...CRITICAL REVIEW LITERATURE ARTICLE 1 TITLE ( CITATION) | Family Socioeconomic Status and Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Black and White American Adolescents | RESEARCH QUESTIONS | Indicators of Socioeconomic StatusSexually Transmitted Disease PrevalenceMaternal EducationMaternal OccupationHousehold CompositionAdjusted Household Income | OBJECTIVES | The objective of this study was to assess associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) stratified by race and gender. | TYPES OF STUDY | Cross-sectional study | SAMPLE SIZE | 4 family SES indicators and STD reports for black and white 7th through 12th graders were examined. | RESULT | STD reports were higher for adolescents not living in 2-parent homes, and lower income was only associated for black males. | MAJOR FINDINGS | Measures indicating lower SES were more consistently related to STD among blacks. Family structure, maternal occupation, and, to a lesser extent, maternal education were associated with STDs among black females and males. For black males, the association of STDs with maternal education and occupation were not statistically significant; however, the magnitudes of the point estimates were comparable to those of black females, suggesting important, but imprecise, effects. In contrast, only nontraditional family structure was associated with STD among white females. Income was generally a poor indicator of STD risk in all groups...
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...Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms.[1] This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[2][3] Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.[1] More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.[1] The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex.[4] Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[4] Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has...
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...call it illness or disease. Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infectious diseases and as many as 700,000 people in the U.S. get gonorrhea every year (CDC). Sometimes it is transmitted from mother to baby during vaginal delivery, if the mother is affected. Men usually have no symptoms, although infrequently they may have pain when urinating, swollen testicles and/or discharge from the penis. According to a Study completed by the European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, it was discovered that 15% of male infertility are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses. These infections affect the testicles, the epididymis (a reservoir where the sperm is collected after it leaves the testicles), and the production of male sex hormones. If a woman has a partner that has been diagnosed with a low sperm count, this might have originated from a urinary tract infection or a previous infection of venereal disease. Sperm themselves can also be affected since micro-organisms can affect their development, maturation and motility (how they swim). Another common type of urinary infection is from Escherichia Coli (E-coli). The e-coli bug grows in the intestines of humans and is usually good for you. They are part of the immune system as well as being responsible for the production of a type of vitamin K, which helps with the coagulation of blood; the e-coli bacteria prevent pathogenic infections by eating the bad bacteria in the gut. In many cases, too many e-coli...
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...Genitourinary Clinical Case Student’s Name Institution Genitourinary Clinical Case Genitourinary diseases or (STDs) are infections that are passed through sexual contacts with infected persons (Gross, 2011), they are also known as venereal diseases. Currently, there are more than twenty types of STDs. These are either caused by viruses, parasites or bacteria. Some of them are; Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Genital Herpes, HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis and HPV (Barlow, 2011). Most of these genitourinary diseases affect both genders, but they have been known to cause severe health problems in women than in men. For instance, if an expectant mother catches STDs, this can have serious health implications for the infant (Iannini, 2003). Genitourinary diseases that are caused by parasites or bacteria are treatable by use of antibiotics and other types of medicines. Those that are caused by viruses are untreatable; currently there is no cure for them (Markos, 2003). Drugs sometimes control STDs caused by viruses. Also correct and consistent use of latex condoms significantly reduces chances of contracting an STD even though they are not a hundred percent effective (Pattman, 2010). Initially, most genitourinary infections do not have symptoms. This fact poses a greater risk of infecting others. Some symptoms of these diseases might include; discharges both vaginal and penile, pelvic pain and pimple like ulcers around the genitals (Miller, 2003). In women, STIs acquired...
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...The Impact of Chlamydia on our Community Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a growing problem in our country today. According to estimations calculated by The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there are over 19 million new STD infections every year. STDs are highly preventable with the use of prophylactics. When left untreated, STDs can cause a number of complications including reproductive health problems, fetal and perinatal problems, and cancer. Complications are seen more frequently in women than in men (insert healthy ppl ref). Economic, behavioral, and social factors play a role in the spread of STDs. Infection rates among African Americans and Hispanics are higher in comparison to Caucasians. Economic status is correlated to these increased rates. Those of low economic status are less likely to have access to healthcare and/or other preventable measures. Generally speaking Americans have a discomfort about discussing sex and this is one of the most pressing social factors that contribute to the spread of STDs (insert healthy ppl ref). Chlamydia is one of the most prevalent STDs. It is a bacterial infection transmitted through oral, anal and vaginal sexual interactions. It is most prevalent amongst younger adult’s ages 15-29, but the highest segment at risk is ages 15-19( hp2020 ref). Healthy People 2020 is an initiative managed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It sets a 10 year agenda each decade...
