...Decision Analysis Model and Report JaKaiser Smith Southern New Hampshire University Date: 07/09/2015 Abstract In this report following resources have been utilized to establish a relationship between Retail Salesperson’s salaries and their intent to shoplift at their own workplace: * The Larceny theft data from Federal Bureau of Investigation’s official website for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013; * 25th and 26th Annual Retail Theft Surveys by Hayes International for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013; * National Conference of State Legislatures website for Labor and employment data for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013. ‘Shoplifting’ is undoubtedly a psychological issue for most of the people. Shoplifting for most individuals is rarely about greed or poverty. It’s about people struggling with their own personal conflicts and needs. There are approximately 27 million shoplifters (or 1 in 11 people) in the USA today. More than 10 million people have been caught shoplifting in the last five years. The pleasure produced from “getting away with it” yields a chemical reaction causing in what shoplifters describe as an incredible “rush” or “high” feeling. Many shoplifters have committed to the fact that this high is their “true reward,” rather than the stolen product itself. It is assumed in this project that all the shoplifting instances in different states of the USA have been performed by the front-end Retail Salesperson. This might not be 100% true as the members...
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...As item A suggests women are treated more leniently than men by the criminal justice system which is supported by the official statistics; for example women are more likely than men to be cautioned rather than prosecuted. According to the Ministry of Justice, 49% of females recorded as offending received a caution in 2007, whereas for males the figure was only 30%, this suggests that women are less likely to be sent to prison or even prosecuted in the first place. Similarly, Roger Hood’s study of over 3000 defendants found that women were about one-third less likely than males to be sent to jail. Also typically female crimes such as shoplifting are less likely to be reported. For example, property crime is less likely to be reported than the violent or sexual crimes more often committed by men and when women’s crimes are detected or reported they are less likely to be prosecuted or are let off lightly. This suggestion therefore supports the items belief that women are treated more leniently than men by the criminal justice system. The chivalry thesis argues that most criminal justice agents – such as police officers, magistrates and judges – are men, and men are socialised to act in a chivalrous way towards women. Otto Pollak (1950) argues that men have a protective attitude towards women therefore men hate to accuse women, send them to their punishment, arrest them, prosecute them or find them guilty. Men feel sympathy towards women and do not wish to cause them hurt or upset...
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...May 2005 PERCEPTION OF A WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: TAX EVASION 1 By Hughlene Burton University of North Carolina at Charlotte Stewart Karlinsky San Jose State University Visiting Fellow, 2005 School of Business Law Curtin University of Technology Cindy Blanthorne University of North Carolina at Charlotte ISSN: 1321-7828 ISBN: 174067 410 3 1 This paper was previously published in the American Taxation Association Journal of Legal Tax Research. 1 PERCEPTION OF A WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: TAX EVASION Hughlene Burton, Stewart Karlinsky and Cindy Blanthorne ABSTRACT The current study was designed to investigate U.S. taxpayers’ perception of the severity of tax evasion relative to other offences in general and white-collar crimes in particular. We compared the perception of tax evasion to twenty other offences, including violent crimes such as rape and murder and relatively minor offences such as jaywalking. Due to the recent focus by lawmakers and the media on white-collar scandals and the lack of comparisons in prior literature, we also included six white-collar crimes. Overall, the results indicate that tax evasion was viewed as only somewhat serious. When comparing tax evasion to other white-collar offences, we found that tax evasion was perceived as equal in severity to minimum wage law violations and rated less serious than the other four white-collar crimes investigated. Most demographic factors (age, gender, education or income level,...
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...ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS Up selling Birmingham South High School Promoting new products Report writing Product launches Maths English Geography Business studies Computer Technology 2008 - 2012 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass CAREER OBJECTIVE A well presented, articulate and smart individual who is very keen on a career in the retail sector. Michelle has a comprehensive understanding of what is takes to be an outstanding sales assistant, and is sure to be a valuable resource to any company that she works for. Right now she is seeking a challenging and rewarding position where she will not only be able to contribute to the improved efficiency and profitability of a company but will also be able upgrade her skills and experience as well. REATILING SKILLS AQUIRED WHILST STUDYING PERSONAL SKILLS Friendly and approachable manner Organised Trustworthy Reliable Articulate Team player Attention to detail Quick learner Giving a friendly and welcoming service. Able to accurately determine a customer’s needs. Knowledge of health and safety issues. Operating tills accurately and efficiently. Meeting high standards of display and visual merchandising. Spotting sales opportunities and then taking advantage of them. Knowledge of retailing laws and regulations. How to deal with customer complaints. Giving information about the features, quality and availability of products. Guarding against shoplifting. Handling cash and credit card payments. Arranging orders and deliveries. KEY COMPETENCIES...
