...Positive Reinforcement Case Study Nicole Smith ECE 201 Intro to Early Childhood I Instructor Dana Bux May 7, 2012 Doug is a very talented and extraordinary little boy. He loves playing with blocks and he is also very good at it. However, his teacher and his parents started to notice a slight problem with his attention span when it comes to individual assignments. He does well in group assignments but when it comes any individual work and does no even like to participate. So challenging behaviors are difficult and some are simple, follow along as I explain further more about Doug’s case study. A group contingency is one of the commonly consequences, that may require rewarding a student depending on their behavior, used in early childhood education today. “Group contingency consist of either one person within the group, a part of the larger group or each member of the group that is following a certain criteria using childhood behavior.” (Murphy K.,2007). There are a total of three group contingency, which are Interdependent, Dependent and Independent. Interdependent group contingency deals with all the members of a group that’s meets a criterion of the contingency, rather its group wise or individually, before any members earns the reward. Interdependent is easily implemented by teachers. (Cooper J., 2007). Independent group contingency deals with individuals within the group are reinforced for individual achievement toward a goal. The same rules apply to everyone...
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...Reinforcement: A reinforcer makes a behavior happen more. This is one of the most significant points that students forget and get confused about… We are used to positive meaning good and negative being bad; but in operant conditioning - positive means you are adding to the environment and negative means you are taking something away from the environment. You have to think in math terms ;) POSITIVE means to add something and NEGATIVE means to take something away. Therefore, positive reinforcement is the presentation of something, which STRENGTHENS a behavior. This is something that occurs to all of us throughout our lives. For example, your child does his chores and is given a weekly allowance as a reward. The behavior that is increased is doing the chores and the addition into the environment is the weekly allowance. We have added (money) to strengthen the behavior - added equals positive, strengthen means reinforce. Remember, operant conditioning is more like math with + and - Negative reinforcement is what often gets confused with punishment. But stay with me with this rationale... it is still reinforcement. I think negative reinforcement is confusing to students because we think of negative as something BAD; however, in operant conditioning, it might or might not be something bad but it *ALWAYS* means the removal of something. Taking away TV or money (minus) to get them to strengthen chore behavior. Remember, taking away...
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...I believe the most effect behavior is reinforcement; punishment whether positive or negative can be intimidating. Most people especially children will act out and increase undesirable behaviors if they feel they are receiving attention for the behavior, even if that attention is punishment. Your own emotions are the strongest motivators for most people, If you feel loved or proud you are more likely to want to please the person making you feel that way. If you fear something you are more likely to avoid any action that can result in facing those fears. If you feel greed or hate, you will do about anything to obtain what you desire. Regardless of what emotion you feel, it influences your decisions and behaviors. With Negative Reinforcement a particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping or avoiding of a negative condition. For Instance, driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. If you leave early two days in a row and you avoid the traffic both days then your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoiding heavy traffic. Positive Reinforcement is when a favorable outcome, event or reward occurs after an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened. An example is you exceed this month's sales quota at work so your boss gives you a bonus. The acknowledgement of your hard work and dedication reinforces your desire to continue to exceed a sales quota. Positive punishment...
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...Positive Reinforcement Tonya ECE 201: Intro to Early Childhood Behavior Management Instructor: June 23, 2014 Praise is a powerful tool that can be used by teacher’s to motivate students. Unfortunately, research suggests that praise is underused in both general and special education classrooms (Hawkins & Heflin, 2011; Kern, 2007). Praise can be a very important reinforcement because it will build self-esteem, provide encouragement which will build a good relationship between students and teacher. After reading case study scenario level B case 1 that involves Doug, I feel there are a few strategies that could help him reach is goals. However, when it comes to choosing only one strategy that would best address Doug’s goals, I believe would be specific praise. With specific praise, the teacher delivers specific feedback regarding observed student success, informing the student what was done correctly and praising success. By specific praising Doug, will tell him he has done a great job. It will motivate him to continue the behavior of doing the work on time as well as participate in class (Sklar & Rasminsky 2012). I would point out to Doug how well he is doing by specifically praising him on his assignments, such as Doug what a great job you are doing in keeping up with you class work. This will get him to the point of the goals of starting and finishing his work, and gradually increase the number of completed assignments due to the specific praise...