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...What is Sexually Transmitted Disease? What are the Common Sexually transmitted diseases? What are the Cause of Each Sexually Transmitted Diseases? What are the signs/symptoms and Diagnosis? What is the complications? What is the Effect of sexually transmitted disease? \ S exually transmitted infection is a broader term than sexually transmitted disease. An infection is a colonization by a parasitic species, which may not cause any adverse effects. In a disease, the infection leads to impaired or abnormal function. In either case, the condition may not exhibit signs or symptoms. Increased understanding of infections like HPV, which infects most sexually active individuals but cause disease in only a few has led to increased use of the term STI. Public health officials originally introduced the term sexually transmitted infection, which clinicians are increasingly using alongside the term sexually transmitted disease in order to distinguish it from the former. STD may refer only to infections that are causing diseases, or it may be used more loosely as a synonym for STI. Most of the time, people do not know that they are infected with an STI until they are tested or start showing symptoms of disease. Moreover, the term sexually transmissible disease is sometimes used since it is less restrictive in consideration of other factors or means of transmission. For instance, meningitis is transmissible by means of sexual contact but is not labeled as an STI...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Sexually transmitted diseases Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) amongst adolescents are a worldwide growing health problem. Approximately one million people contract sexually transmitted infections every day and 50% of them are adolescents aged 15-24 years (Lazarus, Sihvonen-Riemenschneider, Laukamm-Josten, Wong & Liljestrand, 2010). STDs include many different sexually transmittable infectious diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. An STD is transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual contact as well as through blood products. STDs can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to salpingitis for women and to epididymitis for men, which can affect fertility and in worst case lead to sterility. Hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that...
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...The awareness of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) among Secondary School students in Owerri Municipal Area of Imo State, Nigeria. By A.M. Adewale. Department of Biology, Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education, Owerri. Imo State, Nigeria. Email: mosesremimec@yahoo.com And M.O. Ayodele. Kwara State College of Education (T), Lafiagi. Kwara State, Nigeria. Email: oluoyedele@yahoo.com. Introduction. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are transmitted through sexul contacts and the most common ones are hepatitis B, genital herpes, syphilis, chlamydia, gornorrhea, genital warts, pubic lice and HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2006). STDs are diseases that you get by having sex (intercourse, oral or anal) with someone who already has a sexually transmitted disease (Dehne and Riedner, 2005). Although there are diversity in culture and practices of different practices among different nations of the world, hthe attitude to human sexual relationships seems to be almost similar among all men. Moreover geographical barrier does no longer effectively separate interactions among the diverse people of the world. THe prevalence and pattern of infections are not different among all men who have similar diposition to acquiring diseases. Sexually transmitted infections and the causative agents are commonly prevalent prevalent in all parts of the world. According to Child Trends (2013), there are more than 25 kinds of STIs, acquired primarily through...
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...Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers 3rd Edition Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers (3rd edition) A resource with answers to your questions about sexual health education in our schools This resource document was prepared by Alexander McKay, Ph.D, Research Coordinator, and Mary Bissell, Ph.D., Information Services Coordinator, Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (SIECCAN) contEntS IntroductIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 QuEStIonS: 1. Sexual health and Canadian youth: How are we doing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Why do we need sexual health education in the schools?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Do parents want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Do young people want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. What values are taught in school-based sexual health education?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Does providing youth with sexual health education lead to earlier or more frequent sexual activity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Is there...
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...Journal Article November 22, 2011 “Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Among Women Reporting Sexual Activity With Women Screened in Family Planning Clinics in the Pacific Northwest ,1997 to 2005” Devika Singh ,David Fine, and Jeanne Marrazzo Introduction In 1907 Chlamydia trachomatis was discovered by scientists, chylamydia is a bacterial infection that has been said to have plagued the world for hundreds of years prior to its discovery according to The University of Oregon. Chylamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States, surpassing gonorrhea infection with an estimated 4 million to 5 million reported cases annually to the CDC. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevelance of and risk associated with Chlamydia infection among women aged 15 to 24 . Specifically those who reported engaging in same sex behavior and attended family planning clinics in the Pacific Northwest from 1997 to 2005. This study is of great significance because “according to the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth ,11% of US women aged to 44 years reported same-sex behavior in their lifetime”( Singh et al. 2011).[1] In the Perspective On Sexual and Reproductive Health Journal there was an article published “Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Infection among Women Visiting Family Planning Clinics: Racial Variation in Prevalence and Predictors” that examined the disproportional infection rate of black women vs. that of white...