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...Coworkers say Uma Opee was last seen when she left work at 5:10 p.m. The body of the victim was found October 19th at 7:45 a.m. behind an abandoned building approximately 5 miles from her residence. The victim was found with cloth stuffed in her mouth, her arms and legs tied with rope restraints, having been stabbed to death. Uma Opee worked at a music store within walking distance of her apartment. She had a previous criminal record that included shoplifting, drug possession and sale, assault, and disorderly conduct. Uma completed court-ordered rehabilitation just 2 months before her death. The coroner determined that the victim was stabbed 13 times and bled to death at approximately 11:45 p.m. the evening of October 18th. Cuts and bruises were found on the victim’s body as well as skin particles under her fingernails, signifying a struggle had occurred prior to her death. DNA tests were conducted on the skin particles under the victim’s fingernails and matched the DNA samples of the defendant. A toxicology report showed there were no drugs in the victim’s system at the time of her death. The victim’s apartment was found to have spots of blood on the carpeting in the living room as well as rope particles matching the rope used to tie the victim’s hands and feet. A blue MDMA tablet, also known as ecstasy, with a “thumbs-up” imprint was found under a table in the...
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...official statistics often comply with the common assumption that men commit more crimes then women. According to official statistics, in 2005, 1.8 million offenders were guilty in which 79% were male and 7% of these were aged fewer than 18. The ratio of male offenders to female offenders is four to one. The highest rates of offending for the most serious crimes were 17 year olds for males and 15 year olds for females. Pollak (1950) argued that official statistics on gender and crime were highly misleading. He claimed that statistics underestimated the extent of female criminality. Pollack claimed to have identified crimes that are usually committed by women but which are likely to go unreported. According to him, nearly all offences of shoplifting and all criminal abortion were carried out by women. Many unreported crimes are committed by female domestic servants. Pollack accepted official definitions of crime when he pointed out all the offences of prostitution that were not reported. He also suggested that women domestic roles gave them the opportunity to hide crimes such as poisoning relatives and sexually abusing their children. Pollak argued that the reason why females are often underrepresented in statistics could relate to a concept known as chivalry. Police, magistrates and...
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... Coworkers say Uma Opee was last seen when she left work at 5:10 p.m. The body of the victim was found October 19th at 7:45 a.m. behind an abandoned building approximately 5 miles from her residence. The victim was found with cloth stuffed in her mouth, her arms and legs tied with rope restraints, having been stabbed to death. Uma Opee worked at a music store within walking distance of her apartment. She had a previous criminal record that included shoplifting, drug possession and sale, assault, and disorderly conduct. Uma completed court-ordered rehabilitation just 2 months before her death. The coroner determined that the victim was stabbed 13 times and bled to death at approximately 11:45 p.m. the evening of October 18th. Cuts and bruises were found on the victim’s body as well as skin particles under her fingernails, signifying a struggle had occurred prior to her death. DNA tests were conducted on the skin particles under the victim’s fingernails and matched the DNA samples of the defendant. A toxicology report showed there were no drugs in the victim’s system at the time of her death. The victim’s apartment was found to have spots of blood on the carpeting in the living room as well as rope particles matching the rope used to tie the victim’s hands and feet. A blue MDMA tablet, also known as ecstasy, with a...
