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Révision Droit

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Submitted By pikapika
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LA PREUVE
Principe en matière de preuve
Cf. Art 1315 : « celui qui réclame l’exécution d’une obligation doit la prouver. Réciproquement, celui qui se prétend libéré doit justifier le paiement ou le fait qui a produit l’extinction de son obligation »
Les modes de preuve
L’écrit
Le témoignage
Les présomptions : simple et irréfragable
L’aveu
Le serment
Exception
La preuve est libre en matière commerciale. Art 109 C. Com
En matière commerciale si valeur de l’acte supérieur à 800 euros : 2 modes écrit et aveu

LE PATRIMOINE
C’est une universalité de droit qui comporte un actif (les droits) et un passif (les dettes).
L’ensemble des droits et des devoirs d’une personne.
Le régime du patrimoine est caractérisé par 4 règles : 1. La nécessité du patrimoine : toute personne a nécessairement un patrimoine au sens juridique du terme. En effet, même si rien aujourd’hui, demain peut être 2. L’unité du patrimoine : chaque personne n’a normalement qu’un patrimoine qu’elle ne peut pas cloisonner; 3. L’intransmissibilité du patrimoine entre vifs 4. Il n’y a pas de patrimoine sans qu’une personne, physique ou morale, en soit titulaire.

Droit réel et droit personnel
Droit réel : Droit qui porte sur un fait. Pouvoir immédiat et direct d’une personne sur une chose.
Droit Personnel : Droit qui porte sur un rapport de droit entre personne. Exiger une certaine prestation d’une autre personne

LE DROIT DE PROPRIETE
Fructus : Le droit d’utiliser De se servir du bien soit pour son agrément, soit à des fins économiques.

Abusus : Le droit de recueillir les fruits
Usus : Le droit de disposer. De détruire le bien, de le céder (par vente, donation), le démembrer (servitudes, usufruit) ou le grever de droits réels accessoires (hypothèque, gage...).
3 caractères :
Caractère absolu : La faculté d’exercer pleinement tous les attributs de ce droit.
Caractère exclusif : La faculté de protéger son bien contre les tiers, en dehors de tout préjudice.
Caractère perpétuel : Le droit de propriété ne se perd pas par le non-usage du bien

LE PRINCIPE DU CONSENSUALISME
2 éléments :
La volonté suffit à créer le contrat
L’échange des consentements forme le contrat qui existe dès la rencontre de l’offre et de l’acceptation
Exceptions :
Le contrat de travail, obligation d’un écrit.

LA FORCE OBLIGATOIRE DES CONTRATS
Art 1134 : « le contrat s’impose aux parties comme une loi, il n’a d’effet qu’à l’égard de ceux qui ont manifesté la volonté de s’engager. »
Modification du contrat par les 2 parties, Le juge ne peut modifier le contrat.

LES DIFFERENTS TYPES DE CONTRAT
Contrat selon le mode de formation * Le contrat consensuel : un contrat qui résulte de la seule rencontre entre les 2 cocontractants * Les contrats non consensuels : contrat pour lesquelles une formalité est requise comme condition de validité. Ex : Un écrit
Contrat selon leur contenu: * Le contrat unilatéral: il fait naitre des obligations envers une seule partie. Ex: La donation. * Le contrat synallagmatique: contrat qui fait naitre des conditions réciproque à chacune des parties, contrat le plus utilisé. Ex : Vente * Le contrat à titre gratuit : ex : La donation. Sans recherche d’un interet pécunier * Le contrat à titre onéreux: les parties d’engagent en ayant pour but un interet patrimonial
Contrat selon leur mode d’exécution: * Contrat à exécution instantanée: il s’exécute en un minimum de temps. Immédiatement. * Contrat à exécution successif : échelonner dans le tps. Ex: Contrat de travail. * Contrat aléatoire : l’événement est incertain (assurance vie) * Contrat communtatif : s’oppose au contrat aléatoire * CDD, CDI

LE CONTRAT
LA FORMATION DU CONTRAT
Article 1108 CC : Quatre conditions cumulatives sont essentielles pour la validité d’une convention :
Le consentement de la partie qui s’oblige,
Sa capacité de contracter,
Un objet certain qui forme la matière de son engagement,
Une cause licite dans l’obligation
Nullité : anéantissement rétroactif du contrat