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...is reinforcement is a struggle that many parents face when wanting to discipline their children. To not get confused, there is a vast difference between the two. Bribery and reinforcement are not synonymous. Both Irvine and Direnfeld agree that the problem between a parent bribing or reinforcing their children is simply not the fault of their parenting ways, but how communication was lost. Parents have failed to communicate to their children that good behavior is rewarding enough (Irvine, 2007). According to the Lovaas Institute Blog, internal motivation is more beneficial than external rewards. If parents and teachers continuously advocate that the behavior the children do is good, then the need of external rewards will be eliminated because the praise and the attention that children will get out of it is rewarding enough. Most applied behavior analysts would agree that bribing a child institutes good behavior, but also communicates to the child that they will receive something in return for that behavior. According to Direnfeld, bribery is a “promise” of delivery. This means that before any behavior is performed, the parent or teacher has already told the child that they will get a reward. Direnfeld distinguishes that reinforcement is rewarding the child after the delivery of good behavior. The difference between the two is bribery is being rewarded before the behavior and reinforcement is being rewarded after the behavior. Nonetheless, bribery and reinforcement are...
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...Motivation and Reinforcement Theory Kaitlin Frank Organizational Behavior December 14, 2011 What Can’t Be Cured Must Be Obscured Summary Motivation is what drives people to get something done faster, work harder and accomplish a goal. It is what drives people to do things that they normally would not do. Motivation can extend to any aspect of ones life and drives virtually every decision and action a person takes. People use motivation to overcome an obstacle or for self-improvement and fulfillment. It is very useful in the workplace to make the organization be successful by keeping the workforce motivated, happy and engaged. Motivation can come in many different forms. Typically, motivation involves incentives—rewarding people after they have accomplished something. Since this reward is desirable, the employee with do whatever it takes to get that reward. Rewards can come in either positive or negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is rewarding a good behavior in order to encourage that behavior to continue. This could be giving an employee a raise, a bonus, promotion, recognition, extra vacation time and so forth. Just as rewards can be given for a job well done, punishment can be used as a motivator to change a particular behavior and discourage it from continuing. Negative reinforcement is a negative reaction to a behavior—implementing a punishment when that behavior is done and removing it when the behavior stops. Negative reinforcement would be extending...
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...Punishment is a component of operant conditioning used to decrease the probability of a behavior or response by causing a change in the environment (Singer, B.F. 1970). This essay will discuss aspects of punishment such as methodology, effectiveness and its effects on behavior. It will review the effectiveness of punishment methodology by studying the variables such as age, gender, socio-economic status and exposure to crime. In the direct context of speeding, contemporary punishment includes ‘positive punishment’ whereby giving the offender a fine and ‘negative punishment’ by suspension of their license. This essay will also assess the effectiveness of punishment. Attempts to neutralize the issue of speeding include implementing warnings showing the severity and consequences of speeding. However, many young irresponsible drivers cannot relate to the seriousness by influence of their peers whom they value higher than authority figures of the law. Golias, J., Kanellaidis, G., & Zarifopoulos. K. (1995) shows that the major reason for speeding is the belief that speed limits are unreliable with a mean grade of 6.67 thus; this supports the idea that people do not perceive road authorities as an influential figure. At a younger age, influential figures are not ones that are necessarily responsible, but they appeal to them in anintrinsic way. In many cultures, speeding is acceptable; growing with this idea leads many drivers to have a habit of speeding (Blincoe, K.M., Jones, A...
