...Sickle cell anemia(SCD) is an inherited genetic disorder which causes the expression of defective hemoglobin on chromosome 11 resulting irregularly shaped red blood cells also known as “sickle cells” because they look like a sickle or are in a crescent shape. The normal red blood cells are round, smooth and deliver oxygen to cells throughout the body but a cluster of sickle shaped cells blocks the blood flow, causing painful attacks and sometimes stroke. Due to their different shape and chemistry, they are controlled by many free radical processes. This paper will talk about the frequency this disease, inheritance pattern, genetic changes, current research and/or efforts to develop vaccine, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell anemia....
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...Sickle cell Diseases are a group of hereditary blood disorders, which affects hemoglobin a molecule in charge of delivering oxygen through the body. Most of the disease cause by Sickle cell disease are due to a genetic change in hemoglobin. Worldwide proximally one in every 2500,000 babies are born with sickle cell disease. In the USA 20K to 200K are affected with sickle cell disease, the most affected population are Latin American and African Americans. The sickle cell gene is passed from generation to generation, this means that both the father and the mother must pass on the imperfect form of the gene for a kid to be affected. An ideally working hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the different tissues throughout the body. Sickle hemoglobin can also carry oxygen. However, once the oxygen is liberated, sickle hemoglobin transform into rigid rods that alter the shape of the red blood cell. Sickle cells have a small life span in comparison to normal red blood cells. Normal red blood cells survive for around 120 days in the bloodstream, sickle cells survive for only 10-12 days. As a result, the bloodstream is very short of red blood cells and hemoglobin, and as the result an affected individual develops Sickle cell anemia. The sickle cells can create other...
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...Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia is a condition where it’s not enough healthy red blood cells, which carry adequate oxygen throughout your body. Normally our Red Blood Cells are flexible and round and move easily through the blood vessels. In Sickle Cell Anemia, the red blood cells get rigid and Sticky and they become shaped like a little crescent moon. The irregularly shape cells can get stuck in small blood vessels, which slows or blocks blood flow and oxygen to parts of the body. A way to tell how you have Sickle Cell Anemia is periodic pain, called crisis are a major symptom of Sickle Cell Anemia. This pain can last for hours or even weeks at a time. Painful swelling of hands and feet. Frequent...
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...report I want to talk about sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a blood disease that changes the shape of the red blood cells from the circular shape to the shape of the crescent. The shape of the sickle changes into a crescent, which is difficult to pass through the small blood vessels. When this occurs, it is difficult to enter oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich substance that makes blood red and allows red blood cells to carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. The abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to be rigid, sticky and deformed. The father and mother must transmit the defective form of the gene in order for the child to be affected. If a parent transports the gene, the child will have some cells that have been...
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...Josiah Hicks Genetic (Or Not) Disorders There are many diseases and disorders in the world, they all have different causes and effects. Some of the causes may be genetic, some might be the result of the surrounding environments, and some even remain unexplained. Today, I’m going to cover some of them, I’m going to explain the causes of the disorders, the resulting effects of the disorder, and if there is a cure. Sickle cell anemia or SCD is a hereditary disorder (meaning that it is acquired through the parents) and is categorized by the most prominent effect on the body’s production and storage of the a molecule in...
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...Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a blood disorder that affects more than 90,000 Americans. This condition is due to a genetic defect that mutates the structure of hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying protein of red blood cells. Normal red blood cells are round like the letter “O” so they can move easily through the blood vessels. Red blood cells with the hemoglobin genetic defect have reduced oxygen carrying capacity. They are sickle-shaped like the letter “C” which reduces their ability to traverse small blood vessels. This can lead to blood clot formation in the capillaries and organ damage. There is no readily available cure for SCD but some children with the disease have been treated successfully with bone marrow transplants. High dose...
