CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Hosting World Cup is an opportunity that no country contemplates of when thinking of global narratives. This event has traditionally been considered a privilege of developed countries, but this has changed in the recent past as evident by the fact that developing countries have been given the right host this international competition. For instance, South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup and Brazil the 2014 World Cup. Notably, there has been intense competition between nations to host World Cup. Many countries have vowed to invest billions of dollars in order to increase their chances of being elected to host such mega event. Why should countries compete to host this event? There could be numerous reasons why a number of countries are keen on hosting World Cup, but the most compelling is the promise of an economic and social windfall.

Soccer is one of the sports which people tend to identify themselves with. It has gained popularity owing to its impacts on the players, followers, states and other stakeholders. Currently, the game is estimated to have the highest number of followers than any other sport. Due to its vast effects, Soccer World Cups have gained popularity in the past two decades. For the previously held World Cups, great focus has been on social and economic effects. There numerous articles that have been written about the positive and negative effects of World Cups especially to the host countries. Before the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, it was estimated that it would improve the region’s economy by about 0.5 % per year (The Economist, 2010). South African’s economy was estimated to experience 3% annual growth hence the impact of World Cup was definitely a huge chunk. The economic impact of World Cup seems to dominate news headlines in the country and around the world. The sport has both short term and long term economic effects. It is often assumed that the host countries enjoy huge profits. Existing research and statistics on both social and economic impacts of World Cups, however, are often based on estimations made by financial and consultant companies. Additionally, some of the reports do not seem to clearly demonstrate both the positive and negative effects of World Cup. They do not comment on notable conflict of interests that might arise as the political class advocate to host mega event. The public wants a report which provides the truth which can be used by the country to back their pro World Cup arguments. Most of the ex-post reports produced by the organizers of 2010 World Cup in South Africa estimates that the event would bolster country’s economy with about $6 million and create approximately 130,000 jobs (Allmers & Meaning, 2009). This report has been supported by research findings of Grant Thornton (2003) who claimed that the 2010 World Cup would create about 160,000 jobs which is equivalent to economic impact of $2.5 billion. Notably, the economic impacts on the host’s economy were based upon some assumptions about the expected number of visitors. Thornton report was based on the assumption about behavior of tourists. The author assumed that every visitor would stay for about 20 days during which they would spend about $4,000 each (Allmers & Maennig, 2009).

It is also undisputed that World Cups have significant social effects particularly on the host nation. This is a large-scale cultural event which has international significance. Other than shaping world tourism patterns, the event also creates lasting social legacies in the host nations (Horne & Manzenreiter, 2006). This is a view which has also been supported by Sterken (2006) as he states that World Cups social impacts upon the community or country within which they take place. From social point of view, the effects of World Cups are either positive or negative. According to Halty (2015), World Cup is “the beautiful game” watched by millions of people. It provides every country an opportunity to showcase their bravado and dramatic coda every four years. Though the effects have not be extensively documented in the past literature, there are evidence that World Cup serves as an escape for the harsh social realities experienced by people in some societies (Ohmann, Jones & Wilkes, 2006). It relieves the pressure of social conflicts and tension in the society. The case of Ivory Coast in 2006 serves as tangible evidence of this effect (Allmers & Maennig, 2009). The Ivory Coast team qualified for World Cup in 2006, a time during which the country was in the middle of the war. Didier Drogba dropped to his knees urging the country to end the wars. Every player was against what was happening in the country hence qualifying for the World Cup created a perfect emotional wave on which the country could ride (Halty, 2015).

Problem Statement

Literature and research on both the social and economic impacts of World Cups on the host countries and entire region is scanty and flawed. This is evident by existence of discrepancies between published reports on the impacts of World Cups. The crashing of the financial markets as reported by the Economist (2010) generated some fears among the public on the ground that the estimates were not accurate following economic changes in different parts of the world. Analyzing these reports reveal further discrepancies. There exist variances in the number of visitors expected as published in different reports. Whereas the report by the Economist (2010) indicates high number of expected customers and that each of them would stay for a longer period of time, report by Thornton (2010) suggests few numbers of visitors who would spend slightly lower than the average spending as reported by the Economist (2010). There is also disparity on the average spending of each visitor. Therefore, it is clear that these estimates were exaggerated hence the reports do not reflect the real impacts of the World Cups. Most of the existing reports are prepared using some of the outdated models such as cost-benefit analysis and computable general models, which are arguably too optimistic. In order to better understand social and economic impacts of World Cups on the host communities, it is necessary to investigate the existing literature.

Purpose of the Study

For the reasons above, there is more to the ex post literature and research. There is a gap for the expansion of research into the effects of World Cup. There is no empirical evidence to demonstrate social and economic effects of hosting this mega event. At best there is scanty information about it. Ex post literature and research seems not to be interested in deeply explaining these effects as they offer very vague arguments about the impacts of World Cups on nation’s economy and social fabric. There is no concrete explanation of vast effects attributed to change of spending behavior of people during the event. The concept of coach potato effect and crowding out of tourism ought to be explained extensively. The existing literature has been made by researchers who are affiliated to the soccer sport or tourism industry. As such, they have not fully incorporated all the macroeconomic factors which are necessary in understanding social and economic impacts of World Cup. The purpose of this paper is to analyze macroeconomic factors and all variables that could either induce or derail social-economic development in the hosting country. The paper will bring these variables and macroeconomic factors into the topic of World Cup social and economic impact.

