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Spartacus

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HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION: RESEARCH PROJECT

ANCIENT HISTORY

(i) Historical Investigation Questions

Essay question:

Assess the influence of Spartacus on the outbreak and overall result of the Third Servile War
Enquiry questions:

- Who was Spartacus? His biographical details, background & origin?
- What contributions did he make during the Third Servile War?
- What were some major achievements in his lifetime? How did he come to power?

(ii) Process Log

|DATE |ACTIVITY |PURPOSE |OUTCOMES |
|12/5 |Thought of Essay Question |Establish base of assignment. |Collect general information on a Word |
| | | |Document about Spartacus through internet |
| | | |websites. |
|16/7 |View ‘Heroes and Villains – |View a documentary based on true |Took notes on the documentary. Found out it|
| |Spartacus’ |events and accounts of writers of the|had a great deal of accuracy in its |
| | |time. |interpretation of Spartacus’ life. |
|17/7 |Research on ‘The Third |Develop a broader understanding of |Learnt a great deal about the Third Servile|
| |Servile War’ |the time in which Spartacus lived and|War being the last of a series of |
| | |the conditions which people lived in |unsuccessful attempts rebelling against the|
| | |during this period. |Roman Republic. |
|20/7 |Write opening paragraph & |Develop ideas for each enquiry |Opening paragraph completed, as well as 3 |
| |make notes for each enquiry |question so it can be interpreted |draft paragraphs which are incomplete and |
| |question |into paragraphs later. |unedited, lacking further information which|
| | | |will be added later. |
|22/7 |Completed opening paragraph |Expand on opening paragraph for a |Finalised opening paragraph & 3 draft |
| |& 3 draft paragraphs |more solid response as well as |paragraphs. Incorporated 5 paragraphs into |
| |relating to enquiry |reinforcing other paragraphs. |essay. Started on next paragraph. |
| |questions & edit prior work.| | |
|25/7 |Complete remaining |Conclude essay and bring the piece of|Expanded on paragraphs, added in paragraphs|
| |paragraphs & further |writing to a close, complete |expanding on events of the war. Add in |
| |editing. |paragraphs relating to all enquiry |analysis of contemporary interpretations of|
| | |questions. |Spartacus. Closing paragraph added. Further|
| | | |editing, polished each paragraph. |

(iii) Essay

Spartacus was a heroic figure for the slaves of the Third Servile War who had an enormous influence during his time. His origins are still not certain, but he was believed to be a Thracian who led a rebellion, accompanied by other slaves and runaway gladiators against the Roman Republic during the Third Servile War. Appian, a Roman historian describes Spartacus as, “a Thracian by birth, who had once served as a soldier with the Romans, but had since been a prisoner and sold for a Gladiator.” Spartacus’ revolt is an inspirational tale about demoralized slaves fighting for their freedom against their slave owners and gladiator trainers. Spartacus, acknowledged for his courageous actions, has been recreated in films and television shows as well as having his story retold in documentaries. His feats have truly made an impact on Rome’s history, hence his name is carved in history leaving a mark on this world.

Spartacus, believed to be born 109 BC, is known today for his contributions and leadership during the ‘Third Servile War’. This war was also known as the ‘Gladiator War’ and it was the last of a series of unsuccessful rebellions against the Roman Republic. The rebellions were a subject of much debate and raised political arguments as a result of the repeated success of the growing band of escaped slaves and gladiators from 73BC-71BC. Though his origins are unclear, he was believed to be a Thracian, but other sources such as Plutarch describe him being, “a Thracian of nomadic stock,” meaning he was not originally a Thracian but migrated to the Thracian culture. Differing accounts of these events have led historians to the conclusion that Spartacus was a soldier from the Roman army. Spartacus was taken to a slave market where he was sold to Lentulus Batiatus, a gladiator trainer.

Spartacus was separated from his wife, and taken to a gladiator school. Here, he had a brawl with Oenameaus, with Crixus joining in. Oenameaus and Crixus were veteran gladiators who had been at the gladiator school for some time before Spartacus’ arrival. After the brawl was broken up, they were taken to a cell and locked up for their disobedience. A couple of months later, gladiators were ordered to fight in the arena in Capua. Spartacus was among these gladiators, and his first fight was a victory against an inexperienced gladiator whom was punished with the death for fighting poorly in the arena. The arena had a fierce crowd and to please the crowd to live another day, you had to “Fight hard, put on a good show, keep the crowd happy, and they’d let you live, but show cowardess and they’d turn nasty.” (Quote from Documentary: ‘Heroes and Villains – Spartacus’)

