...REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT (FRESH WATER GENERATOR) Introduction There are two reverse osmosis plant (fresh water generator) are installed onboard ship. One is fitted in Aux Machinery Room and other is fitted in Fwd Main Machinery Room. Each plant capacity is 15 tons /day. Purpose To generate fresh water to meet ship’s requirement. Major Parts and Function Centrifugal Pump: PK130 filter pump, delivers the feed water at a pressure of up to 4 bar through the cartridge filter and from there to the high pressure pump PP160. This centrifugal pump has its own integral electric motor. High-Pressure Pump: PP160 is a positive displacement pump. (plunger pump) this pump delivers feed to the PT modules at a pressure of up to 65 bar. (note: pressure is controlled by VS160). The pump is powered through a belt drive from a three-phase motor. Minimum feed pressure to this pump is 0.5 bars. Pulsation Damper: The pulsation damper fitted on the high-pressure pump discharge converts the pressure fluctuations, common for a plunger pump, into a steady pressure. It consists of a pressure vessel, internally separated by an diaphragm into two sections. The outermost section is filled with nitrogen at a pressure of 30 bar. The pulsation’s from the 3 plungers of the HP pump are absorbed by the gas pressurized membrane. It is normal to observe pulsation’s in the pointer of PI160 when pointer is rising through 25 to 32 bar, (resistance against gas pressure). Sand filter: The sand filter...
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...many different ways and steps. Generally thermal desalination is the process of warming seawater. Once the seawater is heated, it starts to collect water vapor (once the vapor starts to cools). The salt is removed and the water becomes drinkable Thermal desalination not only removes salt, it also removes other contaminants. Thermal desalination has been practiced for more than seventy years. Although the consumption of energy and costs are generally higher than the reverse osmosis and the electrical processes, it currently provides most of the processed drinking and processed water. The most common method for desalination is reverse osmosis. The reverse osmosis membrane is designed only to allow water to pass through the dense layer. “Reverse osmosis is a process where pressure is used to push the water solution through a membrane, with the membrane preventing the larger solutes (the salt) to pass through.” (Justin) This is a natural process. Reverse osmosis is dependent on flow rate and pressure. Reverse osmosis pressure can also recycle itself. The high pressured salt water is pushed out (very rapidly) through a large motor. The large motor then begins to re-harvests the force. The pressure can then be reused to pump the initial force of the water, thus recycling the energy. This saves...
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... Seawater has been strongly transformed to pure drinking water for personal drinking. Seawater properties are primarily salt. The eradication of the physical and chemical properties shift seawater into a current recyclable unit. Reverse osmosis and multi flash distillation are two approaches that a few countries are using to turn seawater into drinking water, but there are some risks and assets to this procedure that individuals should examine. Physical and Chemical Properties of Seawater Seawater has water and various salts. Atoms and molecules are present in the physical and chemical properties. Potassium, magnesium, sulfate, calcium and bicarbonate are seen in seawater alone. This is the salinity of seawater alone. Sodium Chloride is about 86% of the chemical compound. Magnesium sulfate is about 11%, 3% is related with the combination of potassium bromide and calcium bicarbonate. The moderate combination of all salts dissolved in seawater fluctuates somewhat. (Fischetti, 2007) The Mediterranean Sea has about 40,000 milligrams of salt per liter whereas the Pacific Ocean has about 33,000 milligrams of salt per liter. Conversion of Seawater to Drinking Water Seawater is converted into drinking water in two parts; Reverse Osmosis and Multistage flash distillation. Multistage flash distillation uses cold water and with high flash pressure it heats the water. When the water goes into a wide pillar that has somewhat less pressure (part 1), it steams quickly, sending...
