...Title: “The Role of Health Promotion in Reducing/Eradicating Non-Income Poverty amongst the Rural Population in Developing Countries” Introduction Health and Poverty are emerging global issues at the front of development debates, discussions and initiatives. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (UNDP, 2013), brings to the global agenda an urging need that deserves proactive global attention if lives will be saved. Non income poverty happens when people may have a little bit of money but otherwise the quality of their life is not good. They do not have access to affordable social and physical services like schooling, health care, medications, safe water, good sanitation, good transport etc., and they may not feel safe in their homes either because they cannot trust the authorities or because they belong to some particularly vulnerable group The first MDG goal directly stresses out the significance of poverty while goals 4, 5 & 6 relate to health. The rest focus more on the socio-environmental, economic and political issues that largely determine the population’s ill-health and wellbeing. Hence it is inevitable that poverty and health are globalised issues with greater local impacts that both must be addressed well using integrated approaches if quality health outcomes need to be achieved. The concept of health promotion in particular provides the overarching framework to practically address health inequalities and inequities that are determined by the broader...
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...A CASE OF POVERTY IN KENYA INTRODUCTION MEANING OF POVERTY The synonyms of poverty can be said to be beggary, indigence, neediness, hardship, a state of being extremely poor inferior in quality and in amount or the scarcity and deficiency, shortages, absence or lack more in amount. Therefore is a condition where people’s basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. Poverty is generally of two types i.e. absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is synonymous with destitution and occur when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition) to support a minimum level of physical health. It also includes deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. The graph below shows the proportion of the world population in extreme poverty between 1981-2008 according to the World Bank . Relative poverty occur when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by the government (enjoyed by the bulk of the population that vary from country to country or within the same country. 1964, in a joint committee, economic presidents’ report in US, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty, ‘no objective definition of poverty exists… The definition varies from place to place and time to time. Different people and organizations view poverty differently. For example, Adam Smith in 1776 in Wealth...
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...Increased Poverty Although the concept of globalization is very recent, it has existed throughout the history. Globalization began to take greater height from the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago in England which was the most developed countries in the world. Technological and political changes have changed the meaning of globalization. Today, the term globalization is defined as “the process enabling financial and investment markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and improved communications. It is the social, political and economic integration that comes with the increased flow of trade, people, capital, and ideas” (Steger). The purpose of this essay is to show how globalization has increased poverty and affected some countries and people’s lives. While many people argue that globalization has reduced poverty; others, has disagree because there are facts that show clearly how the rate of poverty has increased. According to Sachs, Professor of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University, poverty is the result of “low productivity per worker, which reflects poor health, lack of job-market skills, patchiness of infrastructure (roads, power plants, utility lines, shipping ports), and chronic malnutrition” (Sachs). In many countries, the economic situation is going from bad to worse. Poverty has been rising steadily “from 21% in 1984 to 40% in 2002” (Nissanke). Sachs said that every day more than 20 000 die of dire poverty, for want...
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...Sustainable Microentrepreneurship: The Roles of Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Reducing Poverty in Developing Countries GUY VINCENT CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE RELATIONASHIPS BETWEEN MICROFINANCE, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 2.1. THE ROLE OF MICROFINANCE IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 2.2. THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 2.3. THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABILITY IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 3. SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES OF MICROFINANCE, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MICROFINANCE IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 4. EFFECTS OF SUSTAINABLE MICROENTREPRENUERSHIP ON LDCS 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION About 90 percent of the people in developing countries lack access to financial services from institutions, either for credit or savings1, which further fuels the “Vicious Cycle of Poverty” (refer to Fig. 1). If the people of LDCs have a limited capacity to invest in capital, productivity is restricted, incomes are inhibited, domestic savings remain low, and again, any increases in productivity are prevented. A lack of access to financial institutions also hinders the ability for entrepreneurs in LDCs to engage in new business ventures, inhibiting economic growth, and often, the sources and consequences of entrepreneurial activities are neither financially nor environmentally sustainable (existing for continuing future use). Microfinance serves as a means to empower the poor, and provides a...
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...Health Inquiry, Global Health Inequities Introduction: The Millennium Development Goals (or MDG) are a set of 8 goals set by the world’s nations in hope of reducing poverty by 2015. These 8 goals address poverty, education, equality, disease and the environment. Each goal has a targets and indicators we are aiming to achieve by 2015. The purpose of this report is to report on the history, objectives and constitution of the MDG’s and the success and effectiveness of the MDGs. History of MDGs: In the 1990’s the United Nation (UN) member states went through a historically extraordinary UN press conference process. This conference was aimed at building consensus on development priorities for the 21st century. However, at the end of the 1990’s the governments of the conference experienced conference fatigue and feared the process launched by the conferences was losing steam. In September 2000 in New York there was a large gathering of world leaders called the Millennium Summit. This was the largest gathering of world leaders in history including 189 UN member-states. At the Millennium Summit the United Nation Millennium Declaration was adopted as a result of a series of global conferences held during the 1990’s. The UN saw the Millennium Summit as an opportunity to bring back the development of priorities for the 21st century. It was at this Millennium Summit that the Millennium Declaration set in motion a global partnership and was signed by 147 heads of states....