Spartacus performances did not just earn the crowd’s respect, he was also noticed by Marcus Licinius Crassus who was a Roman general and politician, who had full view of the arena at Capua. He was cheered upon his victory, however, it is thought that Spartacus’ intent was not to kill and he questioned his future in the arena, but “was it then that he started thinking about escape?” (Quote from Documentary: ‘Heroes and Villains – Spartacus’) The events following would be carved in the world’s history forever. It was 73BC when Spartacus plotted an escape, some chose not to follow through with the escape while about 70 gladiators agreed to the plan. They fought amongst the Roman guards with kitchen tools and any items which could be used as weapons. They managed to acquire several wagons with gladiatorial weapons and armour. Despite the information being unclear, it is believed that the slaves nominated Crixus and Oenameaus as thier leaders.

They were 70 gladiators on the run, they had no plan and so they found a place to hide in Mt. Vesuvius. An army of 4,000 men were sent to hunt them down and they were outnumbered 50 to 1. Soon after, Spartacus and the gladiators were joined by other slaves. There weren’t just men, there were thousands of men, women and children. Now, “they weren’t just outlaws, they were a movement” but they faced the problem of feeding the thousands of slaves who had joined their ranks. Spartacus knew that they couldn’t just keep living through hunger, meanwhile conflicts arose with Spartacus and fellow gladiator Crixus. Crixus decides to lead a rebellion into town with other gladiators, while Spartacus stayed back and to Crixus’ surprise, Oenameaus also stayed behind and didn’t engage in the activity. They robbed the citizens of the city and caused turmoil for a short period but when they returned to Spartacus and the rest of the slaves, they had come to the realisation that “They couldn’t carry on living as a robber band living in the hills. There were too many of them to hide, too many couldn’t fight, they needed a plan.” (Quote from Documentary: ‘Heroes and Villains – Spartacus’)

They couldn’t run forever, or even at all, whilst having the task of looking after the many families, women and children. Spartacus was seeking a new home in Gaul and so he wanted to travel north to slowly near the alps. Crixus wanted revenge on the Romans but Oenameaus thought wrong of Crixus. Spartacus’ rebellion had become a political embarrassment in Rome and Lentulus Batiatus mobilised a substantial army to combat this behaviour. The first slaves the army had run into where Crixus and his army of gladiators in the Garganus Mountains. Crixus and his army of approximately 30,000 were defeated but were soon conquered by Spartacus and his army of slaves. Alarmed by the revolution led by Spartacus, all eyes were on Marcus Licinius Crassus to end the rebellion. “Crassus, in a few months changed that army,” (Quote from Documentary: ‘Heroes and Villains – Spartacus’) and was in charge of disciplining approximately 40,000 trained Roman soldiers. He brought harsh discipline to the army and implemented decimation in the army, which was the punishment of cowardly or disobedient soldiers.

With no real idea of where they were going, in early 71BC, Spartacus led the slaves south to the Italian borders. He trailed to Rhegium, at the toe of Italy and it is here where the final battle ensues. Spartacus’ mob of slaves were no match for the now disciplined soldiers of the Roman Army. Although the Romans emerged victorious, they never did find his body. His life after the war is unaccounted for, and his presence unknown. After a lengthy search of corpses, they still didn’t find his body, consequently, the Romans crucified 6,000 slaves “as a warning to any slave who might dream of rising up against Rome.” (Quote from Documentary: ‘Heroes and Villains – Spartacus’) Furthermore, Spartacus proved to the world that “a slave didn’t just have to take it, he could be free."

Spartacus’ legacy didn’t end after his death. He has and always will be a subject of debate, his life during the Third Servile War being recounted by historians such as Plutarch and Appian. Their accounts survived history and have been passed on, eventually arriving at the hands of modern day historians. Spartacus’ motives have been discussed and it is unsure whether he merely wished to escape to find refuge in Gaul and disperse his men back to their homes. His actions as recounted in history have not suggested he aimed to reform Rome or to abolish slavery. The slave revolt in Haiti was led by Henry Christopher who was later succeeded by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Toussaint L ' Ouverture who was later succeeded by Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1791–1804), was called the "Black Spartacus" by one of his defeated opponents, the Comte de Larvaux. Founder of the Bavarian Illuminatti, Adam Weishaupt, often referred to himself as Spartacus within written correspondences.Karl Marx listed Spartacus as one of his heroes, and described him as "the most splendid fellow in the whole of ancient history" and "a great general , noble character, real representative of the ancient proleriate." Spartacus has been a great inspiration to revolutionaries in modern times, most notably the German Spartacus League, a forerunner of the Communist Party of Germany, as well as an Austrian anti-facist organisation in the 1970s. European communist regimes in the twentieth century encouraged the image of Spartacus as a fighter against oppression. Noted Latin American Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara was also a strong admirer of Spartacus.