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...to assist with a few of their set ups, but I moved quickly and ensured every mission that was given was completed with 110% competency. The first mission was to patrol a fuel pipeline and 12 pump stations leading from Kuwait to Iraq with 24 NCOs and Soldiers which I personally didn’t take part of since I was already in country. The mission consisted of three shifts patrolling the pipeline to ensure that it was not tampered with and if anyone was found on the route they were to be detained. Six Iraqi civilians who attempted to sabotage the pipeline were detained during a 30 day period. The next mission we were given was to set up a water purification and distribution site in Talil, Iraq. The Detachment set up five 3000GPH Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit’s (ROWPU) purifying over two million gallons of potable water. The Detachment supported the Iraqi civilians, the Italian, Turkish, Korean, and American Armies. This mission was continuous throughout the 2003-2004 deployment. The Detachment was then given several other missions, in which we moved to Alhillah, Iraq. Our unit was broken into separate forward operating bases (FOBs) to include Babylon, Diwayneha, Karbala, AnNajaf, and Scania. My team and I were tasked to set up an operational potable water purification and distribution site in AnNajf, Iraq. We supported the mission with one 3000GPH ROWPU, two 50,000 gallon potable...
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...suffering from a water drought, Cities are feeling the effects in the form of increased water fee’s and over use penalties. One of the solutions for the water shortfall would be to desalinate ocean water. The 1950s, idea was considered too expensive to implement. However the water shortages has prompted a resurgence into the technology. Desalination uses either thermal which include: multiple-effect distillation (In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes. Some of the water evaporates, and this steam flows into the tubes of the next stage, heating and evaporating more water. Each stage essentially reuses the energy from the previous stage), and multi-stage flash evaporation. Or membrane technologies which include: reverse osmosis, electrodeionisation, and electrodialysis. [pic] [pic] The US has led the membrane market and most active desalination plants are privately owned usually for industrial use. While Saudia Arabia and the United Arab Emirates led the thermal. |[pic]Top 10 countries by total installed capacity since 1945 - DesalData.com | Desalination is expensive, energy-intensive, and can damage marine ecosystems. One aspect to water desalinization would be to use a natural system bioengineered process. Similar to using fish in treating brackish water. Developing nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, may reduce energy costs. Incorporation of both nanomaterials and nanotechnologies...
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...Definition: Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely. Process: Osmosis is a natural process. When two liquids of different concentration are separated by a semi permeable membrane, the fluid has a tendency to move from low to high solute concentrations for chemical potential equilibrium.Formally, reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure. The largest and most important application of reverse osmosis is to the separation of pure water from seawater and brackish waters; seawater or brackish water is pressurized against one surface of the membrane, causing transport of salt-depleted water across the membrane and emergence of potable drinking water from the low-pressure side. A. The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense layer in the polymer matrix -- either the skin of an asymmetric membrane...
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...Lab 2 Cell Structure and Cell Transport-14 Name __ carson held__________________ Introduction: The cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms. The cell carries out the functions required for the organism to reproduce, protect itself, metabolize food, move, produce substances to support the entire organism. In this experiment, you will explore the cell membrane’s role in allowing materials to enter or leave the cell. This is a vital function of the cell membrane. Using the Physio Ex CD 9.0, you will be able to conduct experiments showing the important cell membrane processes of diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and active transport. The simulations will allow you to alter conditions to show the effect of concentrations, pore size, pressure, carrier, and ATP have on movements of materials through the cell membrane. Purpose: To conduct experiments showing the effects of concentration, ions, and particle size of movement through the cell membrane. Materials: Lab manual, PhysioEx 9.0 Procedure: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability in the lab manual. You will also need the PhysioEx 9.0 CD for this lab. Read over exercise overview and introduction. Complete the following questions from the exercise as you complete the simulation exercises. Go to Exercise 1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability on the CD. Follow the directions and complete each part. Answer questions or fill in tables as...
