...recent theory of “fetal origins of adult disease.” Namely, alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, and metabolism of the offspring, thereby predisposing individuals to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Animal studies show that both maternal undernutrition and over nutrition reduce placental-fetal blood flows and stunt fetal growth. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenesis factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for intrauterine growth retardation in response to the 2 extremes of nutritional problems with the same pregnancy outcome. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the impact of maternal nutrition on both fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Promoting optimal nutrition will not only ensure optimal fetal development, but will also reduce the risk of chronic diseases in adults. Maternal nutrition plays a critical role in fetal growth and development. Although considerable effort has been directed towards defining nutrient requirements of animals over the past 30 y, suboptimal nutrition during gestation remains a significant problem for many...
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...1. Write an essay on protein structure and synthesis Protein synthesis is a cellular process leading to the production of proteins. This term is also synonymous to protein translation. It begins with a sequential process of transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then used as input for translation after exon-intron splicing. The addition of successive tRNA molecules based on the code of mRNA matched up by base-pairing through their anti-codons in the ribosomes creates the nascent protein. After the protein chain has been synthesized, post-translation modification occurs, e.g. phosphorylation, motifs added to the protein. This may happen at various levels: secondary (alpha-helix, beta-sheets, turn, random coiling), tertiary and quarternary. Protein synthesis is also the process wherein peptide bonds between two amino acids whose formation is controlled. The synthesis begun when the mRNA combines in a little subunit of ribosomes close to an AUG sequence in mRNA. Start codon which is the AUG codon is being such because it does the coding of the first amino acid to be made of protein. “The AUG codon base-pairs with the anticodon of tRNA carrying methionine. A large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex, and the reactions of protein synthesis itself can begin. The aminoacyl-tRNA to be called for next is determined by the next codon (the next three bases) on the mRNA. Each amino acid is coded for by one or more (up to six) codons” (Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis...
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...Jaycee Dugard kidnapping. CNN Justice. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/04/28/california.garridos.guilty.pleas/ Rattley, D. (2008). Administrative office of the courts. Retrieved from http://www.georgiacourts.org/ Siegel, L., & Worrall, J. (2013). Essentials of criminal justice. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. The national registry of exoneration: A joint project of Michigan law and Northwestern law. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx In the United States the judicial system consists of the federal level and the state level. Each court has different jurisdictions over different cases. The court system has the roles of interpreting the law, ensuring due process and regulating disputes. Every state has its own court system and can have as many courts as they desire. The majority of criminal cases are heard in courts of general jurisdiction; both state and federal courts have jurisdiction over felony offenses and more serious civil cases. (Siegel & Worrall, 2013) In the case of the State of George v De'Marquise Elkins the Glynn County Superior Court heard the case. Seventeen year old De’Marquise Elkins was charged with shooting a toddler sitting in his stroller to death on a city street. Sherry West pushed her 13 month old home from a post office in Brunswick, Georgia when she was robbed at gunpoint. When the defendant found out that Sherry didn’t have any money he shot baby Antonio in the head and shot...
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...Ethics are basic notions and fundamental principles of human behavior. They are the moral values and virtues an individual carries that eventually govern lives. However, there are various ethical issues that can be contemplated on and questioned about whether it is right or wrong. For instance, is it ethical for doctors to edit children’s genomes? Genome editing offers a great deal of control and accuracy in how DNA sequences are changed. It can provide improvements in healthcare by saving lives. If the procedure is successful then there is a newfound permanent solution to prevent genetic diseases. However, it does create disruptive news to the public of whether it is ethical or an unethical choice. Although alteration in genes may have...
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...Nucleic acids are created with phosphodiester bonds. 7. Nitrogen and carbon are common to all organic molecules. 8. Fuels such as gasoline are nonpolar and high in energy because they are largely composed of hydrocarbons. 9. Lipids serve as important energy stores and is a major component of plasma membranes. 10. The functional group -COOH has acidic properties and would release hydrogen ions in an aqueous (water) solution. 11. The peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of amino acids. 12. Nuclear pores apparently permit the passage of only proteins inward and outward, but RNA only outward. 13. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain DNA. 14. The Golgi apparatus and ER are organelles that participate in the synthesis and modification of enzymes targeted to the plasma membrane. 15. The principles of cell theory or cell doctrine include the following: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of living organisms, and new cells form from pre-existing cells by cell division. 16. The most accurate...
