Chapter 12-18 Study Guide

Chapter 12- Reconstruction 1. Key Terms 1. Reconstruction- the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War. 2. Amnesty- the act of granting a pardon to a large group of people. 3. Pocket veto- indirectly vetoing a bill by letting a session of Congress expire without signing the bill. 4. Freedmen’s Bureau- bureau established by congress as a solution to the refugee crisis. 5. Black codes- laws passed in the South just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers. 6. Carpetbagger- name given to many Northerners who moved to the South after the civil war and supported the Republicans. 7. Scalawag- name given to southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South. 8. Klu Klux Klan Act- In 1870 and 1871, Congress passes three enforcement acts to combat violence in the south. The third act (KKK act) outlawed the activities of the Klan. 2. Civil Rights Act of 1866- grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States except for Native Americans.
Fourteenth Amendment- grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property “without due process of law”; no state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws.” 3. Military Reconstruction- the government sent military leaders to the south to rebuild the government. 4. Fifteenth Amendment- declared that the right to vote “shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 5. Page 408 #s 16-23 16. Whether or not to punish the south. 17. It destroyed it because some people had to leave their jobs to fight in the war. 18. It severely limited African American rights. 19. They sought education, and they became involved in the government. 21. They believed that all men should have equal rights. 23. The KKK’s goal was to push union troops and carpetbaggers out of the South.

Chapter 13- Settling West 1. Key Terms 1. Open Range- vast areas of grasslands owned by the federal government. 2. Chisholm trail- major route north to Abilene. 3. Barbed wire- cheap fencing that easily covered the lands. 4. Great Plains- region extending westward to the Rockies from around the 100th meridian. 5. Homestead act- government support for settlement in the Great Plains. 6. Assimilate- to absorb a group into the culture of a larger population. 1. The Big Strike in Nevada- Towns in Nevada discovered riches like silver and almost overnight trade centers turned into large cities. 2. Ranching and Cattle Drives- During this time is whenever people started to raise livestock as a business. 3. Culture of the Plains Indians- They were nomads that mainly hunted buffalo and followed them across the lands.
6 and 7. Fetterman’s and Sand Creek Massacres- Both massacres are examples of tension between the Americans and Native Americans. 8. Battle of Little Big Horn- 1. In south Dakota 2. The Lakota Sioux Indians felt no need to follow American laws so they did not immigrate 3. The government sent military troops to persuade them otherwise, but Lt. George Custer took it upon himself to attack the Native Americans. 4. This happened in the Big Horn Mountains near Little Big Horn River. 5. It was a slaughter of the troops. 9. pg 432 #s 15-19 15. People started finding gold and silver in the west and many people flocked to the region. 16. Barbed wire 17. Land was sold along the railroads for a low price. 18. The climate was perfect for growing wheat. 19. White settlers moved west, they took the land, and killed the buffalo.

Chapter 14- Industrialization 1. Key Terms 1. Entrepreneur- one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. 2. Vertical Integration- the combining of companies that supply equipment and services needed for a particular industry. 3. Horizontal integration- the combining of competing firms into one corporation. 4. Monopoly- total control of a type of industry by one person or one company. 5. Trust- a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition. 6. Integration- the bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association , as in society or an organization; desegregation. 7. Deflation- a decline in the volume of available money or credit that results in lower prices, and, therefore, increases the buying power of money. 2. New Inventions: a. Bell and the telephone- in 1874 Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. b. Edison and Electricity- Thomas Edison perfected the light bulb in 1879. 3. Linking the Nation- during this period railroads linked the nation. 4. Pg 460 #s 24-27 24. The resources we had was iron, water, copper, coal, and timber. Work forces were large due to large families. 25. It increased the nation’s production capacity and improved transportation. 26. They offered land grants. 27. Large ads in the newspapers, department stores, chain stores, mail order catalogs.

Chapter 15- Urban American

3. Key Terms 1. Ellis Island- a tiny island in New York Harbor. 2. Angel Island- located in California; barracks were opened here to accommodate Asian immigrants. 3. Sky Scrapers- a very tall building. 1. Asian Immigration to America- China’s population reached 430,000,000 and the country suffered from unemployment and poverty. When gold was found in 1849, many Asians fled the west coast. Most arrived and lived on Angel Island in San Francisco. 3. The Idea of Individualism- People began to become independent and get jobs despite their upbringing.
4 and 5. Saloons, Amusement Parks, and Sports- time when people began to gather in places for entertainment. 6. -------------------------------------------------
Public Education- After the civil war, public education started to grow rapidly.
Chapter 16- Politics and Reform 1. Key Terms 1. Poll Tax-a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote. 2. Grandfather Clause- a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before reconstruction began; an exception to the law based on preexisting circumstances. 3. Segregation- the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group. 4. Jim Crow Laws- statues or laws created t enforce segregation. 5. Lynching- an execution performed without lawful approval. 1. Exodus to Kansas- A mass migration of African Americans went to southern Kansas to get away from how they were being treated in the south. It was led by 70 year old Benjamin Pap Singleton. 2. Disfranchising African Americans- Southerners found a loophole around the 15th amendment and started charging poll taxes to keep people from voting. 3. Legalizing Segregation- Jim Crow Laws separated certain public places like bathrooms. 4. -------------------------------------------------
Plessy v. Ferguson- Court case in Louisiana where Homer Plessy was arrested for riding a white’s only railroad car. Plessy declared his arrest unconstitutional. The Supreme Court upheld Louisiana’s law and added a new separate, but equal requirement.

Chapter 17- Becoming a World Power 1. Key Terms 1. Imperialism- the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation. 2. Perry Opens Japan- Japan wouldn’t trade with us, so we sent Matthew Perry and his naval fleet to Japan to discuss a treaty. When he arrived, the Japanese were impressed by his ships and artillery and realized they couldn’t compete and that they should trade with us. 3. -------------------------------------------------
Annexing Hawaii- The US loved the location of Hawaii as a naval base and trading post. We also realized how profitable sugar cane was. Hawaii went through a depression, so the US signed a treaty to not tax sugar out of Hawaii. At the same time, Hawaiians did not like their queen and overthrew her rule with the help of marines from Boston. This started the annexation of Hawaii.

Chapter 18- The Progressive Movement

1. Key Terms 1. Progressivism- a political movement that crossed party lines which believed that industrialism and urbanization had created many social problems and that government should take a more active role in dealing with these problems. 2. Suffrage- the right to vote. 3. Prohibition- laws banning the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. 2. Nineteenth Amendment- in 1920, the 19th amendment gave women the right to vote.