When gene flow between two populations ceases, the potential for _____ exists. Speciation

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler _____. A) Successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Imagine that part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island far offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species, according to the biological species concept? A) Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile.
Which of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur?
D) Reproductive isolation
At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred?
B) Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.
Prezygotic barriers _____.
B) Prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species
Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____. A) Prezygotic ... behavioral isolation
Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of closely related species from copulating successfully?
B) Mechanical isolation

Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of _____.

A) Hybrid breakdown B) Temporal isolation C) Ecological isolation D) Gametic isolation E) Mechanical isolation

temporal isolation
 

Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?

A) One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows. B) Two pheasant species perform different courtship dances. C) One species of frog mates in April, but another mates in May. D) The sperm of a marine worm can only penetrate eggs of the same species. E) Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.

Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.
 

There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this?

A) Temporal isolation B) Gametic isolation C) Hybrid inviability D) Mechanical isolation E) A geographic barrier

temporal isolation
 

The phylogenetic species concept emphasizes _____.

A) Ecological niches B) The ability to hybridize C) Phenotypic differences D) Common ancestry E) The evolution of reproductive isolation

common ancestry
 

Lake Victoria, in Africa, is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Many of these fishes are similar in appearance but have different feeding habits. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or members of entirely different species?

A) Do studies on comparative anatomy, especially looking for homologous structures. B) Study the fossil record. C) Compare DNA sequences, because the DNA of members of the same species should be identical. D) Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring. E) All of the listed responses must be done to determine whether a single population or different species are present.

Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring.
 

In practice, how do scientists distinguish most species?

A) By using the morphological species concept B) By using the biological species concept C) By using the ecological species concept D) By using the paleontological species concept E) By using the phylogenetic species concept

by using the morphological species concept
 

Which species concept defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history?

A) Paleontological species concept B) Biological species concept C) Phylogenetic species concept D) Morphological species concept E) Ecological species concept

phylogenetic species concept
 

Sometimes two phenotypically different populations interbreed to a limited extent, so that it is difficult to determine whether they are clearly separate species. This is not a concern to scientists because this _____.

A) Is quite rare B) Happens only among plants, not among animals C) Is true for almost every species D) Supports the theory of punctuated equilibrium E) May indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress

Which of the following organisms is most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation?

A) Whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean B) Pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar C) Mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utah D) Fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges E) Bacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery
According to the experiment of Diane Dodd, can adaptive divergence of allopatric fruit fly populations lead to reproductive isolation? A) Yes. After several generations, the reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete. B) No. Even after several generations, there was no evidence of a reproductive barrier forming between the populations. C) No. After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) was evident, but not absolute. D) No. After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute. E) Yes. After several generations, the reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete.
Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms does NOT contribute to the process of allopatric speciation? A) Mutation B) Natural selection C) Genetic drift D) Gene flow E) All of the listed evolutionary mechanisms contribute to the process of allopatric speciation.

In which of the following groups has sympatric speciation been most important?

A) Protozoa B) Plants C) Bacteria D) Animals E) Fungi
If a new species of plant is to be produced by means of allopolyploidy from two parental species that are 2n = 4 and 2n = 8, how many chromosomes would you expect in the somatic cells of the new species?

A) 6 B) 24 C) 48 D) 12 E) None of the listed responses is correct.

A new species can arise in a single generation _____.

A) In a very large population spread over a large area B) If adaptive radiation occurs C) Through geographic isolation D) If allopatric speciation occurs E) If a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
The Galápagos finches collected by Darwin are thought to have descended from a very small parent population. Different species of finches that are confined to only one or two islands most likely arose by _____.

A) Polyploidy B) Sympatric speciation C) Hybridization D) Gene flow E) Allopatric speciation

In the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids, sympatric speciation has been shown to be driven by _____.

A) Polyploidy B) Sexual selection C) Mechanical isolation D) Postzygotic barriers E) Habitat differentiation
In a hybrid zone, which of the following would tend to lead to reinforcement?

