...Sharks One of the most feared predators of the ocean are the sharks, with more than 465 known species of sharks living in our ocean today. They are very popular animals with movies such as Jaws and Deep Blue Sea, these animals are also dedicated a whole week on animal planet they are often categorized as monstrous savages who just attack any and everything. In fact that isn’t a true reputation of them. These animals are survivors and have been around for a long time. These fascinating creatures have caught the eye and imagination of so many people as well as me. There are many things I want to cover over today just to give a better understanding and idea of sharks. Sharks are very smart creatures so its no surprise to learn they have plenty of ways in effective forms of communication. Eventhough sharks are generally loners, so they aren’t in groups. This makes it harder for scientist to observe how they actually communicate with each other than with other animals that live in the water. They have an amazing sense of hearing which is believed most likely to be how they communicate majority of the time. They can hear sounds at very low frequencies so a great part of it won’t even be picked up during the test observations. Sharks also use their hearing to allow them to pick up vibrations and electrical currents from other sharks in the water with them. Most of the communication among sharks involves aggression. They will fight each other not for territory but for food. For...
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...uture evolutionary potential of the entire species (Pearse & Avise 2001; Avise et al. 2002; Frankham et al. 2002; Rowe & Hutchings 2003). Given that the current level of shark exploitation worldwide is far exceeding the reproductive capacity of many species and resulting in serious declines in some populations (Manire & Gruber 1990; Baum et al. 2003; Myers & Worm 2003), development of urgently needed and effective conservation measures will benefit from a more thorough understanding of shark mating systems. Field observations suggest that group reproductive behaviour and polyandrous copulations by females in a single mating event may be common in some sharks and batoids (Carrier et al. 1994; Yano et al. 1999; Pratt & Carrier 2001; Chapman et al. 2003). Several species of requiem and hammerhead sharks (families Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae, respectively) are also known to store sperm for several months after copulation, raising the possibility that viable sperm from multiple males can accumulate over a protracted mating season and be available for delayed fertilization (Pratt 1993; Manire et al. 1995). Despite these life-history strategies that might seem conducive to multiple paternity, the latter has been documented in only two shark species, the lemon Negaprion brevirostris and nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum. In both these cases, the study animals were from small populations (< 100 breeding animals) and sampled from a single location from insular breeding grounds in the...
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...Name _____________________________ Period___ Chemistry 2011 Scientific Method and Measurement Definition of Chemistry- I. Scientific Method A. Steps 1. Observations: i. Use ___________________ senses ii. Good observers see only ___________________________ • Inference- _____________ based on observations (__________________________) o Example: ▪ Observation – it is cloudy and dark outside ▪ Inference – ______________________________ i. qualitative data – ii. quantitative data – 1. Hypothesis – possible ____________ to a question or problem; an educated guess based on knowledge and experience; o a ____________ solution o Not in the form of a ___________ but rather ________________ to a question. o Not an ______________. • Which of the following is considered a hypothesis? o Acid rain will make plants grow shorter. ___________________ o The alligators at the zoo love it when Cindy sings to them.______________ o If I take two aspirin then my headache will go away. __________________ o Why do dogs love treats? ___________________ o The clouds are beautiful when the sun shines through...
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...thing * Whatever chemicals in water they detect * Olfactory * Some fish have tube openings for nares + other holes * Water enter one opening go through u shaped canal and shoot out other * Inside poeclut is olfactory tissues * Fish hae amazing sense of smell in water * Fish have big olfactory porion of brain * Fish can smell or taste way to streams * Chemicals in water hit nares * Parts of mouth can sense sensitive to chemicals and some through skin * Barbels are covered with sensory cells * Tiny eyes mean nocturnal * Use barbels to detect food * Barbels also used to probe sand with barbels to detect food * Ridculous fleshy lips covered with sensory cells * Hammer head shark have sensory pits all over ( move head side to side * Sense is chemical + tactile (don’t have to touch) * Especially useful in murky water where not using sight * Hammers detect sound waves in air * Sound in water go faster and farther * Sound needs medium * Fish have no external area for hearing * Inner ear pars superior + pars inerior * Upper part not used for hearing * Pars inferior used for hearing (ear bone) * Otolith bony chip * Sound + water near field ~sound wave move and vibrate water molecules * Farfield...