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...Laboratory Exercise Osmosis and Diffusion “Osmosis and the Incredible, very Inedible Egg” **This is a fun thing to have your kids or significant other help with. Please note that this experiment takes several days to complete, so don't wait until the last minute to start!** I. Background: Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. This is how water gets into and out of our cells. In this lab we will investigate the effects of different solutions on the water content of an egg. An egg will serve as our model of a cell. A. Remember, when comparing 2 solutions, the one with the greatest amount of stuff dissolved in it is called hypertonic while the one with the lesser amount of stuff dissolved in it is called hypotonic. Please get these terms straight in your mind before you start the experiment. B. Therefore, hypertonic solutions have less percentage of water in them than hypotonic solutions. Water, like everything else, moves from a greater concentration of itself to a lesser concentration of itself. C. In this experiment you will observe the movement of water into and out of an egg. To do this we will remove the minerals from the egg shell leaving only a membrane that is permeable to water. II. Supplies needed: 3 eggs 4 drinking glasses or clear containers Vinegar (about 2 cups) Foil or plastic wrap White Karo syrup (or any brand like it) Distilled water (actually...
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...Osmosis Experiment Diana Arrowood Grand Canyon University BIO-100L Biology Concepts September 16, 2011 Osmosis Experiment Directions Use the information below to complete the Osmosis Experiment. Materials 1 fresh baking potato Water Salt Four small containers (i.e., drinking cups or clear glasses) A metric ruler Methods and Procedure 1) Place 1 cup (236 ml) of water in each of the 4 containers. In 2 of the containers, add 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) of table salt and mix well until dissolved. Label which containers have salt. Cut a fresh baking potato into 5 mm slices. Cut four rectangles 2.5 cm x 1 cm from the slices as close to the same size as possible. Measure the length and width of each rectangle in metric units and place one in each of the containers, keeping track of which measured slice went in which container. There will be two slices (duplicates) for fresh water and two for salt water. After 1 hour, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato and return it to the appropriate container. Note any physical changes. After 24 hours, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato. Note any physical changes in the potatoes and describe their appearance. Written Lab Report Introduction 1) Address the following questions: A) Define osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations...
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...Solute Concentration of Potatoes Carmen Chen Blk: 7 December 14, 2013 Purpose: to determine the concentration of solute in potatoes cytoplasm. Materials and Equipment: refer to the lab sheet. Observations: | |Concentration of sucrose|Initial mass |Final mass |Percentage change in | |Test tube # |solution ( |(g) |(g) |mass | | |mol/L) | | |(%) | |1 |1.0 |3.0 |-0.9 |-30% | |2 |0.9 |3.9 |-1.2 |-30.8 % | |3 |0.8 |3.2 |-0.7 |-21.9% | |4 |0.7 |3.5 |-0.8 |-22.9% | |5 |0.6 |3.3 |-0.6 |-18.2% | |6 |0.5 |3.0 |-0.3 |-1% | |7 |0.4 |3.1 |-0.2 ...
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...Abstract: The rate of osmosis was examined through an experiment. Dialysis tubes were used to simulate a cell membrane. Solutions of 0.20 % and 0.40% sucrose were placed in each tube. The bags were placed into water and let to sit for three intervals of fifteen minutes. In the first bag that had no sugar solution, it had an osmosis rate of -.04 g/min. In the second bag that had 20 percent sugar solution, it had an osmosis rate of .09 g/min and the bag that had 40 percent of sugar solution had an osmosis rate of .11 g/min. What was concluded from the results is that the more percent of sucrose solution, the higher the rate of osmosis will occur and the lower the percentage of sucrose solution, the lower the rate of osmosis. Introduction: In order to understand the process of osmosis, proper terms must be defined. The first term was osmosis itself, osmosis is defined as the passive transport that refers to the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (Reece, 2009). Then of course, there are three different cases of osmosis which were defined. Hypertonic is a solution with a higher solute concentration. Hypotonic is a solution with a lower solute concentration. Isotonic is when the cells solute concentration is equal. The volumes were all made possible to increase or decrease via the plasma membrane, the plasma membrane defined as a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surrounding (Reece,2009) The dialysis tube represents the plasma membrane and...