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...this paper, I will be looking at and reviewing the research literature that is available concerning sickle cells disease. I chose this topic for a reason that is close to my heart; I have an eight month old infant who has been diagnosed with sickle cell disease. As a professional, I am concerned with the ways that we as nurses can contribute to providing quality care in response to clients presenting with this specific disease. As a person, I am on the other side of the health promoting, family based care relationship that I am used to in my practice; I now really appreciate how important it is for nurses to provide education, information, teaching and training to parents and clients in response to an illness like sickle cell. In a way, therefore, I am serving both as teacher and student here, as I develop knowledge and collect evidence that I will use as both a nurse and as a concerned parent seeking to understand a disease that my child has been diagnosed with. This literature review supports the argument that nurses can play an important role in promoting quality care for clients and families coping with sickle cell disease, once a strong understanding of this disease and the nurse’s role in responding to it is achieved. This, therefore, is the goal of this literature review. Gale’s “Health Reference Centre Academic” database was used for the research. In fact, a very simple search resulted in the obtainment of all six of the quality, peer reviewed, scholarly research articles...
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...This paper will describe what sickle cell anemia is, how it effects the human body; as well as the oral cavity. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin, which causes the red blood cells to have low oxygen levels (National Heart, Lungs and Blood Institute, 2015). Sickle cell anemia is inherited only if both parents have the disorder because it is caused by the genetic abnormality of hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). When there is abnormal hemoglobin it can produce sickle hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). This causes the red blood cells to stick together and create long rod shaped red blood cells when oxygen leaves the cell (webMD, 2015). When this happens it causes the symptoms of sickle cell anemia (webMD, 2015). In people...
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...Sickle Cell Disorder Research Paper Sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal sickle or crescent shape. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body and are normally shaped like a disc. Sickle cell disease refers to a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. It is the most common genetic disease in the U.S. An estimated 70,000-80,000 Americans have sickle cell disease. Normal red blood cells are round like doughnuts, and they move through small blood tubes in the body to deliver oxygen. Sickle red blood cells become hard, sticky and shaped like sickles used to cut wheat. When these hard and pointed red cells go through the small blood tube, they clog the flow and break apart. This can cause pain, damage and a low blood count, or anemia. What is sickle cell trait? A person with the sickle cell trait does not have (and will never have) sickle cell disease. However, the presence of the trait may impact his/her children How do you get sickle cell disease? Sickle cell disease is not contagious; you cannot "catch" it. You inherit it from your parents. If, for example, one parent has normal hemoglobin ( type AA) and the second parent has abnormal hemoglobin ( type AS, or the sickle cell "trait"), there is a 50% chance that each child will have the sickle cell trait, but they will not have sickle cell disease ( type SS). The three most common forms of the disease in the United States are: 1. Hemoglobin...
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...Eastern Shore Sickle Cell Anemia Dayona Williams Developmental Psychology 0301 Evelyn Jones 25 November 2014 Abstract: The paper you are about to read will inform you about the disease Sickle cell Anemia. It will explain to you about what Sickle cell Anemia is and how you develop it. This paper will also tell you the symptoms and who can get it. While reading the information you will understand all about the disease and how it’s treated and can it be cured. Also in the paper it will inform you about the difference in Sickle cell Anemia and Sickle cell Trait. Lastly, In the paper you are about to learn all you need to know if someone in your family has Sickle cell Anemia and what they go through and how to actually understand it. In today’s society many kids and adults face the disease called Sickle-cell Anemia. This disease is well known throughout many states and countries. Sickle-cell Anemia is when red blood cells are not shaped as normal blood cells. They are shape in a crescent moon like shape which creates different blockages from the normal cells to pass through. The reason why is because the actual sickle cells become sticky to the point where they stick on the blood vessels wall. Many people know that red blood cells carry nutrients and oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. With the blood vessels flow being blocked and the blood cells shape being crescent there is not enough oxygen being pushed through the body. The red blood cell also carries, “iron...
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...Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a "group of inherited red blood cell disorders."(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. Sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States. Approximately 80,000 Americans have the disease. In the United States, sickle cell disease is most prevalent among African Americans. About one in 12 African Americans and about one in 100 Hispanic Americans carry the sickle cell trait, which means they are carriers of the disease. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin-A) are smooth and round and glide through blood vessels. In people with sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobin molecules - hemoglobin S - stick to one another and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff, assuming a sickle shape. Their shape causes these red blood cells to pile up, causing blockages and damaging vital organs and tissue. Sickle cells are destroyed rapidly in the bodies of people with the disease, causing anemia. This anemia is what gives the disease...