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...Introduction: The aim of this essay is to evaluate the significance of being diagnosed with Chlamydia Trachomatis (C. Trachomatis) Positive. The biological, social and psychological aspects of the disease will be thoroughly assessed by weighing the clinical manifestation, prevention and treatment options for the exemplar lady - Fiona. Majority of infected individuals with chlamydia are asymptomatic, consequently providing an ongoing reservoir of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In 2014, there were approximately 440,000 reported cases of STIs in England alone, with Chlamydia accounting for 206,774 of the cases. Although much is known about the implications and biological aspects of testing positive for chlamydia, less is known about...
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...relate to. What my experience illustrates is the sexual pressure college students’ feel. Disregarding gender, I feel like most students attending college are exposed to the idea of having a spontaneous sex life. It has just become a common stereotype many people start to live up to, that once you are in college your sex life needs to be adventurous. The main concern with such pressure is the type of dangerous exposure college students face when they pursue such an active sexual life. One of the most common issues related to an active sexual life, is the common factor of risking your health with sexually transmitted diseases. When looking at statistics, many of the numbers show people from the ages of 18 and up are the ones who attract STD’s the most. These numbers signify the problems that this age up has. According to Guttmacher institute, there are approximately 19 million new cases of STIs each year, half of them among 15–24-year-olds, and that 65 million Americans have at least one viral STI, most commonly genital herpes (Guttmacher). If you think about it these numbers are really high, but are these numbers enough for young adults like us to stop us from having sex? When it comes to sex for a young adult he or she doesn’t...
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...Biochemical identification/ Genetic transformation Neisseria meningitidis (also called the meningococcus), one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative agent of meningococcal septicaemia. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (also called the gonococcus), which causes gonorrhea. Neisseria meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the outer membrane of the bacterium and protects against soluble immune effector mechanisms within the serum. It is considered to be an essential virulence factor for the bacteria. N. gonorrhea possesses no such capsule. Neisseria meningitidis Often referred to as meningococcus, Neisseria meningitidis is a gram negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative bacterium since it has an outer and inner membranes with a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between. It tests positive for the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. The bacterium is referred to as a coccus because it is round, and more specifically, diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs. Signs and symptoms Meningococcus can cause meningitis and other...
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...Case Study: Ectopic Pregnancy A 28 year old female patient whom is about 8 weeks pregnant was rushed to the ER (Emergency Room) after noticing some vaginal spotting. She also had two abortions in the past 3 years. The patient has been diagnosed and treated for gonorrhea and chlamydia once. She’s been having chills throughout the night but no fever. Some nausea and vomiting was reported. Her weight is at 110 lbs and her BP (Blood Pressure) is 97/54 mmHg. She complained about cloudy urine and pain after urination. She was treated for recurrent UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) and bacterial vaginosis. The RN (Register Nurse) had her to take a urine test, draw blood and orders a CBC (Complete Blood Work) and following up with a pelvic exam. The examination revealed normal external genitalia. The patient was diagnosis for different test to rule out any UTI, GTI (Genital Tract Infection), Ectopic pregnancy, and normal pregnancy. The doctor ordered an ultrasound exam. Her hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) was at 15,900 mUI/mL. The radiologist reported the patient’s ultrasound shows a thickened endometrium and slightly enlarged uterus. The result shows increased vascularity adjacent in the right ovary while the left ovary was normal. The doctor rushed in the room and told the patient that ectopic pregnancy was suspected. After being rushed in the surgery room, they prepare the patient for surgery. During the diagnostic laparoscopy, a corneal pregnancy was noted on the left side. They removed...
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...| MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | | | | 10/24/2014 | Contents Vasectomy 3 BPH – Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 4 ED – Erectile Dysfunction 6 Andropause 7 Gynecomastia 8 PSA Testing 9 Peyronie’s Disease 10 Diphallia 12 Cryptorchidism 13 Orchiopexy 14 Prostate Cancer 15 STD’s 17 a) Chlamydia 17 b) Gonorrhea 18 c) Syphilis 19 d) Herpes Genitalis 20 Paternity Test 21 Viagra (sildenafil) 22 Circumcision 23 Vasectomy * A vasectomy is the surgical procedure performed on men in which the vas deferens (the tubes that carry the sperm from the testicles to the seminal vesicles) are cut, ties or cauterized. * The semen no longer contains sperm after the tubes are cut, so conception cannot occur. The testicles continue to produce sperm, but they die and are absorbed by the body. * There are 4 types of vasectomies: * Traditional vasectomy – the doctor will make an incision on the scrotum, allowing access to the vas deferens, which will then be cut. * No-scalpel vasectomy – the doctor cut the vas deferens via a small hole on the scrotum. * Clip vasectomy – small clamps are used to block the vas deferens instead of severing it. * Laser vasectomy – the vase deferens are cut and cauterized with a surgical laser * The vasectomy procedure prevents the release of sperm when a man ejaculates. The man will still produce semen, but will be sperm free. * Vasectomies may be reversed, however...
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