Ultimately, Spartacus’ infiuence on outbreak and outcome of the third servile war has left his name carved in history. His courageous acts and willingness to guide his army of slaves, for the most part families of women and children, to freedom is unheard of during the time in which he lived. Who was he? Where did he come from? What happened to him after the war? Although, we may never be sure of his origins or what happened to his body after the war, but the world, and most importantly the people of Rome can and will always have someone to look up to. Someone who stood up for his freedom, but in the process led a rebellion in an attempt to free families of slaves including children and women. It is for this reason that he is widely known today and his story will never be forgotten. He has left a mark in history and there is hope for his footsteps to be filled. Spartacus, a slave, a gladiator, a fighter of freedom.

(iv) References

Type of Resource: Book
Author: Brent D. Shaw
Year of Publication: 2001
Title: Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A brief history with documents
Edition: N/A
Volume: N/A
Publisher: The Bedford Series in History and Culture

Type of Resource: Book
Author: Barry Strauss
Year of Publication: 2009
Title: The Spartacus War
Edition: N/A
Volume: N/A
Publisher: Simon & Schuster

Type of Resource: Film
Director: Stanley Kubrick, Anthony Man
Producer: Edward Lewis, Kirk Douglas
Year of Publication: 1960
Film Title: Spartacus
Running Time: 184 Minutes
Access Date: 14/7 onwards

Type of Resource: Film
Director: Nick Murphy, Tim Dunn, Nick Green, Andrew Grieve, Gareth Edwards, Arif Nurmohamed
Producer: Mark Hedgecoe, Matthew Barret
Year of Publication: 2007
Film Title: Heroes and Villains – Spartacus
Running Time: 60 minutes
Access Date: 16/7 onwards

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: Gary Edward Forsythe, Robert A. Giusepi
Year of Publication: 2007
Article Title: Rome, Spartacus
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 1 page
Available Statement: http://history-world.org/spartacus.htm
Access Date: 12/7

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: matt-282
Year of Publication: 2008
Article Title: Spartacus Synopsis
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 1 page
Available Statement: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054331/synopsis
Access Date: 14/7 onwards

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: Gloria Lotha, Shiveta Singh, Amy Tikkanen
Year of Publication: 2008
Article Title: Spartacus (Roman Gladiator) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 1 page
Available Statement: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558359/Spartacus
Access Date: 12/7

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: Zundark (Original Author)
Year of Publication: 2001
Article Title: Spartacus – Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 6 pages
Available Statement: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus
Access Date: 12/7 onwards

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: Author Unkown
Year of Publication: 2000
Article Title: Spartacus
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 2 pages
Available Statement: http://universalium.academic.ru/200322/Spartacus
Access Date: 12/7

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: Barbara F. McManus
Year of Publication: 1999
Article Title: Historical Background for Spartacus
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 4 pages
Available Statement: http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/spartacus.html
Access Date: 12/7 onwards

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: GreatWhiteNorthener (Original Author)
Year of Publication: 2004
Article Title: Third Servile War – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 10 pages
Available Statement: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Servile_War
Access Date: 17/7 onwards

Type of Resource: Electronic Information
Author/Editor: UNRV
Year of Publication: 2003
Article Title: Third Servile War
The type of medium: Internet
Pages or Length: 2 pages
Available Statement: http://www.unrv.com/roman-republic/third-servile-war.php
Access Date: 17/7 onwards

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...his life began conducting and teaching compositions at the Gnessin Institute as well as the Moscow Conservatory in the 1950's. He taught quite a few students that became well known in the years later including Mikael Tariverdiev, Alexey Rybnikov, George Pelecis as well as quite a few more. The idea behind his teaching were to relate back to folk music of their own homeland such as he did in his earlier years by visiting Armenia. While teaching students at the university, he introduced to the world his third ballet which became known as Spartacus. Spartacus was actually his last ballet which became known as an well known work throughout the world from which he became known as the Peoples Artist. Throughout his life, Kachaturian produced three ballets and three symphonies. In first ballet became known as Happiness, second as Gayane which was actually in part from his first ballet and his third and most noteworthy work which was known as Spartacus. In his symphonies, he produced in total three of them and each just a few years apart. Alongside his symphonies, he wrote three different concertos which were the Piano, Violin and Cello Concerto just a few years each other. In his works, the use of folk music in his compositions as well as his teachings brings the ethnic background of the music to life and gives it a unique notability. After his death in 1978, his legend still lives on. The use of his image on the Armenian dram, his statue located in Armenia at the Yerevan Opera theater...

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