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BAB I
AUDITING TINJAUAN SEKILAS

Auditing adalah proses pengumpulan dan pengevaluasian bukti-bukti tentang informasi yang dapat diukur mengenai suatu entitas ekonomi untuk menentukan dan melaporkan kesesuaian informasi yang dimaksud dengan kriteria - kriteria yang telah ditetapkan yang dilakukan oleh seorang yang kompeten dan independen .
Beberapa keyword dari definisi tersebut di atas dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut:
Entitas Ekonomi, adalah satuan usaha yang legal seperti PT,CV, Fa, lembaga pemerintah, atau perusahaan perorangan .
Pengumpulan dan pengevaluasian bukti .
Bukti-bukti merupakan segala sesuatu yang merupakan informasi yang digunakan auditor seperti pernyataan lisan dari auditee , komunikasi tertulis dan pengamatan .
Orang yang kompeten dan independen maksudnya adalah orang yang mempunyai kemampuan dan sikap mental yang independen .
Pelaporan sebagai alat penyampaian temuan-temuan kepada auditee .

Akuntansi berfungsi menyajikan informasi kuantitatif untuk pengambilan keputusan . Sementara dalam auditing, aturan-aturan akuntansi menjadi kriteria untuk membandingkan kesesuaian informasi. Dengan demikian, akuntansi dan auditing berbeda dalam esensinya.

Jenis Audit

1. Audit Atas Laporan Keuangan/Financial Audit adalah audit yang bertujuan untuk menentukan kesesuaian informasi terukur yang akan diverifikasi dengan kriteria tertentu sepeti GAAP atau Standar Akuntansi yang berlaku umum ( PSAK).
2. Audit Operasional adalah penelaahan bagian dari prosedur atau metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektifitasnya .Hasilnya berupa rekomendasi perbaikan operasi.
3. Audit Ketaatan adalah audit atas ketaatan auditee terhadap prosedur atau aturan tertentu yang telah ditetapkan baik aturan yang ditetapkan perusahaan maupun aturan yang ditetapkan oleh atau dengan pihak luar seperti pemerintah , bank , kreditor atau pihak lainnya. Audit atas laporan keuangan pada hakekatnya adalah audit ketaatan terhadap prinsip-prinsip akuntansi yang berlaku umum.

Jenis Auditor

1. Kantor Akuntan Publik Terdaftar, yaitu auditor yang mempunyai tanggung jawab atas kinerja audit laporan keuangan bagi semua perusahaan publik, perusahaan-perusahaan besar dan beberapa perusahaan kecil dan organisasi nirlaba.
2. Auditor Pemerintah, yaitu auditor yang mempunyai tanggung jawab mengevaluasi efisiensi, efektifitas, dan keekonomisan dari program/proyek pemerintah. Di Indonesia ada beberapa lembaga yaitu BPKP, BEPEKA, serta Itjen pada departemen-departemen pemerintah .
3. Auditor Pajak, yaitu auditor yang bertanggung jawab melaksanakan pemeriksaan atas tercapainya penerimaan negara dari sektor perpajakan dan penegakan hukum dalam pelaksanaan perpajakan. Di Amerika ada Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ), sementara di Indonesia dilaksanakan oleh KPP dan Karikpa sebagai tenaga teknis pemeriksaan pajak dari Direktorat Jenderal Pajak ( DJP ).
4. Internal Auditor, yaitu auditor yang bekerja di suatu perusahaan untuk melaksanakan audit bagi kepentingan manajemen perusahaan. Sebagai contoh di BUMN-BUMN di Indonesia ada unit SPI yang menangani hal tersebut.

Kebutuhan akan Auditing

Jasa auditing yang digunakan di kalangan pengusaha, pemerintah, dan lain-lain pada hakikatnya adalah untuk mengurangi risiko informasi antara dua pihak yang berkepentingan. Dalam hal ini adalah manajemen sebagai pembuat laporan dan user sebagai pemakai laporan. Hal ini karena semakin kompleksnya kondisi masyarakat yang memungkinkan para pengambil keputusan akan memperoleh informasi yang tidak dapat dipercaya dan tidak dapat diandalkan yang secara umum disebabkan oleh 4 hal yaitu:
Hubungan yang tidak dekat (Jauhnya sumber informasi) antara penerima dan pemberi informasi .
Sikap memihak/bias dan motif lain yang melatarbelakangi pemberian informasi.
Data yang berlebihan
Transaksi pertukaran yang kompleks

Untuk menanggulangi risiko informasi tersebut ada tiga cara yang dapat dilaksanakan :
Verifikasi Informasi oleh pihak pemakai/pengguna informasi
Pengguna informasi menanggung risiko informasi secara bersama-sama dengan manajemen
Dilakukan audit atas Laporan Keuangan .