A) Reduced hybrid fertility B) Sexual selection C) Hybrid breakdown D) Reduced hybrid viability E) All of the listed responses are correct.

In the Lake Victoria cichlids, what appears to be contributing to fusion of different species?

A) Murky, polluted water is causing reduced hybrid viability. B) Overfishing C) Extinctions are being caused by the Nile perch, an introduced predator. D) The viability of cichlid eggs is being reduced by water pollution. E) Females have a difficult time visually selecting males of the same species in the murky, polluted water.
According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, _____.

A) Fossils of organisms that existed during periods of stasis should be as abundant as those of organisms that existed during periods of rapid change B) Polyploidy is not a mechanism of punctuated equilibrium C) The tempo of evolution consists of abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium D) Isolated species changing over a few thousand generations represent graduated equilibrium, not punctuated equilibrium E) None of the listed responses is correct.
Comparison of human fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this?

A) That is about how long we have been reproductively isolated. B) It is impossible to see major internal changes by looking at fossils. C) It is about time for humans to undergo a burst of change. D) You would expect a lot of skeletal changes in that time period. E) Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.

What is the first thing that must happen in order for speciation to occur?

A) A hybrid zone must be established. B) Gene flow between populations must be interrupted. C) One of the populations must become polyploid. D) The populations must become reproductively isolated. E) A catastrophic event must cause geographic separation of two populations.

How many genes must change in order to form a new species?

A) 26 B) There is no set number of genes or loci that produces a new species. Genetic and environmental factors interact. C) 14 D) 4 E) 1
The time interval between speciation events is typically _____. A) 6.5 million years B) Times between speciation events vary widely and depend on generation times, causes of speciation, environmental factors, and chance. C) 500,000 years D) 40 million years
E) 4,000 years
Why is the four-stage hypothesis for the abiotic origin of life useful?

A) It leads to predictions that can be tested.
B) It can be proven.
C) It provides a reason for the origin of living things.
D) It is true.
E) It proves that RNA was the first genetic molecule.
It leads to predictions that can be tested.
 
The early atmosphere on Earth is thought to have lacked which of the following gases?

A) Water
B) Methane
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen
E) Carbon dioxide oxygen  
Currently scientists think the early atmosphere probably consisted of _____.

A) N2, H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4, and O2
B) H2O, CH4, H2, NH3, and O2
C) N2, H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4, H2, and H2S
D) H2O, CH4, H2, and NH3
E) O2, SO2, and H2O
N2, H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4, H2, and H2S
 
The Miller and Urey abiotic synthesis experiment (and subsequent, similar experiments) showed that _____.

A) Long chains of DNA can form under abiotic conditions
B) The "concentration gap" probably prevented simple organic molecules from polymerizing
C) Simple organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth's history
D) Life can be created in a test tube
E) The earliest life-forms introduced large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere simple organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth's history
 
The early atmosphere may not have been as reducing as originally postulated by Haldane, Oparin, Miller, and Urey. In light of current thinking about the composition of the early atmosphere, what is regarded as a likely place for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules to have occurred?

A) Banded iron formations
B) Stromatolite mounds
C) The surface of ancient oceans
D) Near volcanoes
E) Dust particles in the atmosphere near volcanoes
 
Abiotically produced vesicles display which of the following rudimentary qualities necessary for life?

A) The ability to perform simple metabolism and to assemble nucleic acids from nucleotides
B) The ability to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules
C) The ability to accurately replicate and build macromolecules
D) The ability to perform simple reproduction and metabolism
E) The ability to maintain an internal chemical environment different from their surroundings and to reproduce sexually the ability to perform simple reproduction and metabolism
 
Cech and Altman suggested that the first self-replicating molecules were _____.

A) True proteins
B) Phospholipids
C) RNA
D) Viruses
E) DNA
RNA
 
Which of the following organisms is most closely related to the ancestor of modern amphibians?