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...and what’s different in poverty reduction?” would have brought a set of answers different from those that one would give today. Despite the Asian financial and economic crisis, positive new developments within the last two years suggest promising possibilities for poverty reduction and poverty elimination. Poverty Reduction before the Asian Financial and Economic Crisis Three new elements stand out in the approach to poverty reduction in the 1990s. First, there was a new optimism in the mid-1990s over the prospects for rapid reduction of poverty in developing countries. The Human Development Report (HDR) for 1997, which focused on poverty, amply demonstrates this. It showed that the incidence of poverty had fallen more in the last 50 years than in the previous 500 years. Indicators of human development highlighted significant advances in most countries of the world, including countries that had experienced long periods of economic difficulty. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and some 14 other countries, with a population totaling 1.5 billion people, had shown astonishing drops in poverty in less than 20 years. Ten more countries with almost another billion people reduced the proportion of their populations below the poverty line by a quarter or more. All this set the stage for optimism regarding prospects in the rest of the world, with many Asian countries leading the way. Second, there was a new commitment to reducing and eventually eliminating poverty. At the World Summit for...
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...our life and the whole ecosystem. This climate change affects atmospheric and ocean circulations and brings many hazards to the earth, such as widespread drought, flood and tsunami. As we considered climate change, we need consider the common good for all the humans on the earth. The common good refers to the total living conditions which can enable individuals to get the achievement which enables people to achieve humanity (google), whereas climate change is a serious issue that is eliminating human living resouces in many aspects. As we mentioned above, climate change can cause many negative effects, such as ecosystem disruption will lead to increasing of poverty. The refugees have to migrate from their host country because of the environmental catastrophe. This migration may contribute new issues to the other countries. So it is an initiate problem should be considered because it threatens our life. The common emphasis good for everyone,...
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...problem: Facts, figures and statistics • In the Asian, African and Latin American countries, well over 500 million people are living in what the World Bank has called "absolute poverty" • Every year 15 million children die of hunger • For the price of one missile, a school full of hungry children could eat lunch every day for 5 years • Throughout the 1990's more than 100 million children will die from illness and starvation. Those 100 million deaths could be prevented for the price of ten Stealth bombers, or what the world spends on its military in two days! • The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world is well-fed, one-third is under-fed one-third is starving- Since you've entered this site at least 200 people have died of starvation. Over 4 million will die this year. • One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished, including 160 million children under the age of 5. United Nations Food and Agriculture • The Indian subcontinent has nearly half the world's hungry people. Africa and the rest of Asia together have approximately 40%, and the remaining hungry people are found in Latin America and other parts of the world. Hunger in Global Economy • Nearly one in four people, 1.3 billion - a majority of humanity - live on less than $1 per day, while the world's 358 billionaires have assets exceeding the combined annual incomes of countries with 45 percent of the world's people. UNICEF • 3 billion people in the world...
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...ESSAY Role of poverty benchmark as a component of equity and redistribution policy TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. Absolute Poverty 3 3. Relative Poverty 4 4. Re-distribution of Income – Role of Poverty Benchmark in it 5 5.1 Education Policies 5 5.2 Taxation and Transfers 6 5.3 Minimum Wages 7 5. Drawbacks in using Poverty Benchmark for Redistribution Policies 7 6. Should Governments Focus on inequality? Or Poverty? My Reflections 8 7. Conclusions 9 8. Bibliography 9 Role of Poverty Benchmark as a component of Equity and Re-distribution Policy 1. Introduction How do you define poverty? It is a complex phenomenon influenced many factors. So there are many different ways to describe it. In general terms, idea of poverty is that if you can’t afford basic needs, you are poor. Yet, identifying such basic needs is bit complicated. Normally those are identified as items related to food, clothing and shelter. However, Amartya Sen (1983) states that basic needs are best understood capabilities such as to be free from decease, to travel; transportation, to be educated; schooling. Marshall Sahlins (1974) argues that poverty is a social status. When benchmarking poverty, there are two main classifications. Those are Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty. Both of these types are based on income of the people rather than other social factors. ...
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...Do international labour standards help in eliminating poverty in developing countries? Firstly, I will define International Labour Organisation. In my understanding ILO is an organisation which promotes equal opportunities for women and men at work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. Its main aims are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, develop social protection and strengthen work-related issues. Also I will look into statements which promote International Labour Organisation and the way it works. Additionally, I will give some examples of developing countries and International Labour Organisation role in those countries. The ILO is the international organization responsible for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards. It is the only 'tripartite' United Nations agency that brings together representatives of governments, employers and workers and promoting decent work for all. This unique arrangement gives the ILO ability to understand the 'real world' knowledge about employment and work. International labour standards have grown into a comprehensive system of instruments on work and social policy, backed by a supervisory system which is designed to address all sort of problems in their application at the national level. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is dedicated to promoting social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights, following its founding mission that labour...