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...Headlights. April 20, 2013 Riding in the car at 4 in the morning, on our way to go dive with the Great White Sharks. I started thinking... The whole world is dark, and the only light at the moment were the ones coming from the headlights of the van we're driving in. As we continue to drive along, I see that they is no way to see in the darkness unless the light is shining on it. There is no way to know if the path will turn left or right, swerve or stay straight. The world is dark, and I can only see the road a few feet in front of the van. As I watched the only thing visible, I saw it as also how God directs our life. With the light we shine it can only reach out a few if maybe just one step ahead. The road is laid out and finished, yet there is no way to know where it goes. Then there are the free ways, where everything is lit up. You are on fire for God, but when you return to be on your own, there is just your light again. It was crazy when another car came, and what seemed to be such a small light, actually shone very brightly to others. The light has such a power for piercing the darkness. It was also interesting, because although the driver was awake and driving the vehicle, everyone else was sleeping. So sometimes, groups of christians can become luke warm, and fall asleep in their faith, until the time comes where they need to wake up, and get going. Also there were lights from all the cars that passed, fog lights for the overview faith, slow...
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...Fish and Birds Test Directions: Choose the best answer that completes each statement. 1. ________ are a respiratory structure that allows the fish to breath in the water. 2. a. lungs b. gills c. nose 2. There are _____ groups of fish. 3. a. one b. two c. three 3. Jawless fish do not have ________ or ___________. 4. a. teeth and scales b. mouths and noses c. jaws and lips 4. ________ and ________ are types of jawless fish. a. sharks and rays b. hagfish and lampreys c. snakes and turtles 5. ______ is a tough, flexible tissue found in the skeletons of most vertebrates. a. skin b. gills c. cartilage 6. ________ make up the 2nd group of fish. Sharks and rays belong to this group. 7. a. bony fish b. jawless fish c. cartilaginous fish 7. This is the 3rd and largest group of fish which is the ________. a. bony fish b. jawless fish c. cartilaginous fish 8. Fish are ectothermic, which means they are ______ blooded. a. cold b. warm c. neither 9. The bones of birds are ________. 10. a. hollow b. solid c. filled with gasses 10. Birds have ______ that help in flight and are a modified scale. 11. a. scales b. feathers c. hair 11. Birds have different types of _______ that help in feeding. 12. a. teeth b. beaks c. claws 12. Two types of flightless birds are ____ and _______. a. penguins and ostriches b. robins and cardinals c.sparrows and crows 13. Birds with a long...
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...Endangered Sharks Rapidly declining shark populations has already been noticed and will continue to decline unless further steps are taken to ensure their protection as endangered species. 50 out of 307 shark species, listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), are either vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered. However, of those 50, only three, the White, Whale, and Basking sharks are protected internationally under CITES. CITES is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Sharks as a whole, represent the highest percentage of threatened marine species listed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Some well-known species that are endangered are Hammerheads, Tiger Sharks, Whale Sharks, Great White Sharks, Shortfin Mako Shark, and many tropical reef sharks. The decrease of shark populations has already had devastating effects on local coastal communities. Two of the world’s largest fish are on the endangered list. The Whale Shark is listed as vulnerable for extinction. They migrate seasonally and are targeted by commercial fisheries. Whale sharks feed on krill and plankton so they do not harm humans, the most harm one could face would be to get struck by its massive caudal, tail, fin. Whale Sharks are beneficial to many tropical reef areas. In addition, the Basking Shark is also listed as vulnerable. These are the second largest living fish left. They are found in all the worlds’ temperate oceans and are a...
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...in so many shapes and kinds as the shark. The earliest evidences of sharks are isolated spines, teeth and scales that appeared about 430 million years ago in the Silurian Period, known as the "Age of Fishes". Sharks have a sleek, streamlined design which helps them swim without using up a lot of energy.They certainly need to conserve their energy because they never really sleep and most of them never stop swimming. Some sharks are fierce predators, and would be happy to eat you if they encountered you. Almost any shark six feet or longer is a potential danger, but three species have been identified repeatedly in attacks: the Great White Shark, the Tiger Shark and the Bull Shark . All three live world wide, reach large sizes and eat large prey such as marine mammals or sea turtles. But most sharks never grow longer than five feet and never even see anyone with legs and arms anyway. People kill thousands more sharks every year than sharks kill people. Sharks take about as long to mature as we do. Some of them become adults in their teens. A mother shark carries her babies inside her body while they develop, sometimes for more than a year. Even so, some sharks are born inside an egg which they have to crack open. They spend early portions of their lives in nursery grounds. Some of the advantages sharks have over people is that they keep growing new teeth, they don't have breakable bones, and they are not prone to get cancer. Sometimes sharks are referred to as swimming computers...