A) Tappania
B) Dickinsonia costata
C) Coccosteus cuspidatus
D) Rhomaleosaurus victor
E) Tiktaalik
Tiktaalik
 
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 1.2 billion years. As measured by the presence of the isotope and its stable decay product, a rock originally contained 10 grams of the radioactive isotope, and now contains 1.25 grams. Approximately how many years old is the rock?

A) 0.3 billion years
B) 10,000 years
C) 3.6 billion years
D) 1,000 years
E) 12 billion years
3.6 billion years
 
You are watching a movie in which one of the characters excitedly claims to have found human remains in Asia dated at 10 million years old. The date was obtained by carbon-14 dating. What is your reaction?

A) This can't possibly be true because the earliest humans came from Africa, not Asia.
B) This would be a surprising finding because so far there is no evidence that humans existed that long ago.
C) This can't possibly be true because carbon-14 dating can only be used back to about 75,000 years.
D) This can't possibly be true because humans weren't around 10 million years ago.
E) This is a perfectly reasonable finding.
This can't possibly be true because carbon-14 dating can only be used back to about 75,000 years.
 
Single-celled prokaryotes had the Earth to themselves for approximately _____.

A) 150,000 years
B) 3 million years
C) 1.5 million years
D) 3 billion years
E) 1.5 billion years
1.5 billion years
 
The correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent, is _____.

A) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Proterozoic
B) Proterozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Paleozoic
C) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
D) Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic
E) Paleozoic, Cenozoic, Mesozoic
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
 
Ancient cyanobacteria were very important in the history of life because they _____.

A) Extracted heat from the atmosphere, cooling Earth
B) Were the first truly multicellular organisms
C) Are the oldest known archaea
D) Were probably the first organisms to live on Earth
E) Produced atmospheric oxygen produced atmospheric oxygen
 
What prokaryotic adaptation occurred during the oxygen revolution and opened up the possibility for energy-demanding multicellular life-forms?

A) Cellular respiration
B) Electron transport systems
C) Emergence of obligate anaerobes
D) Anaerobic fermentation
E) Photosynthesis cellular respiration
 
What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?

A) They have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes.
B) They have flagella similar to bacterial flagella.
C) Their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes.
D) They divide by a process similar to meiosis.
E) The first and third responses are correct.
The first and third responses are correct.
 
Prior to the Cambrian explosion, most animals were small and soft-bodied. What development appears to have spurred adaptations such as sharp spines, claws, and body armor (shells)?

A) Radial symmetry
B) Filter feeding
C) Increase in oxygen concentration in the atmosphere
D) Aerobic respiration
E) Predation predation  
What were the two major "problems" that had to be solved before plants, animals, and fungi could move into terrestrial habitats?

A) Prevention of dehydration and locomotion
B) Support and absorption
C) Cell division and absorption of nutrients
D) Reproduction and locomotion
E) Reproduction and prevention of dehydration reproduction and prevention of dehydration
 
What does the snowball Earth hypothesis propose?

A) Larger multicellular eukaryotes are scarce in the fossil record until the late Proterozoic because an ice age limited life to deep-sea vents and hot springs.
B) Multicellular organisms evolved when conditions were so cold that plasma membranes of unicellular organisms fused.
C) Once the first multicellular eukaryotes appeared, their sizes and populations grew exponentially, like a snowball rolling down a hill.
D) Multicellular eukaryotes had an advantage over single-celled organisms in extremely cold conditions.
E) The first multicellular eukaryotes formed colonies on the surface of glaciers.
Larger multicellular eukaryotes are scarce in the fossil record until the late Proterozoic because an ice age limited life to deep-sea vents and hot springs.
 
Plants colonized land in the company of _____; their symbiotic relationships still exist today.

A) Insects
B) Fungi
C) Algae
D) Cyanobacteria
E) Animals fungi  
What evidence most strongly suggests that an impact by an asteroid or meteorite may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?