Research Questions

This thesis seeks to answer the following two research questions:

i. What are the economic effects of World Cups?

ii. What are the social impacts of World Cup?

Importance of the Study

As clearly demonstrated by post literature and research, there is vigorous competition between nations on hosting World Cup. This competition is attributed to the fact that hosting this mega event would definitely bolster socio-economic development of the country. The selection of the hosting nation is a rigorous process where the governing body must consider all pro arguments put forward by each nation. Therefore, it is important for every nation to understand the social and economic impacts of World Cups. As the world continues to embrace this event, it is worth understanding its vast effects so that the necessary response measures are put in place. This study enables nations and stakeholders better understand these effects. This means that a country would be able to prepare adequately on how to embrace positive effects and effectively address some of its negative impacts. It is also significant to tourism industry as World Cup is an important constituent of the sector. Note mentioning, different studies have been conducted on this topic, but the researchers often employ outdated and ineffective models hence their inability to take into account all the variables and macroeconomic factors. This study will take into account all these factors and variables in order to enhance better understanding of the social and economic impacts of World Cup.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The overarching aim of the thesis is to examine the social and economic impacts of World Cup. It seeks to investigate macroeconomic factors associated with the event. A range of research methodologies will be used to investigate the current literature and capture data about the economic and social impacts of World Cup. We understand that there are other major sporting events, but this study is limited to World Cups. This is because of the fact that exist differences between World Cups and other major sporting events in terms of investment and returns. There are limitations that must be addressed. One such limitation is the difficulties in finding specific data on this subject. In most cases, most investments on this area are strictly confidential. Other than information on the investments and returns from daily press, other sources can be rarely found. Additionally, most of the figures about economic and social impacts are based on estimations hence they not reflect the actual impacts.