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...official statistics often comply with the common assumption that men commit more crimes then women. According to official statistics, in 2005, 1.8 million offenders were guilty in which 79% were male and 7% of these were aged fewer than 18. The ratio of male offenders to female offenders is four to one. The highest rates of offending for the most serious crimes were 17 year olds for males and 15 year olds for females. Pollak (1950) argued that official statistics on gender and crime were highly misleading. He claimed that statistics underestimated the extent of female criminality. Pollack claimed to have identified crimes that are usually committed by women but which are likely to go unreported. According to him, nearly all offences of shoplifting and all criminal abortion were carried out by women. Many unreported crimes are committed by female domestic servants. Pollack accepted official definitions of crime when he pointed out all the offences of prostitution that were not reported. He also suggested that women domestic roles gave them the opportunity to hide crimes such as poisoning relatives and sexually abusing their children. Pollak argued that the reason why females are often underrepresented in statistics could relate to a concept known as chivalry. Police, magistrates and other law enforcers tend to be men who are bought up to be chivalrous – they are usually more...
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...GANG ACTIVITY AND DRUG OPERATIONS GANGS AND DRUGS MR. BENJAMIN HAILEY EVREST UNIVERSITY JESUS CARDENAS March 11, 2013 Relationship between Gangs and drug Use In the United States and many other countries statistics show that there is a significant relationship between gangs and drugs (Bean, 2004). What is unclear, however, is the nature of the relationship between drug use and crime and this has resulted in much discussion. The definition of drug-related crime excludes violations of drug laws and includes acts of crimes that are committed by people who are using drugs or in the course of buying drugs or selling (Stevens, 2005). In (1985) Goldstein proposed the relationship between gangs and drug can be classified into three categories. Firstly, psycho-pharmacological i.e., the physical properties of the drug affect the user's mind in a way that leads to violent behavior. Secondly, systemic i.e., violent behavior is the normal and expected behavior of the drug scene culture. Finally, economic-compulsive i.e., the addictive nature of the drug leads the user to engage in violent behavior to steal items in order to resell them to fund their drug habit. This is probably the most widely accepted link between drug use and crime (Stevens, 2005). The research invariably falls into two types. Firstly, offenders who have been caught are tested for drug use. Evidence to support the...
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...Victimization Amira Shade Professor Robert Roth CRJ 105 Crime and Criminal Behavior November 1 , 2014 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss when a criminal attacks a victim whether it may be physical or not it can cause harm to the victim in different ways. Many situations can lead to a person becoming a victim of a crime and this paper will discuss some theories of victimization. Also, there researched can be used to obtain data on crimes that were not reported to law enforcement from victims. 1. Introduction Over the past several decades the tendency was to blame the victim when it came to the psychology and the dynamics of victimhood. Although, in past years blaming the victim was common, more recently this has changed. It is politically incorrect to exploit the role of victims in instances of crime cases. No matter what the circumstances or the case the victim does not deserve to be blamed for their own victimization. Many may feel that due to their particular lifestyle or where the victim may live precipitates causes for someone to become victimized. In many instances it has been thought that the victim’s behavior precipitates why they may be victimized. They are said to put these criminal acts in motion by exhibiting provocative or risky behavior. This may include picking arguments or even possibly using other gestures. (Miethe, 1993) Even though victims should not be blames for their own victimization, criminologist...
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...critique of the possible risk factors. By Caren Rossall Student I.D - 20166665 Abstract This report provides an insightful outlook on the potential risk factors associated with delinquent youths. An analysis of the mixed method research carried out by the author is provided. Questionnaires were distributed between 2, diverse areas which provided a set of contrasting opinions and beliefs. Personal, information is also shared on the topic from the interview with a previous youth offender. Why it is that children and young people become involved in criminal activities has been the focus of leading researchers for many years, resulting in a wide and varied literature base for this particular study. Some of the contemporary material has been evaluated and used in conjunction with the primary data attained. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to unravel some of the possible risk factors associated with youth offending. Why it is some children, as they grow up, become involved in criminal activities while others respect the law and stay out of trouble has been a largely debated question for many years (Utting et al, 1993). Not only has this topic been chosen as it is of great interest to the researcher but the classic British longitudinal studies of youth offending appear to be many years old. Existing literature from theorists, professionals, government reports and any other secondary research carried out regarding this chosen topic will be critically evaluated...