LA PROTECTION DU CONSENTEMENT
2 catégories de vice :
La violence :
Physique, morale, économique avec la notion de dépendance
Exercé par le contractant ou pas des tiers
L’erreur : 2 types d’erreurs
Erreur Spontanée : La personne s’est trompée toute seule
Erreur :Sur la personne et sur la substance (vice du consentement) Conditions : Déterminante et excusable
Erreur dolosive : La personne a été trompée Erreur : Toutes Conditions : dol émanant du cocontractant et dol déterminant du consentement
Les erreurs peuvent portés sur 3 éléments :
ERREUR SUR LA NATURE DU CONTRAT : Les parties croyaient conclure un contrat de nature différente
ERREUR SUR L’IDENTITE DE LA CHOSE
ERREUR SUR LA PERSONNE

L’OBJET
Objet de l’obligation : prestation ou chose que la partie s’engage à fournir
L’objet doit être :
1- Objet POSSIBLE
2- Objet CERTAIN
3- Objet LICITE

LES SANCTIONS CONTRACTUELLES
Nullité : une des 4 conditions n’est pas respectée La nullité sanctionne un problème dans la formation du contrat. | Domaine d’application | Titulaire de l’action | Prescription | Nullité relative | - Incapacité- Vice du consentement- Absence de cause (arrêt du 9 novembre 1999) | Action ouverte à la personne que la loi entend protéger. | 5 ans pour agir | Nullité absolue | - Illicéité ou d’absence d’objet- Illicéité de la cause | Action ouverte à toute personne intéressée | 30 ans pour agir |

Résolution : Problème dans le cadre de l’exécution du contrat, prononcée par le juge.
Inopposabilité : ex : Vente immobilière mais si vente n’est pas enregistrée la vente est inopposable au tiers. Le contrat n’est pas connu.
Caducité : Achat d’une maison, Prêt attendu lors de l’achat d’une maison. Si pas de prêt, contrat de vente annulé.

LE CONTRAT SPECIAUX
LE CONTRAT DE VENTE
Garantie des vices cachés.
Vice existe avant la vente et le vice est d’une telle importance qu’il rend le bien inutilisable.
2 possibilités d’action judiciaire : Action réhidibitoire, action en annulation (restitution des deux parties plus dommages et intérêts) Action estimatoire : Prix de vente baisse selon le vice.
Le choix de l’action est donné à l’acheteur

CONTRAT D’ENTREPRISE
Différences entre contrat travail et entreprises : Lien de subordination, pas de représentation, pas de transfert de propriété, pour le travail.
LES CONTRATS DU DROIT DES SURETES
Sureté : garantie au profit du créancier, si le débiteur ne peut plus payer.
Le contrat de cautionnement : une banque prête de l’argent en demandant une garantie, une personne payant en lieu et place de la personne qui ne paie pas. Type de sûreté personnelle | Description | Cautionnement | C (caution) s'engage à payer la dette de A envers B si A ne peut le faire. | Délégation imparfaite | C (délégué) a une dette envers A (délégant), qui a lui-même une dette envers B (délégataire). C s'engage à payer la dette de A envers B, ce qui le libère de son obligation envers A. | Garantie autonome | C s'engage à payer B s'il le lui demande, même si A est en mesure de le faire lui-même. Cette garantie n'est pas accessoire à la dette de A (« autonome »!). C ne peut en aucun cas se servir des vices de la dette de A pour refuser de payer mais peut invoquer la fraude. | Lettres d'intention | C s'engage à aider A à payer sa dette à B. Cet engagement peut prendre différentes formes, dont certaines rejoignent la garantie autonome. |

L’INEXECUTION DU CONTRAT
L’EXECUTION FORCEE
Elle est possible sous 3 conditions cumulatives:
Certaine : Accord sur le montant.
Liquide : Accord sur le montant
Exigible : Prêt à rembourser au 31 dec 2009 si pas de remboursement au 21 nov 2009 impossibilité de demander la somme avant le terme
L’INEXECUTION DU CONTRAT
Annulation, résolution, résiliation
L’annulation ne donne pas lieu a une inexécution du contrat.
Résolution peut être prévue au contrat ou décidée par juge :
Contrat : clause résolutoire +mise en demeure
Juge : résolution judiciaire
Clauses résolutoires : Parties prévois à l’avance qu’en cas de manquement le contrat sera résilié (Crédit bail) + Obligation d’une mise en demeure automatique due à la création de la clause résolutoire.