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...THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea is the story of an epic struggle between an old, seasoned fisherman and the greatest catch of his life. For eighty-four days, Santiago, an aged Cuban fisherman, has set out to sea and returned empty-handed. So conspicuously unlucky is he that the parents of his young, devoted apprentice and friend, Manolin, have forced the boy to leave the old man in order to fish in a more prosperous boat. Nevertheless, the boy continues to care for the old man upon his return each night. He helps the old man tote his gear to his ramshackle hut, secures food for him, and discusses the latest developments in American baseball, especially the trials of the old man’s hero, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago is confident that his unproductive streak will soon come to an end, and he resolves to sail out farther than usual the following day. Character List Santiago - The old man of the novella’s title, Santiago is a Cuban fisherman who has had an extended run of bad luck. Despite his expertise, he has been unable to catch a fish for eighty-four days. He is humble, yet exhibits a justified pride in his abilities. His knowledge of the sea and its creatures, and of his craft, is unparalleled and helps him preserve a sense of hope regardless of circumstance. Throughout his life, Santiago has been presented with contests to test his strength and endurance. The marlin with which he struggles for three days represents his greatest challenge. Paradoxically...
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...Pelagia Noctiluca Most people do not give much thought to jellyfish. In fact, if you asked someone to tell you everything they know about jellyfish, they would probably dish out the basic facts: they live in water and they sting. However, jellyfish happen to be much more complex creatures than anyone gives them credit for. The Pelagia Noctiluca, also known as the purple striped jellyfish, is just one of the many species of jellyfish to lurk in our ocean’s waters. Pelagia Noctiluca are radially symmetric, meaning that they can be divided equally along a central axis. They are also bell-shaped and have eight long tentacles that originate from the mouth. To move around, the purple striped jellyfish’s bell throbs or they ride the water’s current (Monterey Bay Aquarium, 2015). In terms of reproduction, purple striped jellyfish reproduce sexually. However, the egg is fertilized externally after the sperm is released from the mouth. After the egg is fertilized, it develops planulae which then transition straight into ephyrae. The life cycle is finished once the ephyrae becomes medusa and eventually repeats the process (Animal Diversity Web, 2015). Pelagia Noctiluca are carnivores that feed on other aquatic creatures such as zooplankton, copepods, larval fish, ctenophores, salps, other jellyfish, and fish eggs (National Aquarium, 2015). They capture their prey by releasing the nematocysts within their tentacles. These nematocysts contain toxins that are injected into the prey to...
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...Burmese Pythons in the Everglades Have you ever wanted to visit the Everglades? I hope you like snakes if you want to visit the Everglades. The everglades are being over populated with Burmese pythons. Just to let you know the Everglades is not the home place for the pythons. In the Everglades, the ecosystem is being filled with these large snakes. Quite a few animals are starting to die out in huge numbers because of the pythons. Burmese pythons are also starting to die because of being hunted. First, Burmese pythons are amazing animals. Yes, they are snakes, but they are beautiful. Their size is about twenty feet long and two hundred pounds. Could you imagine being out somewhere and running into a snake that big? Source 1 states how the python kills animals as the following. For the pythons to kill their prey they first grab it, and when the animal tries to get away it sinks its teeth farther into the prey. Then the python wraps its long and powerful body around the prey and squeezes the animal until it dies. This is what Source 1 states. Burmese pythons are nonvenomous, but they bite so hard it can kill a human. The python has jaws that can let it swallow anything up to five times the size of its head. Some people what the python as a pet, and that’s not a problem. What the problem is, is that they get too big for the owners to keep, so the owners just let them go. All in all, Burmese pythons are not that bad of animals. Next, these animals are hunting other animals and...