A) Sedimentary rocks contain a layer of iridium, a mineral uncommon on Earth.
B) Most dinosaur fossils are fragmented, indicating that they were crushed by the asteroid.
C) There have been several near misses in recent years.
D) The dinosaurs disappeared rather abruptly, virtually overnight.
E) Fossils show that dinosaurs suffered from cold and starvation.
Sedimentary rocks contain a layer of iridium, a mineral uncommon on Earth.
 
Which of the following best describes how the breakup of Pangaea affected evolution?

A) The geographic isolation of populations that had previously coexisted led to speciation.
B) Shallow marine habitat became scarcer.
C) Extensive glaciation caused mass extinctions.
D) Sympatric speciation became the primary means by which new species were formed.
E) Mammals had an opportunity to become dominant.
The geographic isolation of populations that had previously coexisted led to speciation.
 
The fauna and flora of Australia are very different from those of the rest of the world. Why might this be true?

A) Life in Australia was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions.
B) Australia was never in close proximity to the other continents.
C) The climate of Australia is unlike that of any other place in the world.
D) Australia has been isolated for about 50 million years.
E) They have become different by convergent evolution.
Australia has been isolated for about 50 million years.
 
Lake Malawi, in the African Rift Valley, is home to more than a hundred species of cichlid fishes, each with slightly different diets and habits. All these species probably evolved from a common ancestor, making them an example of _____.

A) Convergence
B) Hybrid breakdown
C) Adaptive radiation
D) Hybrid sterility
E) Sympatric speciation adaptive radiation
 
Adaptive radiations are often seen after _____.

A) Sexual selection takes place
B) Major new evolutionary adaptations, such as flight, occur
C) Mass extinctions
D) Bacteria and plants both have flagellated gametes
E) The second and third responses are correct.
The second and third responses are correct.
 
Although they originated around 180 million years ago, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation starting approximately 65 million years ago. Why?

A) Between 180 and 65 million years ago, mammals were outcompeted by the well-established dinosaurs.
B) Mammals were mostly nocturnal until 65 million years ago.
C) Fur evolved in mammals around 65 million years ago, enabling them to withstand colder temperatures.
D) Mammals were not well-adapted to the climate that existed before about 65 million years ago.
E) All of the listed responses are correct.
Between 180 and 65 million years ago, mammals were outcompeted by the well-established dinosaurs.
 
How does continental drift affect speciation?

A) The joining of previously separated habitats may produce a hybrid zone or establish competition among previously isolated populations.
B) The breaking apart of landmasses or the change in configuration of ocean basins promotes allopatric speciation.
C) All of the listed responses are correct.
D) The closing of an ocean basin represents an enormous loss of habitat that can wipe out some species.
E) Climate change associated with mountain building and plates moving to different latitudes creates new niches for some organisms and wipes out other organisms.
All of the listed responses are correct.
 
Mutations in what class of genes have probably been responsible for many of the changes leading to the great diversity of life existing today?

A) Genes for digestive enzymes
B) Genes that regulate mitosis
C) Developmental genes
D) DNA repair genes
E) Genes for aerobic respiration
Developmental genes
 
The products of Hox genes _____.

A) Result in heterochrony
B) Can cause paedomorphosis
C) May cause polyploidy in some plants
D) Provide positional information in animal embryos
E) Control the rate of timing and developmental events provide positional information in animal embryos
 
If the wings of extant flying birds originally arose as thermoregulatory devices in ancestral reptiles, then the bird wings could be accurately described as _____.

A) Exaptations
B) Vestigial structures
C) Analogous organs
D) Degenerate structures
E) Anticipatory structures exaptations  
In the species selection model, _____ is to macroevolution as _____ is to microevolution.

A) Disruptive selection ... balancing selection
B) Genotype ... phenotype
C) Allopatric speciation ... sympatric speciation
D) Exaptation ... adaptation
E) Differential speciation success ... differential reproductive success differential speciation success ... differential reproductive success
 

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