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...[Type the company name] Senior-Economics National Development of Third World Countries [Type the company name] Senior-Economics National Development of Third World Countries In this world, the average person in some countries earns more than $40,000/year. In this same rich world, 28 billion people live on less than $700 a year. As a result, 33 thousand children are dying every day in developing countries. Each minute, more than one woman dies during child birth. Hundred million children, most of them girls, are out of school due to poverty. The term ‘Third world’ is a label that describes the states that are considered to have under-developed standards concerning their economy, standards of living, health, education, globalization, or other factors of improvement. They have major common characteristics that are: their capita incomes are low, this poverty leads to shorter life expectancies, higher rates of infant mortality, lower levels of education, and higher levels of population that are engaged in agriculture. Moreover, their exports are from the primary sector and they have low growth rate of income and low levels of productivity. They also have high levels of population growth rate. In addition to one common political situation; most of the third world countries were colonies of the former powers of Europe and Asia. Most of the newly independent countries aimed for two objectives: Development and Independence. In general, development means the enhancement...
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...our life and the whole ecosystem. This climate change affects atmospheric and ocean circulations and brings many hazards to the earth, such as widespread drought, flood and tsunami. As we considered climate change, we need consider the common good for all the humans on the earth. The common good refers to the total living conditions which can enable individuals to get the achievement which enables people to achieve humanity (google), whereas climate change is a serious issue that is eliminating human living resouces in many aspects. As we mentioned above, climate change can cause many negative effects, such as ecosystem disruption will lead to increasing of poverty. The refugees have to migrate from their host country because of the environmental catastrophe. This migration may contribute new issues to the other countries. So it is an initiate problem should be considered because it threatens our life. The common emphasis good for everyone,...
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...Entrepreneurship and Poverty Alleviation: An Empirical Study Nawal Meraj Syeda Ayesha Sadruddin Rahat Shams Business Ethics Dr. Muhammad Asim 11th May, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would also like to thank our colleagues from New York University, Abu Dhabi, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper. We would also like to show our highest gratitude to the Dr. Muhammad Asim for sharing his pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this research and guiding us throughout the course work. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 Keywords Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.0 INTRODUCION 2 2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKAND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2 2.1 Concept of Poverty 2 2.2 Concept of Entrepreneurship 2 2.3 GDP Growth and Poverty Reduction 2 2.4 Strategies for Reducing Poverty through Entrepreneurship 2 2.5 Relieving Poverty through Entrepreneurship Education 2 3.0 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 2 4.0 EMPIRICAL REVIEWS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION 2 5.0 CONCLUSION 2 6.0 FUTURE RESEARCH 2 REFERENCES 2 ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is a real wellspring of riches and employment creation, financial and mechanical development and an indication of social change. Entrepreneurs have intermittently acquired a place in the discussions of drivers of economic development. Over the world, countries that made entrepreneurship...
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...trade may not be a panacea for development as important questions surrounding how free trade really is and the harm trade can cause to domestic infant industries come into play. Contents [hide] * 1 Overview * 2 Agriculture * 3 Market access * 3.1 Market access to developed countries * 3.1.1 Barriers to trade * 3.1.2 Producer support * 3.1.3 Lack of capacity * 3.2 Market access to developing countries * 4 Market access is vital, but not enough * 4.1 Support for agricultural production * 4.2 Support for participation in trade and the global economy * 5 World Trade Organization negotiations * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 Further reading * 9 External links Overview[edit] The current consensus is that trade, development, and poverty reduction are intimately linked. Sustained strong growth over longer periods is strongly associated with poverty reduction, while trade and growth are strongly linked. Countries that develop invariably increase their integration with the global economy, while export-led growth has been a key part of many countries’ successful development strategies. Continents, countries and sectors that have not developed and remain largely poor have comparative advantage in three main areas: * natural resource exploitation, i.e. running down of natural capital such as rain forest timber; * low-education labor-intensive manufacturing, due to high population densities...
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...trade liberalization in agriculture, particularly of developing countries, have become an important part of major studies in recent years after a decade of failed or unsafisfactory WTO negotiations. The trade talks launched at Doha, Qatar, in November of 2001, are considered to be the first of nine negotiating rounds to address the “needs and the interests” of developing countries (Elliott, 2007, p. 1). There have been many attempts to reach an agreement between countries on agricultural liberalization. The failure to reacha solution still persists, however, as was seen at the “Battle in Seattle”, in November of 1999 where strong anti-WTO sentiment took to the streets in mass protests. (Fabiosa, 2008, p. 1). This anti-trade stance asks the fundamental question whether agricultural trade liberalization is beneficial to developing countries or not. The growth of globalization creates interdependence among countries and increases the capacity of the economy of the countries to engage in international trade. Trade liberalization in agriculture has significant benefits to individuals who devote their lives to agriculture, mainly small farmers from developing countries. This idea would also promote economic growth in these countries. In order to make trade liberalization in agriculture an ideal concept, there are still a few hurdles that need to be cleared, such as granting developing nations funds to meet environmental goals, abolishment...
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