Aktivitas Kantor Akuntan Publik

Kantor Akuntan Publik terutama melaksanakan empat jenis jasa, yaitu : • Atestasi, di mana KAP mengeluarkan laporan tertulis yang menyatakan kesimpulan atas keandalan pernyataan tertulis yang telah dibuat dan ditanggungjawabi pihak lain.Terdapat tiga jenis atestasi yaitu : audit laporan keuangan historis , review/penelaahan laporan keuangan historis dan jasa atestasi lainnya . • Jasa Perpajakan berupa SPT PPh, PBB, PPN , perencanaan perpajakan dan jasa perpajakan lainnya. • Konsultasi Manajemen yaitu dalam peningkatan aktivitas operasi . • Jasa Akuntansi dan Pembukuan .

Ketiga jasa terakhir sering disebut sebaga jasa non assurance.

AICPA American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) atau di Indonesia IAI mempunyai tiga fungsi utama yaitu :
1. Penetapan Standar dan Aturan, ada empat bidang utama dalam auditing yang perlu dibuat standar aturannya yaitu ; Standar Audit , Standar Kompilasi dan Penelaahan Laporan Keuangan , Standar Atestasi Lainnya, Kode Etik Profesi .
2. Penelitian dan Publikasi. Kegiatan ini menghasilkan jurnal -jurnal seperti jurnal berkala , jurnal akuntansi dan lain-lain.
3. Pelaksanaan Ujian Sertifikasi Akuntan Publik/USAP
4. Pendidikan lanjutan .

Terdapat tiga persyaratan utama untuk menjadi akuntan public bersertifikat yaitu persyaratan pendidikan, persyaratan ujian akuntan dan persyaratan pengalaman.

Standar Auditing yang berlaku umum/GAAS

GAAS merupakan pedoman bagi auditor dalam menjalankan tanggung jawab profesionalnya. Terdiri dari sepuluh standar yang terdiri dari tiga bagian besar (Standar Umum, Standar Pekerjaan Lapangan dan Standar Pelaporan). yaitu :
A. Standar Umum, merupakan kualifikasi dan perilaku umum yang terdiri dari : 1. Keahlian dan pelatihan teknis yang cukup . 2. Independensi dalam sikap mental . 3. Kemahiran profesional yang cermat dan seksama .
B. Standar Pekerjaan Lapangan, meliputi : 1. Perencanaan dan supervisi yang pantas . 2. Pemahaman yang cukup tentang struktur pengendalian intern. 3. Bahan bukti kompeten yang cukup .

C. Standar Pelaporan, pelaporan hasil audit yang meliputi : 1. Apakah laporan keuangan disusun berdasarkan standar akuntansi yang berlaku umum. 2. Keadaan dimana standar akuntansi tidak diikuti secara konsisten . 3. Kecukupan pengungkapan informasi . 4. Pernyataan pendapat terhadap laporan keuangan secara keseluruhan .

Pengendalian Mutu/Quality Control

Pengendalian mutu adalah prosedur yang digunakan KAP untuk membantu mentaati standar secara konsisten dalam setiap kontrak kerja yang mengikatnya.
Komite standar pengendalian mutu menetapkan sembilan elemen pengendalian mutu yaitu :
1. Independensi
2. Penugasan para auditor, dalam hal ini harus memiliki kemampuan dan pelatihan teknis yang memadai
3. Konsultansi , auditor harus meminta petunjuk dari ahli bila menemui kesulitan dalam pelaksanaan auditing
4. Supervisi
5. Pengangkatan Auditor
6. Pengembangan profesional
7. Promosi
8. Penerimaan dan Pemeliharaan hubungan dengan klien
9. Inspeksi, diperlukan untuk penunjang delapan unsur diatas .

Terdapat syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi Kantor Akuntan Publik ( tiga persyaratan pertama juga berlaku bagi KAP yang tidak menjadi anggota forum) yang ditetapkan AICPA dengan divisinya yaitu SEC dan Kantor Akuntan Publik atau di Indonesia Forum IAI - SAP yaitu :
1. Ketaatan pada standar pengendalian mutu .
2. Penelaahan sejawat ( peer review ) , harus dari KAP lain yang memenuhi persyaratan
3. Pendidikan lanjutan
4. Rotasi partner
5. Penelaahan oleh partner lain
6. Larangan pemberian atas jasa tertentu
7. Pelaporan ketidaksepakatan
8. Pelaporan jasa konsultasi manajemen.

Securities and Exchange Comission (SEC) atau Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal (BAPEPAM) sebagai suatu badan pemerintah yang menangani pasar modal , dibentuk guna membantu para investor untuk mendapatkan informasi andal untuk membuat keputusan investasi . Perusahaan yang bermaksud menerbitkan efek ( Go Publik ) wajib menyampaikan laporan tahunan rinci pada BAPEPAM .