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...Taken from divezone.net. Baby whale sharks average 21-25 inches. Male whale sharks aren’t mature until the age of 30. Females can reproduce when they reach 20. We are not certain of the lifespan of whale sharks, but it is estimated to be 100-150 years. Can you guess what they like to feast upon? Whales, seals, turtles or maybe other sharks? Those are all wrong. Whale sharks are filter feeders! They eat plankton and small fish by scooping them up with their mouths. Their heads are flattened, and they have a blunt snout. Its body is gray or brown with white spots and has pale stripes. It’s underbelly is also white and has two dorsal fins. If you’re lucky to see this massive shark, you’ll need to be warm, tropical sea water. They migrate to the...
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...Basking Shark In the midst of all the masters of the sea, comes an enormous atrocious sea creature. It is known for being the second largest species of sharks in the world and also a fascinating monstrosity. Cetorhinus Maximus, also known as Basking sharks are fierce yet bizarre lethargic sharks. They are known for their gigantic mouths and unique appearance, which sets them apart, and additionally are quite impressive. According to “The Shark side of Life” it states that, “These sharks can grow to lengths of over 35 feet (10 meters), thus making them the second largest fish in the ocean ("The Shark side of the World ").” Due to their colossal appearance, this particular shark has few enemies. Basking sharks are very independent and known to depart from their mothers once born. They are ovoviviparous which is a form of reproduction where the eggs are internally fertilized as well as hatched within the female bearer which she gives birthed to fully young sharks. In addition to their eccentric process of reproduction, Basking sharks are oophagous, which means that the mother produces infertile eggs to nurture the fertile eggs, as a source of food. According to Sharks Trust, it states “Gestation periods of 1–3.5 years have been proposed though this figure has recently been revised to around 14 months. Estimates of the size at birth range from 1–1.7m, making Basking Shark pups larger at birth than the majority of other sharks are when fully grown ("Shark Trust ").” This shows...
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...Sharks Speech I. Intro 1. Deadly animals that cause fear in people 2. Sharks certainly intrigue people but there is more to them than meets the eye II. Background 1. Origins * 450 million sharklike * 400 million sharks teeth * Cartilage * Carnivorous * Streamlined bodies 2. Common conceptions and misconceptions * Truth- ferocious predators * Not all dangerous * Don’t just kill anything * Not mindless III. Interesting facts 1. Do they die when they stop swimming * Die when they stop 2. Which ones are deadliest/ can jump/ fastest * Mako/blue 60 mph * Blue, mako and g-white * Bull shark 3. Shark fining * Kill for fins * 100 million a year * Devastating population 4. Teeth sizes * Teeth= size * G-white 2in * Whale shark 2mm * 20,000 grown and lost 5. Force of their bites * Strongest jaws on earth * G-white- 1.8 tons 6. Biggest now and then * Whale shark- 50 feet * Megaladon Shark- 60ft * 6in teeth IV. Survival tips * Bull/ Tiger/ Great White 1. How many shark attacks a year * 16 in USA 2. How many people die in USA a year * 1 every 2 yr. 3. What is most dangerous season * summer 4. Where do they come near shore * 6 ft of water 5. Does punch in snout work/ poke in eye * Jab eye and gills * Punch nose has been said to work V. Conclusion 1. Different and unique kinds of...
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...discussed today will be sharks mainly the bull shark. Sharks are one of the oldest animals in the world dating back to almost 455 million years ago. Sharks have went through a lot of changes over the long existence of their species for instance where the mouth is on the head the original sharks are too have their mouths on top of their heads while sharks now have their mouths on the bottom of their heads, early sharks were also near shore predators instead of the fast swimming off shore predators that we have now. One of the ancient sharks was Cladoselache shark which did not have the tooth-liked scales that provided protection like most ancient and modern sharks have and had. These kind of shark did not have the claspers on the male sharks that are used to mate with female sharks even without having these two key parts to the shark this species of shark survived for over a million years. The modern sharks of the day did not become to be until about 65 million years ago when another global catastrophe happened that destroyed a mass number of species to include the dinosaurs and the sharks that survived this include the species of sharks we have today. Most of the sharks up to this point have been predators but about 65 to 35 million years ago there was group that evolved into a breed of filter feeding sharks that came about on earth. The most common today are the Whale shark and the Basking shark. One of the most interesting modern sharks is the bull shark because it has evolved...
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