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...Americans have being diagnosed with terminal diseases such as cancer. In 2012, The American Cancer Society estimated 1,638,910 Americans were diagnosed and 577,190 died. Not only does cancer effect the American population but also foodborne illnesses, diabetes, heart disease, strokes, and obesity. Each year about 48 million people get sick from it, 130,000 are hospitalized and about 3,000 die. The big question is how are so many people in today’s world becoming sick with deadly diseases such as cancer and foodborne illnesses. Many believe that it is being put into our food. The Food and Drug Administration also known as the FDA is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Services that is responsible for controlling and regulating the country’s food safety, medicine, tobacco products and more. The U.S. government is killing Americans by allowing the FDA to approve dangerous drugs being put into our food supply....
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... from responding to emergency 911 calls to regulating the flow of traffic. On occasion, they must perform remarkable feats of criminal investigation, quell rowdy crowds and violent offenders, and put their lives on the line. Much of the time, police resources are limited. It is estimated that the workload crime imposes on the police has increased fivefold since 1960. Their resources have not kept pace with their workload. To do their job, police frequently have looked to technology for enhancing their effectiveness. The police, with crime laboratories and radio networks, made early use of technology, but most police departments could have been equipped 30 or 40 years ago as well as they are today. The Crime Commission in response to rapidly rising crime rates and urban disorders. The Commission advocated federal government funding for state and local criminal agencies to support their efforts. It called for what soon became the 911 system for fielding emergency calls and recommended that agencies acquire computers to automate their functions. But even with the start-up help of hundreds of millions of dollars in early federal assistance, computerization came slowly. Only in recent years have many agencies found the use of information technology significantly helpful. Examples include fingerprinting databases, computerized crime mapping, and records management systems doing everything from inventorying property and cataloging evidence to calculating solvability factors. Of all...
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...BiologyBiology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.[1] Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of manybranches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent fields. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition. Subdisciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biologystudies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biologyexamines the basic building-block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions oftissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact in their environment.[2] HistoryThe term biology is...
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...processes is involved. Forensic Chemistry is an interdisciplinary field of Chemistry tasked to solve cases that can only be explained or resolved by applying analytical methods of investigation and instrumentation with chemistry as the main core of discussion. Forensic chemistry is a broad and diversified field of science. It includes all branches of chemistry and the application of its principles to solve crimes when it arise in the administration of justice. Significantly, Forensic chemistry is vital in crime detection when the components or chemical composition, structure of physical evidence/s collected from the scene of the crime are needed to support in the speedy solution of crime. Application of forensic chemistry is legally applied to the following: 1. Primarily, Forensic Chemistry deals in the recognition, identification, preservation, packaging & transportation of physical evidence collected at the crime scene. 2. In crime detection, it is applied in the identification of poisons, blood, semen, feces, urine, saliva, and other body fluids whether fresh or dried. It also include other stains of interests from ob-gynecological origin, mineral stains, fruits and/or vegetable stains. 3. It is involved in determining the kind of ink used in signature writings, and the kind of paper of a questioned document. 4. The knowledge of properties of volatile substance like organic solvents (alcohol, acetone, etc), accelerants (gasoline, kerosene, oils), and miscible materials...
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...that cell phones, in particular, may be a cause of cancer. Researchers suggest that high power electrical distribution lines may increase the incidence of certain cancers (Siepmann, 2004). According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1990): “In conclusion, the several studies showing leukemia, lymphoma and cancer of the nervous system in children exposed to magnetic fields from residential 60 Hz electrical power distribution systems, supported by similar findings in adults in several occupational studies also involving electrical power frequency exposures, show a consistent pattern of response that suggests, but does not prove, a causal link. Frequency components higher than 60 Hz cannot be ruled out as contributing factors. Evidence from a large number of biological test systems shows that these fields induce biological effects that are consistent with several possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis.” This situation suggests the need to continue to evaluate the information from ongoing research and to further evaluate the mechanisms of carcinogenic action and the characteristics of exposure that cause these effects. A Medscape (2000) review article concludes (Siepmann, 2004): “Taken together,...