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...1 Personal Impact Paper on Sickle Cell Disease Glenda Kessen NUR427 9/8/14 Amy Highland 2 Sickles Cell Anemia is a chronic, serious red blood cell disorder that is lifelong. "It is the most common genetic disease in the United States." (Guyatt, GH 2007). Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is inherited and results in a decrease of the ability of red blood cells to carry much-needed oxygen through the body. The cells become clogged, due to their crescent shape, which keeps them from delivering oxygen. This can cause unbearable pain, damage to the body organs, and even death. The frequency of the pain episodes can range from several a year to multiple times a day. SCD is caused by hemoglobin S, which is an abnormal type of hemoglobin. When the cells are exposed to low oxygen levels, the Hemoglobin S changes the shape of the red blood cells. Red blood cells are made of marrow that is located inside the large bones of the body. The bone marrow is constantly making new red blood cells to replace the old cells. The life of the normal red blood cell life is about 120 days. Their purpose is to carry oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide, which is a waste product, from the body. Sickle-shaped cells die about ten to twenty days that prevents the bone marrow from making new red blood cells. Ethnicity plays a part in SCD, with African Americans more likely to be affected. Both parents are carriers of the sickle cell trait which is passed on to the child. The child will inherit...
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...technology because of two reasons: (1) the mouse is the most genetically manipulated mammal in the world and (2) it shares much of its genetic material with humans (and other mammals) which means that experimental findings in mice will often be directly relevant to conditions in humans. The paper focuses on the controversies and challenges in Gene Knockout Technology – an article/blog entitled “Sickle Cell Disease cured by Gene Knock-out”. Switching off a single gene can help treat sickle cell disease or sickle cell anemia (a chronic, usually fatal anemia marked by sickle-shaped red blood cells, occurring almost exclusively in Black people of Africa or of African descent, and characterized by episodic pain in the joints, fever, leg ulcers, and jaundice. The disease occurs in individuals who are homozygous for a mutant hemoglobin gene) by keeping the blood forever young. The illness is caused by a mutant form of adult haemoglobin, but not by fetal haemoglobin. Targeting BCL11A, the gene responsible for the body's switch-over from fetal to adult haemoglobin, effectively eliminates the condition in mice. The mutant form of adult haemoglobin forms long sticky chains inside red blood cells. The cells containing these chains can clog small blood...
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...Running head: MYSTERY OF TUTANKHAMEN DEATH Mystery of Tutankhamen Death Patience Williams Professor: Dr. Brook Beshah HUM 111 January 30, 2012 Abstract This paper unravels the mystery surrounding the death of Tutankhamen, an Egyptian Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (1333 BC- 1323 BC in conventional chronology), a period in the history of Egypt regarded as the “New Kingdom” Hankey and Julie (2007). In addition, the paper discusses a brief history of Tutankhamen (the boy king of Egypt) who reigned for 10 years, the cause of his rather untimely death, which up to this day people continues to discuss with a certain degree of uncertainty. The paper accomplishes these tasks by providing a brief summary of some theories that might explain the mystery that surrounds Tutankhamen’s death. Finally, the paper identifies a particular theory out of many regarding Tutankhamen’s death that best explains the mystery of his death. Brief History Before discussing the mystery surrounding the death of Tutankhamen, it is important to know who he was and how and why he became the youngest pharaoh (king) in the history of Egypt and probably the entire world. According to Clayton (2006), Tutankhamen was the son Akhenaten, a former Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt who ruled for 17 years and died probably around 1336 BC or 1334 BC. Tutankhamen who reigned for 10 years, became Pharaoh at the age of nine, but died at the age of 18. Historically, as a prince he was known as Tutankhamen, a...
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...Stem cell research is an extremely diverse subject. There are people who agree with it, and other’s who do not. Some people do not believe in it because of their religious beliefs, which is understandable. What they do not know though is how many diseases it can cure or how many lives it could save. The only type of stem cell research that is right is adult stem cell research, which is what we will be discussing in this paper. In no way shape or form is it right for someone to use embryonic stem cells. The only way that it is okay to use them is if you have already had a child and take them from the umbilical cord. But one should never abort a child just for something such as stem cells. Carry that baby full term and then use the cord to get...
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