de la formation des prix.

-­‐ En étudiant chaque coefficient, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, on observe que trois variables (surface habitable, nombre de salle de bains et niveau de l’appartement) ont effet positif sur le prix d’un bien.

Cependant, on remarque que le nombre de pièces a un impact négatif, ce qui est contre intuitif. On décèle donc une corrélation entre le nombre de pièces et au moins une des autres variables. Cette lecture ceteris paribus, peut nous permettre de déduire que, généralement, les habitants préfèrent les grandes pièces aux petites. -­‐ On remarque aussi que la capacité d’explication du modèle (2) est quasiment la même que celle du modèle (1) (R2=0,614). On en déduit donc que les variables ajoutées n’entrainent pas une hausse du pouvoir explicatif du modèle. Elles sont donc implicitement liées à la surface habitable.

Pour éclaircir les relations sous jacentes entre les variables, on teste à présent la relation de la surface habitable avec les autres, en enlevant b_shab du modèle.

P_ht=α+β1*b_np+β2*b_ndsb+β3*b_nniv+ε (3)

Lecture: une pièce supplémentaire entraine une augmentation de prix de 41202,8€.

Remarque : Le coefficient b_nniv n’est pas significatif selon le test de student.

En enlevant la variable surface habitable de l’équation on remarque que le nombre de pièce devient fonction croissante du prix (Biais à la hausse). On en deduis donc que la surface habitable et le nombre de pièces sont corrêlées. De même pour le nombre de salle de bain, où le coefficient augmente fortement. Les coefficients de ce modèle sont donc inutilisables (modèle fortement biaisé), mais il nous permet de d’éclairir les relations entre les variables.

Il nous permet aussi de comprendre qu’une lecture ceteris paribus du modèle (2) n’est pas appropriée. En effet, une augmentation du nombre de pièce ou du nombre de salle de bain, va généralement augmenté la surface habitable.

Enfin, on remarque que le pouvoir explicatif du modèle a fortement chuté (R2=0,4384), ce qui nous prouve que la surface habitable est une variable très importante dans la structure du prix.

Grâce aux trois premiers modèles, on remarque que l’étage ou se situe le bien influe faiblement sur l’élaboration du prix du bien. Cependant, il est important de tout prendre en compte. De plus, intuitivement, on peut penser que l’étage et le nombre de pièces ont un effet non linéaire sur le prix du bien. Pour tester cette hypothèse, on introduit les variables (b_nniv)2 et (b_np)2 dans le modèle (2).

P_ht=α+β1*b_shab+β2*b_np+β3*b_ndsb+β4*b_nniv+β5*sq_b_nniv+β6*sq_b_np +ε (4)

Remarque: Les variables sq_b_nniv, b_nniv, b_np et sq_b_np sont significatives selon les tests de Students, avec unrisque de première espèce de 1%.

On remarque que le facteur “étage” devient significatif dès lors que l’on introduit son effet non linéaire. On peut interpreter le fait que b_nniv>0 et sq_b_nniv

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