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...Bribery vs Reinforcement - Research Paper - J123M456 http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Bribery-Vs-Reinfo... Login Join The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search over 100,000 Essays Home Page » People Bribery vs Reinforcement In: People Bribery vs Reinforcement The discussion between what is bribery and what is reinforcement is a struggle that many parents face when wanting to discipline their children. To not get confused, there is a vast difference between the two. Bribery and reinforcement are not synonymous. Both Irvine and Direnfeld agree that the problem between a parent bribing or reinforcing their children is simply not the fault of their parenting ways, but how communication was lost. Parents have failed to communicate to their children that good behavior is rewarding enough (Irvine, 2007). According to the Lovaas Institute Blog, internal motivation is more beneficial than external rewards. If parents and teachers continuously advocate that the behavior the children do is good, then the need of external rewards will be eliminated because the praise and the attention that children will get out of it is rewarding enough. Most applied behavior analysts would agree that bribing a child institutes good behavior, but also communicates to the child that they will receive something in return for that behavior. According to Direnfeld, bribery is a “promise” of delivery. This means that before any behavior is...
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...Running Head: COMMUNITY REINFORCEMENT APPROACH Community Reinforcement Approach Health Data by Sabrina Morton A Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Health Care Policy and Applied Economics The Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) is a comprehensive behavioral program developed by behaviorists Nathan Azrin and George Hunt. The Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA), originally developed for individuals with alcohol use disorders, focuses on the management of substance-related behaviors and other disrupted life areas for treating substance-abuse problems. It is based on the belief that environmental contingencies can play a powerful role in encouraging or discouraging substance abuse. To provide an alcoholic with the incentive to quit drinking, CRA has the following two major goals: (1) Elimination of positive reinforcement for drinking; and (2) Enhancement of positive reinforcement for sobriety. Accordingly, it utilizes social, recreational, familial, and vocational reinforcers to support change in an individual's drinking or drug using behaviors and assist consumers in the recovery process. The Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) focuses on the management of substance-related behaviors and other disrupted life areas. In essence, the goal of CRA is to help individuals obtain knowledge of and embrace a meaningful and healthy way of life that is more rewarding than one filled with alcohol or drug misuse. This comprehensive...
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...Positive and Negative Reinforcements Agyoly Nunez Grand Canyon University: SPE-522-0101 August 7th, 2013 Positive and Negative Reinforcements When a child exhibits negative behavior, teachers must try to find methods and strategies that will reduce student failure. Challenging behavior is seen by, students that feel frustrated because they do not understand the task or assignments that must be completed during classroom time, or students that may have a negative home environment where, parents are involved with drugs or have a low income. Every school year teachers are faced with challenging behavior in the classroom. In order to minimize negative behavior and produce desirable behavior teachers use reinforcers that appeal to students, and are effective, such as positive reinforcement, and sometimes negative reinforcement that may appear to be good for students. Teachers will use positive reinforcers that are appealing and increase student academic performance, because it is the most effective way to improve behavior for all students (Grand Canyon University, 2010). When using interventions and strategies in the classroom, administers are urge to use research base material that supports the technique (GCU, 2010). Reinforcement is defined as a consequence that precedes a behavior that promotes or motives that particular behavior (Wheeler & Richey, 2010). It is also known as a process, that reinforces and strengthens a behavior that is displayed by an individual...
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...According to About.com the definition for positive reinforcement is “a behavioral technique in which desired behaviors are increased through the use of rewards, also known as positive reinforce” (Fritscher & Lisa, 2009, 1). All behavior whether positive or negative are followed by consequences in turn the consequences are defined as positive or negative based on the effect it has on the behavior( Watling & Schwartz, 2004). Therefore positive reinforcement is a type of consequence when used consistently and immediately following a behavior increases the chances that the behaviors will reoccur (Watling & Schwartz, 2004). An example of this could be working with a client who has social anxiety, the client goes to dinner with a friend, and the clinician could demonstrate positive reinforcement by praising the clients’ efforts to socialize. Such praise could offer the client the encouragement they need to make more efforts toward socializing. Positive reinforcement can be used to encourage a client to develop new behaviors or strengthen behaviors a client is currently demonstrating (Watling & Schwartz, 2004). Positive reinforcement is an effective tool when used correctly. Unfortunately, there are a few misconceptions concerning positive reinforcement, such as the belief by some that positive reinforcement is a form of bribery or coercion (Watling & Schwartz, 2004). According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary bribery is “money or favor given or promised in...