LA RESPONSABILITE CONTRACTUELLE
Si en dehors du contrat, responsabilité délictuelle.
Si je suis dans les limites du contrat, responsabilité contractuelle.

LES CONDITIONS CUMULATIVES
La faute : l’inexécution est le fait du débiteur
Obligation de résultat
Obligation de moyen
Le dommage : Tout types de préjudice : matériel, morale, corporel.
Le lien de causalité : le préjudice résulte de la faute.
L’EXONERATION DU LIEN DE CAUSALITE
Le contrat est présumé mal exécuté par le cocontractant. Cette faute a crée un dommage qui résulte de ma responsabilité.
3 possibilités de s’en sortir :
Invocation de l’existence d’une cause d exonération mais aussi d’une cause étrangère :
Tiers : ex transport : accident, grèves Air France…
Créancier : Dans le contrat le pli devait mettre remis avant 17h pour réception en 24h, mais pli remis a 20h.
Force Majeure : Extérieur aux parties, imprévisible et insurmontable. Hypothèse rarement admise.

LA RESPONSABILITE DELICTUELLE
Pas de délit pénal. Il s’agit de la responsabilité pénale dans le droit civil
Soit dans le cadre d’un contrat, soit dans un autre cadre est la responsabilité délictuelle.
Responsabilité civile crée une indemnisation.

La victime devra réunir 3 conditions :
1-Prouver qu’elle a subi un dommage
On peut tout envisager en matière de dommage.
Exemple : Traverser sur un passage piéton et se faire renverser, mal physique, esthétique, financier(perte de salaire), moral(choc ou décès).
Certain
Direct : Le préjudice doit être la conséquence directe de la faute.
Actuel
2-Prouver quel en est le fait générateur
A l’origine de la responsabilité délictuelle, il y a un FAIT dommageable pour la victime.
L’obligation de réparer peut être du : 1- à une faute 2- à un risque 3- à une garantie d’indemnisation
3 régimes distinct de responsabilité : Art 1384 al.1 * Fait personnel : responsable du dommage que l’on cause par son propre fait * Fait d’autrui : responsable du dommage causé par le fait des personnes dont on doit répondre * Fait des choses : Responsabilité sur les choses dont j’ai la garde (propriétaire ou gardien).
La faute est présumé (présomption) si 3 conditions:
Une chose : Meuble, immeuble, véhicule affecté d’un vice, chose inerte ou en mouvement
Un fait de la chose : Lien de causalité entre le dommage et l’action de la chose. En quoi la cause est génératrice du dommage.
2 hypothèses : si la chose est en mouvement et contact avec la victime alors lien est présumé, on a pas a la prouver.
Si la chose est inerte ou n’est pas entré en contact, à la victime de prouver la chose.
Le gardien de la chose: usage, direction, contrôle. Responsabilité du dommage causé par la chose

3-Prouver qu’il existe un lien de causalité
Tiers : ex transport : accident, grèves Air France…
Créancier : Dans le contrat le pli devait mettre remis avant 17h pour réception en 24h, mais pli remis a 20h.
Force Majeure : Extérieur aux parties, imprévisible et insurmontable. Hypothèse rarement admise.

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...report and felt unsure whether your ideas are clear or not, or if you've found yourself staring at a draft and didn't know exactly what to do to revise what you have written, you are not alone. It's challenging to look at your own writing and know what works and doesn't. This happens because when you write, you know what you want to say to your audience and the ideas as a result make sense to you. Often times, though, what makes sense to you as a writer may not be clear to the audience. Writers need feedback that gives them perspective and objectivity so during the revision process they know what is effective and what is ineffective in their documents and can work to solve any problems in content and organization that might prevent what they have written from reaching their audience and achieving their purpose. Peer-reviews, as you leaned in Unit 5, allow you to share what you've written and get specific revision suggestions from classmates. At this point, though, it is helpful to understand what to do with the feedback you received. Some types of feedback such as praise and personal opinion, for example, will give you insight about your readers and the parts of your essay that caught their attention. When revising, you can use that knowledge as confirmation that you are on the right track or take it as a suggestion to add more of that type of information or detail in the essay to keep these readers engaged. Other types of feedback that question what you mean or request evidence...

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