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...originated in China some 4,000 years ago although there is archaeological evidence to suggest people consumed tea leaves steeped in boiling water as far back as 500,000 years ago. The young shoots of a tea shrub. The polyphenols in tea are potent antioxidants. People in Asian countries more commonly consume green or oolong tea, while black tea is more popular in the United States and Europe. In fact, tea is second only to water in terms of global consumption. Green, black and oolong teas are all derived from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Originally cultivated in East Asia, this plant grows as large as a shrub or tree. Today, Camellia sinensis grows throughout Asia and in parts of the Middle East and Africa. Green tea is prepared from unfermented leaves, while the leaves of oolong tea are partially fermented, and black tea is fully fermented. The more the leaves are fermented, the lower the polyphenol content and the higher the caffeine content. Green tea has the highest polyphenol content while black tea has roughly two to three times the caffeine content of green tea. The healthy properties of green tea are largely attributed to polyphenols, chemicals with potent antioxidant properties. In fact, the antioxidant effects of polyphenols appear to be greater than that of vitamin C. Antioxidants are substances that scavenge free radicals – damaging compounds in the body that alter cells, tamper with DNA (genetic material) and even cause cell death. Free radicals occur...
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...towards others. Long lasting depression often is a life-threatening disorder that in extreme cases can lead to suicide (Kanner 2012). It has a neurobiological basis and is associated with functional and structural brain abnormalities. In this essay will be discussed and evaluated different theories and studies of depression. Depression can be explained on the basis of the monoamine hypothesis by Coppen, which states that monoamine systems underactivity or more specifically neurotransmitter deficiency in certain areas in the brain is responsible for depression. Based on the monoamine hypothesis, depression is a result of decreased levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain ( ). Serotonin is a critical chemical neurotransmitter involved in regulating many important physiological functions, including appetite, energy levels, sexual behaviour and mood. Low levels of 5-HT may result in chronic pains, sleep disturbances, anxiety. Recent studies of 103 women have shown that dysfunction of the serotonin can also lead to postpartum depression (PPD) ( ). It is a serious mood condition in women that usually presents within 4-6 weeks after childbirth (Moy 2009). Women suffering from PPD tend to experience panic attacks, feelings of worthlessness, be less sensitive and responsive towards their children. According to Coppen 5-HT hypothesis, a deficit in 5-HT is a primary cause that can be treated by antidepressants, which would help depressed patients to function normally. Serotonin reuptake...
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...CARBOHYDRATE RELATED DISEASES Jay Cee Roa Valencia PhBio26 TTh 10:30 – 12:00 Carbohydrates are being shunned by health conscious, rather weight conscious, people. They have to understand that carbohydrate deficiency diseases and their manifestations are certain to appear if there is too much exclusion of carbohydrates in the diet. All sources of food do contain carbohydrates, even animal products. However the carbohydrate level is very low in foods of animal origin with the exception of milk which contains good amount of lactose sugar. THE CAUSES OF CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENCY DISEASES Normally, when balanced diet is consumed, carbohydrate short fall does not arise. If individuals undertake crash-dieting to achieve rapid weight loss by nutritional deprivations of carbohydrates, no doubt they may lose weight drastically in a short span of time. However, they may not be able to resist the cravings for the carbohydrates and soon by reverting to old food habits end up gaining weight. In case they are able to continue dieting, they may have to face many carbohydrate deficiency disease manifestations. People lacking food of plant origin, and people suffering chronic illness, poverty or starvation also experience deficiency diseases. HOW DOES CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENCY OCCUR? The carbohydrates consumed by us are broken down by digestive enzymes into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose etc) and absorbed in the intestine. Once in the blood, the glucose is used for energy production...
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...been around but have recently evolved and came to light in the past 10 years. Genetically modified organisms are described as “An organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the insertion of a modified gene or a gene from another organism using the techniques of genetic engineering (www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com, 2013).” genetically modified organism (GMO) is used to refer to any microorganism, plant, or animal in which genetic engineering techniques have been used to introduce, remove, or modify specific parts of its genome(www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com, 2013).” There is a genetic material found inside cells in molecules called (DNA), which is the "blueprint" for any living thing, such as plants, animals or the tiniest bacterium. Changing the pattern of the DNA molecules may make it possible to change countless characteristics in a living organism. This ability to modify an...
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...of cell biology has also led to practical discoveries about the mechanisms of cancer. Specific molecules that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle regulate cell growth. An understanding of normal cell cycle processes and how those processes go awry provides key information about the mechanisms that trigger cancer. Loss of control of the cell cycle is one of the critical steps in the development of cancer. Although cancer comprises at least 100 different diseases, all cancer cells share one important characteristic: they are abnormal cells in which the processes regulating normal cell division are disrupted. That is, cancer develops from changes that cause normal cells to acquire abnormal functions. These changes are often the result of inherited mutations or are induced by environmental factors such as UV light, X-rays, chemicals, tobacco products, and viruses. All evidence suggests that most cancers are not the result of one single event...
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