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...Bullying in Schools 1 PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION EXPERIENCES, PERCEPTIONS, AND ATTITUDES OF THIRD GRADERS TOWARDS BULLYING A RESEARCH REPORT RESEARCH ADMIN 5163 BY Jimmy C. Clark. PRAIRIE VIEW, TEXAS 2008 Bullying in Schools 2 Table of Contents Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………3 Chapter 1. Statement of the Problem Introduction-Background and Content………………………………………….5 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………...10 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………..11 Research Questions…………………………………………………………....11 Null Hypothesis………………………………………………………………..11 Significance of the Problem…………………………………………………....11 Operational Definition………………………………………………………….12 Chapter 2. Review of Literature……………………………………………………12 Chapter 3. Method…………………………………………………………………...20 Identification of the Research……………………………………………………20 Design……………………………………………………………………………20 Target Population………………………………………………………………..21 Sample of Participants…………………………………………………………...22 Sampling of Procedure…………………………………………………………..22 The Instrument…………………………………………………………………...23 Statistical Techniques……………………………………………………………27 Summary of Research Procedure………………………………………………..27 References……………………………………………………………………………28...
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...Running head: THE FOSTER CARE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE The Association Between Foster Care and Substance Abuse Risk Factors and Treatment Outcomes: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis Sharon H. Stoess Grand Canyon University NRS-433V March 27, 2011 The Association Between Foster Care and Substance Abuse Risk Factors and Treatment Outcomes: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis “The child welfare and substance abuse systems are integrally linked through the children and families they serve (Blome, W., Shields, J., & Verdieck, M., 2009). There is a dearth of knowledge, however, on how children who have experienced foster care fare when they are treated for substance abuse issues as adults” (Blome, W., Shields, J., & Verdieck, M., 2009). “In addition, the funds available for in-depth, comprehensive research in child welfare are limited” (Blome, W., Shields, J., & Verdieck, M., 2009). “Data collected for one purpose can potentially be used to answer other questions” (Blome, W., Shields, J., & Verdieck, M., 2009). “Secondary analysis involves the use of data gathered in a previous study to test new hypotheses or address new questions” (Polit & Beck, 2009, p. 295). “The issue, however, is that the original researchers may not have collected all the data needed to answer the current question” (Blome, W., Shields, J., & Verdieck, M., 2009). “This article presents an exploratory study using the Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS) study set” (Blome...
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...In this essay there will be information explaining to what extent the concept of social exclusion helps us understand the relationship between drug use and crime. One of the most common explanations of the drug-crime relationship is that drug use causes crime. While there is some support that drug use causes crime, there is some variation about the way in which drug use may cause crime.(Bennett and Holloway,2005) Bennett and Holloway highlight three types of explanation: Psychopharmacological explanations, economic explanations and drug lifestyle explanations. Psychopharmacological explanations suggest drug use can lead to crime because of the impact of drugs on the behaviour of the drug user. Goldstein describes this when he states ‘some individuals as a result of short term or long term ingestion of specific substances may become excitable, irrational and exhibit violent behaviour.’ (Goldstein,1985:494) By this Goldstein is saying that drug taking has a direct effect on the individual’s behaviour which can lead to criminal behaviour (Bennett and Holloway,2005).Psychopharmacological explanations of the links between drug use and crime tend to focus on the links between drug use and violent crime (Bennett and Holloway,2005). There are a number of ways in which Psychopharmacological processes may lead to crime. White and Gorman list ‘disinhibition, cognitive-perceptual distortions, attention deficits, bad judgement and neuro-chemical change’ (White and Gorman,2000:170) as potential...
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...Holborn, 2008). The main source of these statistics is gathered from crimes recorded by the police and courts and through the British Crime Survey (BSC). The British Crime Survey was sent out to a random sample of the population and asked respondents for their experiences of crime over the previous year. This survey has been carried out by the Home Office since 1982. The results highlighted a discrepancy between the official statistics and people’s experiences of crime, showing that there was a high level of unrecorded crime. The combination of both of these statistics should provide a picture of the full extent of crime in Britain, however, sociologists believe there are a number of factors that influence these figures and that these official statistics do not reflect a true representation of crime in Britain today (www.studyzones.com). The official statistics provide information on the total number of crimes recorded by the police. A crime is only recorded when it comes to someone’s attention that a crime has been committed, reported to the relevant agency and the agency’s willingness to accept that the law has been broken (Haralambos & Holborn, 2008). There are many reasons why the official statistics may have serious deficiencies. Firstly, the public may not report all crimes to the police because they may not realise they have been a victim, because of embarrassment, fear of retribution or that they may implicate themselves in a...
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