BAB II
LAPORAN AUDIT

Pelaporan menjelaskan apa yang telah dilakukan oleh auditor dan kesimpulan yang diperoleh. Laporan Audit dibuat hanya jika pekerjaan audit benar-benar dilaksanakan. Penyusunan laporan audit harus didasarkan pada empat standar pelaporan yang ada pada standar auditing berlaku umum/GAAS. Dan harus ada keseragaman laporan untuk menghindari kerancuan .

Laporan Audit Standar Dengan Pendapat Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian

Laporan audit dengan pendapat wajar tanpa pengecualian/WTP/unqualified opinion dibuat bila kondisi berikut terpenuhi :
1. Semua laporan neraca,laba-rugi,Laporan saldo laba dan laporan arus kas sudah tercakup dalam laporan keuangan.
2. Ketiga standar umum telah diikuti dalam penugasan .
3. Bahan bukti kompeten telah cukup dikumpulkan sehingga memungkinkan untuk disimpulkan ketiga standar pekerjaan lapangan telah diikuti .
4. Laporan keuangan disajikan sesuai dengan standar akuntansi yang berlaku umum.
5. Tidak terdapat kondisi yang memerlukan penambahan paragraf penjelasan atau modifikasi kata-kata dalam laporan .

Bagian- bagian dari laporan audit standar, terdiri dari 7 bagian utama yaitu :
1. Judul laporan, harus memuat kata independen, yang menegaskan ketidaktergantungan/independensi pihak auditor terhadap auditee
2. Alamat yang dituju dalam laporan audit, biasanya perusahaan yang bersangkutan, pemegang saham atau dewan direksinya tergantung kepada siapa laporan hasil audit ditujukan
3. Paragraf pendahuluan, ditujukan untuk menunjukkan tiga hal meliputi: bahwa KAP bersangkutan telah melaksanakan suatu audit . mencantumkan laporan keuangan yang diaudit termasuk tanggal dan periodenya. menyatakan bahwa laporan keuangan adalah tanggung jawab manajemen sedangkan tanggung jawab auditor adalah menyatakan suatu pendapat atas laporan tersebut berdasarkan audit .
1. Paragraf ruang lingkup, merupakan penyataan faktual mengenai apa yang dilakukan dalam audit dan menyatakan bahwa audit dirancang untuk dapat memperoleh keyakinan bahwa laporan keuangan bebas dari salah saji material . Laporan harus memuat kata “atas dasar pengujian”, yang berarti bahwa yang dilakukan adalah uji petik dan bukan audit atas setiap transaksi dan setiap jumlah dalam laporan keuangan, tergantung pelaksanaan audit di lapangan
2. Paragraf pendapat, pendapat ini bukan suatu pernyataan mutlak atau jaminan, namun hanyalah opini auidtor terhadap penyajian laporan keuangan. Disini terdapat istilah “ menyajikan secara wajar “ yang dihubungkan dengan ketaatan terhadap standar akuntansi yang berlaku umum.
1. Tanda tangan nama dan nomor register akuntan publik, menunjukkan nama partner yang akan bertanggung jawab secara hukum dan jabatan atas mutu auditnya menurut standar profesional .
2. Tanggal laporan audit, adalah tanggal saat auditor telah menyelesaikan bagian terpenting dari proses audit di lapangan (field audit).

Kondisi yang Menyebabkan Penyimpangan dari Pendapat Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian

Terdapat dua kategori yang menyebabkan laporan keuangan tidak mendapatkan unqualified opinion /WTP yaitu :
1. Laporan yang menyimpang dari laporan wajar tanpa pengecualian yang disebabkan tiga kondisi : 8. Pembatasan ruang lingkup pemeriksaan auditor yang disebabkan oleh klien dan oleh kendala lain di luar kekuasaan auditor maupun klien . 9. Laporan keuangan tidak disajikan sesuai GAAP 10. Auditor tidak independen
1. Laporan WTP dengan paragraf penjelasan atau modifikasi kata/kalimat .

Laporan Audit Lain Selain Laporan Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian

Apabila salah satu kondisi dari ketiga kondisi tersebut diatas terjadi, maka auditor harus memberikan pendapat selain wajar tanpa pengecualian yang dapat berupa:
Pendapat tidak wajar/adverse opinion , diberikan jika auditor yakin laporan keuangan tidak disajikan secara wajar atau tidak sesuai GAAP dan memuat salah saji material .
Pernyataan Tidak memberikan pendapat/disclaimer of opinion diberikan jika auditor tidak berhasil meyakinkan dirinya, karena kurangnya pengetahuan auditor, bahwa keseluruhan laporan keuangan yang disajikan secara wajar . Penolakan ini timbul karena pembatasan ruang lingkup (kondisi 1) dan karena auditor tidak independen (kondisi 3) .
Pendapat Wajar dengan pengecualian/qualified opinion diberikan jika auditor yakin laporan keuangan telah disajikan secara wajar, tetapi karena ada pembatasan ruang lingkup (kondisi 1) atau tidak ditaatinya standar akuntansi yang berlaku umum , maka terdapat pengecualian terhadap ruang lingkup dan pendapat (kondisi 1) atau hanya pada pendapat (kondisi 2)