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...What is dissolved oxygen? Dissolved oxygen alludes to the level of free oxygen not bonded to any existing molecule in the water or other liquid substances. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water. In limnology (lakes studies), dissolved oxygen is a crucial factor second only to water itself. A dissolved oxygen level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality. Non-compound oxygen, or free oxygen (O2), is oxygen that is not bonded to any other element. Dissolved oxygen is the existence of these free O2 molecules in the water. The molecule of oxygen bonded in a water molecule (H2O) is in a compound and does not count toward dissolved oxygen levels (Rivsbech et al., 1988). Dissolved oxygen from the atmosphere Dissolved oxygen goes into the water through the air or as a byproduct of a plant. From the air, oxygen can slowly diffuse across the water’s surface from the nearby atmosphere, or be assorted in rapidly through aeration, whether natural or man-made. Water aeration can be brought about by wind (creating waves), fast-moving water, waterfalls, discharge of ground water or other systems of running water. Artificial sources of aeration differ from an aquarium air pump to a hand-turned waterwheel to a big dam. Dissolved oxygen is moreover produced as a surplus product of photosynthesis from algae, phytoplankton, seaweed and other water plants (Sherrard et al, 1979)...
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...The molecules move from areas of a high to a low concentration. But through will move across a partially permeable membrane (semipermeable membrane).The membrane can only allow some of the molecules to transfer across. The partially permeable membrane has openings small enough for water molecules to pass. So it is mean solute cannot through the membrane. There are three classifications of osmosis. Three classifications are isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic. Isotonic ( iso = same, tonic = strength ) Equal concentration of solute on the outside and inside. The molecule going from the outside to the inside or from the inside to the outside. So they are not going have any net inflow or net outflow. So both inside and outside is the same concentration in the solution. Hypertonic ( hyper = more, tonic = strength ) - Hypertonic solution are going to pull fluid from inside of the cell out. - Lower concentration of water in cell - Higher concentration of solute in cell It has more solute on the outside. The water will want to rush out. Because there is more solute on the outside. After water rush, the cells are going to shrink. ...
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...Atichai Suwannapeng Pre Lab #6 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Tonicity Group #3 Section A3 Group Members: Laghu Shakya, Alex Maican, Kelvin Chen, Ziye Lin 10/18/2015 Abstract: In this lab we will be gaining an understanding of how transport in membranes work. This is important because in our semi permeable cell membrane the mode of movement relies on transport. Some methods of transportation for molecules are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis and osmosis. The reason molecules tend to move around when dissolved in a solution is because all molecules display random thermal motion and have kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is what allows the molecules to diffuse down a gradient of high concentration to regions of low concentration until the distribution of molecules become equal and achieved dynamic equilibrium. The entire solution only becomes homogeneous when one of the several factors are reached: the size of the dye molecules, temperature of the solution, density of the solvent and concentration of the dye. Heat is what causes random motion of molecules and passively moves molecules in biological systems. However, we can’t see this movement with our naked eye. In order for us to see this movement, we must use a microscope to see the small particles move after collision, this is called the Brownian movement. When talking about the cell membrane we must understand that it is selectively permeable, which means it can choose what can pass through...
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... (4x, 10x, 40x) Part 2: 1) Repeat the same lab procedure as you did with soaking onion skin cells in tap water last day, but now using the onion and soaking it into saltwater. 2) Prepare a wet-mount slide for the onion skin cell done by your teacher. 3) Add iodine to the onion and place a cover slip on top of the onion. 4) Examine the slide under all magnifications and sketch Proper Biological Diagrams for each power. (4x, 10x, 40x) Hypothesis: If tap water is added to the onion skin cells then the water will absorb and swell up because, osmosis is occurred and it becomes completely inflated. If saltwater is added to the onion skin cells then the cells would wrinkle up and probably shrink because, once the onion is placed in salt solution, it will dehydrate since it’s hypertonic. The water would leave the cell by diffusion to get an osmosis balance. Observations: Quantitative Variables: * Amount of salt * Amount of water * What time you start the experiment * Where you place the onion * What temperature was the onion placed in before * How much iodine you drop on the onion skin * How long did you place the onion skin in either salt or tap...
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