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...POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS IN THE WORKPLACE For an organization, good work is rewarded with some type of a positive reinforcement. By doing the positive reinforcement, the act which was rewarded had a pleasant result and makes the employee want to continue to do good work. Behavior is a function of its consequences (Love, 2005). Managers have to do some type of positive reinforcement to keep the employees doing great performances and that leads to the organization’s good repetition and what keeps the business going. Some forms of positive reinforcements in the workplace are: • Contests- to recognize and reward top performance • Promoting fun and values • Rewards which should be symbolic, tangible, and anchor positive behaviors With the right reinforcement, everyone’s performance can improve. Applying that knowledge will bring about the behavioral changes you want from your employees. And that’s the best way to meet your company’s goals (Love, 2005). Being a manager, taking into consideration of positive reinforcements would only make what he/she has at hand better. Ways to let your employees know that they are valued and spur them on to success are to accentuate the positive by informing of the wrong but going easy on how it is said and what is said; open the lines of communication by encouraging group discussions where employees are able to just open up and get everything off their minds and as a manager, being there as a mediator. If you give your people a little more...
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...Psychology 2730 Patrick Flanagan March 3, 2011 Positive Reinforcement Essays 1. Transport Phenomena II 2. I wrote this letter because I have the utmost respect for this professor. I am aware of the research he heads and notice his capabilities during every class I have with him. I aspire to get the same amount from my education as he did. I would like to become a professor like him in the future and hope that this letter will set up a connection between us. 3. Dear Professor _____, I am writing to you to thank you for the wonderful learning experience in Transport Phenomena II I have had thus far. What stood out to me in your introduction of the class was when you said that Transport Phenomena II confirmed your decision to be a Chemical Engineer and encouraged you to become a professor. This fact has garnered respect and motivation from many of the students in the class. I enjoy your lectures because they are focused, driven and organized logically. When you answer a question you clearly draw upon points that we have already covered but often you add an interesting application of the problem or reference to other subjects that help to further cement the idea in my mind. Also, the homework and quiz problems are challenging in a way that forces me to expand my conceptual...
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...Reinforcement versus Goal Theory Lorraine Patterson OMM 625 Learning Organizations & Effectiveness Professor Renee Hill January 30, 2012 According to Edwin Locke the goal setting theory is a tool used for motivation. The theory states that goal setting is linked to task performance. The goal states “specifically challenging employees while using feedback will contribute to a higher and better performance while completing a task.”(Pane, S) The idea of working towards an accomplishment of a goal is a primary source of job motivation. Following successful performance, individuals gain confidence and will set higher goals. Research suggest that difficult goals will create a high level of performance than having to work on easy goals that, for which the challenges will allow an employee to feel that they did their best. Goal setting theory is broken down in the following manner. Managers must be specific and clear, as well as realistic yet challenging. Appropriate feedback of results directs employee to behave and contribute to a better performance. Feedback will gain reputation will develop clarification of a goal as well as regulate difficulties. (Sayer, S) Employee participation of setting goals is more acceptable and lead to more involvement. According to Sameed Sayer, the advantages of Goal Setting theory are as follows: * Goal setting theory is a technique used to raise incentives for employees...
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...Encore "Reinforcement" in Behavior Theory William N. Schoenfeld Queens College, City University of New York, and Cornell University Medical College In its Pavlovian context, "reinforcement" was actually a descriptive term for the functional relation between an unconditional and a conditional stimulus. When it was adopted into operant conditioning, "reinforcement" became the central concept and the key operation, but with new qualifications, new referents, and new expectations. Some behavior theorists believed that "reinforcers" comprise a special and limited class of stimuli or events, and they speculated about what the essential "nature of reinforcement" might be. It is now known that any stimulus can serve a reinforcing function, with due recognition of such parameters as subject species characteristics, stimulus intensity, sensory modality, and schedule of application. This paper comments on these developments from the standpoint of reflex behavior theory. From its modest beginnings in behavior science, the term "reinforcement" has come to play a central role in modern behavior theory. Like so many others in psychology, the verb "to reinforce," and its cognate nouns and adjectives, were an importation from common usage in which they had seen broad service: reinforced concrete; reinforcing a conclusion; reinforcing a fence; and so on. In acquiring their new dignity in science, they have also acquired some status adjectives like "positive" and "negative." "Reinforcement" itself...
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