Bentuk-bentuk laporan atas opini terhadap laporan keuangan lihat di SPAP

Materialitas Salah saji dalam laporan keuangan dapat dianggap material jika pengetahuan atas salah saji tersebut dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pemakai laporan keuangan secara rasional . Hubungan antara materialitas dengan berbagai jenis pendapat :

|Tingkat Materialitas |Pengaruh Terhadap Keputusan Pemakai |Jenis Pendapat |
|Tidak Material |Keputusan biasanya tidak berpengaruh . |Wajar tanpa pengecualian |
|Material |Keputusan biasanya terpengaruh jika informasi dimasud |Wajar dengan pengecualian |
| |penting terhadap keputusan yang diambil . | |
|sangat Material |Sebagian besar dari seluruh keputusan yang didasarkan pada|Menolak memberikan pen-dapat atau pendapat|
| |laporan keuangan sangat terpengaruh |tidak wajar . |

Penyimpangan peraturan mengenai independensi dianggap sangat material .
Kendala bagi auditor adalah memutuskan apakah sesuatu tidak material, material atau sangat material karena tidak ada petunjuknya, tetapi dalam praktek harus dipertimbangkan beberapa aspek dari materialitas yaitu :
1. Jumlah rupiah dibandingkan terhadap tolok ukur tertentu, yaitu berupa persentasi
2. Daya Ukur, kalau tidak dapat diukur dengan uang maka tingkat materialitas bergantung pada pengaruh atau tidaknya terhadap keputusan .
3. Hakekat kesalahan, kekeliruan dapat mempengaruhi laporan keuangan dan juga akan mempengaruhi pendapat auditor seperti transaksi melanggar hukum, kontinjensi, sesuatu yang menimbulkan akibat “psikis“, sesuatu yang dapat menimbulkan konsekuensi penting dari segi kewajiban kontrak .

Keputusan materialitas yang berasal dari pembatasan ruang lingkup harus diukur secara subyektif untuk melihat timbulnya kekeliruan .

Pembahasan mengenai kondisi yang menyebabkan penyimpangan

Laporan audit untuk masing-masing kondisi yang memerlukan pembedaan dari laporan standar tanpa pengecualian pada tingkat materialitas yang berbeda :

TINGKAT MATERIALITAS
|KONDISI YANG |TIDAK |MATERIAL /TIDAK |SANGAT MATERIAL |
|MEMERLUKAN |MATERIAL |MEMPENGARUHI |MEMPENGARUHI |
|PEMBEDAAN | |LAPORAN KEUANGAN |LAPORAN KEUANGAN |
| | |KESELURUHAN |KESELURUHAN |
|Berhubungan dengan Auditing : | | | |
|Ruang Lingkup dibatasi oleh | | | |
|klien atau kondisi tertentu |Wajar tanpa |Pengecualian ruang lingkup, paragraf |Pernyataan tidak mem- |
| |pengecualian |tambahan, dan pendapat wajar dengan |berikan pendapat |
| | |pengecualian . | |
|Penggunaan auditor lain |Wajar tanpa |Wajar tanpa pengecualian atau modifikasi |Tidak diterapkan |
| |pengecualian |kalimat | |
|Berhubungan dengan Akuntansi | | | |
|Laporan keuangan tidak sesuai |Wajar tanpa |Penambahan paragraf dan pendapat wajar |Pendapat tidak wajar |
|standar akuntansi yang ber- |pengecualian |dengan pengecualian . | |
|laku umum . | | | |
|Standar akuntansi tidak |Wajar tanpa |Paragraf penjelasan |Paragraf penjelasan |
|diterapkan secara konsisten |pengecualian | | |
|Penekanan pada |Tidak |Paragraf penjelasan |Paragraf penjelasan |
|suatu hal . |diterapkan | | |
| | | | |
|Ketidakpastian | | | |
|Ketidakpastian mempengaruhi |Wajar tanpa |Paragraf penjelasan |Paragraf penjelasan |
|laporan keuangan . |pengecualian | | |
|Keraguan atas kesi-nambungan |Wajar tanpa |Paragraf penjelasan |Paragraf penjelasan |
|usaha. |pengecualian | | |
| | | | |
|Berhubungan dengan auditor | | | |
|Auditor tidak | | | |
|independen | |Pernyataan tidak memberi- | |
| | |kan pendapat ( terlepas dari materialitas ).| |

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