Summary of the Thesis

The thesis is structured in four chapters. The first chapter gives an overall introduction of the paper. The second chapter is literature review where published information, reports, literature and research findings are analyzed in order to understand the connection between World Cup and social and economic changes in a country. The third chapter is research design and methodology where the variables and factors of the thesis will be tested. Descriptive analysis will be employed in this chapter. The last chapter summarizes research findings and concludes the thesis.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview of the chapter This section analyses literature on the different economical and social impacts of World Cupsoccer on the hosting nations. Although there have been scanty information and literature on the impact of soccer on the economy and social lives of the hosting countries, this review will analyze different literature and offer the much needed information in the analysis of the impacts. The chapter consists of the historic background of FIFAWorld Cupsoccer, the economic impact, the social impact of the event and the summary of the literature analysis.The economic impact of soccer deals with literature that state its importance in both macro and micro economic levels of the hosting nation while at the same time highlighting some disadvantage of the event to the overall economy.Literature on the social impact of soccer delves on the effect of the event on the social and communal lives of people in the hosting country. Addition to this, this section provides the negative social impact of the event. The literature review is premised on the problem statement that holds that there are gaps in literature on the social and economic impacts of World Cupsoccer and that most of the existing literature are premised on outdated models such as cost-benefit analysis and the computable general models, thusanalyzing the existing literature in order to get an idea on whether there is real impact of the event on the hosting nation. Further to the problem statement, the literature review strives to study two main research questions and these are the impacts of the event on the social and economic life of the host country and its people.
Historic Background of World Cup Soccer The governing body of the World Cupsoccer is FIFA and came into existence in 1904.The main goal of FIFA was to host championship soccer matches between leagues from different countries. However, the factor that propelled the onset of World Cupsoccer was the success that Olympic football tournament exhibited and thus, in 1926 FIFA took a challenge of organizing its global championship. In the process, FIFA questionnaires were sent to associations that affiliated to it, asking whether they concurredwith its quest of organizing a global football tournament and the specific condition that the organization could undertake.After getting positive response from the questionnaires, FIFA president Jules Rimet alongside with other representatives organized the global event in 1930 and the first match took place in Uruguay, which was seen as a favorite destination given that the country had successfully held Olympic soccer games. During the first match, Francecame out victoriously scoring 4-1, hence paving way for successful onset of the World Cupsoccer. After the Second World War,FIFA World Cupattained tremendous recognition and was considered as the main sporting event in the world. Since 1958, World Cupsoccer event were mainly held in Europe and America.However, in 2002, Japan and Korea were selected to host the event and other nations including South Africa became avenues for the events in the latter years (Helmer & Owens,2000). The history of World Cupsoccer can be analyzed chronologically from its onset to the latest World Cupin Brazil. As stated earlier, the first World Cupmatch took place in Uruguay in 1930 and in a 100,000 seat stadium, it took advantage of the homeground to beat Argentina, a clear indication of the importance of the event in promoting the morale and competition spirit of the hosting nation team(Goldbatt,2008). The 1934 FIFAWorld Cuptook place in Italy and is renowned for being the first World Cupsoccer to involve the qualification stage in its programs. The event involved 16 teams that had attained qualifications for the tournament and the number was retained till in 1982.Italy won the match becoming the first team from Europe to win. Since the match took place in Italy, which ended up to win it is a clear indication of the essence of the event in enhancing the morale of the local people thus developing a winning spirit, which is a major social impact (Wilson,2013). In 1938, World Cupsoccer was held in France, much to the disappointment of South America with Argentina and Uruguay boycotting the match. It was during this World Cupthat host country and title holders were granted automatic qualification.During this period, the final participants were 15 nations. AlthoughFrance hosted the match, it did not win the contest as per the experience with the past matches and Italy took the title (Helmer & Owens,2000). Since 1938 to 1950, the matches were canceled as a result of World War IIas there were hostilities in Europe and this did not provide a conducive environment for the matches (Goldbatt,2008). In 1950, competition for the matches resumed and the event were held in Brazil and was the first one to include the participants of Britain. In 1920, teams from Britain had withdrawn from FIFA because they were not willing to play with teams from the countriesthat Britain was at war with and were against the influence of foreigners. However, it rejoined FIFA in 1946 following the body’s invitation. The tournament also witnessed the return of Uruguay, which had not participated in two world cups. For political reasons, countries in Eastern Europe did not participate. Uruguay surprisingly emerged victoriously against the host Brazil with a final score of 2-1 while the game was witnessed by approximately 200,000 people. Although the Host Brazil did not win, their good show to the last phase was a clear indication that hosting the match is vital in encouraging teams and develops competition skills among the local teams (Wilson,2013). In 1954, World Cupsoccer was held in Switzerland and became the first event to be televised. Scotland made the first entry into the tournament but did not win and quit the game at the group stage. During this period, the event set the largest goal scoring records including the highest scoring team,Hungary and the largest average score per game. In this game, the winner of the tournament was West Germany that managed to defeat Hungary 3-2(Goldbatt,2008). In 1958, the tournament was held in Sweden and the victors emerged to be Brazil and became the first team to attain victory outside its home continent.Currently,only four teams have managed to win outside their home countries and these are Brazil(4 times),Argentina,Germany and Spain. During this period,FIFA formulated the rule that no team would qualify without playing to prevent team from taking advantages of withdrawals (Helmer & Owens,2000). In 1962, Chile was the host of the event and before the onset of the tournament; the country experienced an earth quake, prompting the officials to rebuild the damaged infrastructure in order to successfully host the events. The quick rebuilding of the infrastructure clearly indicates the importance that nations places on the match,highlighting the major economic and social impacts on the hosting nations. Further to this, Chile team, propelled by the team spirit managed to get to the third place. The tournament was also characterized by violent tactics leading to some players being send off and others sustaining injuries. In this worldcup, Brazil won against Czechoslovakia (Wilson, 2013). In 1966, World Cupwas hosted in England and was the first to adopt marketing practices where it had official logo for the first time. This period was characterized by loss of the trophy and the banning of South Africa as a result of apartheid policies. In this tournament England won (Helmer & Owens, 2000). In 1970s, the qualification stage of the tournament was coincidental with football war between El Salvador and Honduras. The final match was held in Mexico and Brazil won against Italy. In 1974, the event was held in West Germany and was characterized by the creation of a new trophy. The event had a new format where dual; teams from each top categories were classified into two groups each having four teams. The winner of the two groups played against each other during the final leg of the match. The hosting West Germany won the match by beating Netherlands in the finals.Poland took the third position after defeating Brazil (Goldbatt, 2008). The 1978 World Cupversion was undertaken in Argentina and resulted in a lot of controversy as a military coup had taken place. During this period,Tunisia and Iran participated in the game for the first time and Tunisia defeated Mexico 3-1 in their first match. Argentina, which hosted the match went further to win it against the Dutch (Helmer & Owens,2000). In the 1982 event that was hosted in Spain, the FIFAWorldCupfeatured 24 teams and this was the initial expansion since 1934 as teams were categorized into six groups consisting of four teams. Thewinners of each group went to the semi finals. Thefinals was won by Italy against Brazil. However, the Spanish team did not take the team spirit advantage of the hosting nation to make a major debut in the game (Wilson,2013). In 1986, World Cupsoccer was held in Mexico, which was the first country to hold two world cups since its onset. The format changed as the matches now entailed pre-quarterfinal knockout. This period is still renowned by the controversial handball goal scored by Diego Maradona against the English team and his goal of the century where he scored from the middle of the field .In this game Mexico won the World Cupsoccer and being the hosting nation, this could be attributed to the teamwork spirit as a result of hosting the match (Goldbatt, 2008). In 1990, World Cupwas held in Italy and the event was characterized by superb performance of Cameroon, the first African nation to get to the quarterfinal after beating Argentina in the second round. Mexico was slapped with a two year ban for age fraud and thus did not participate in the event. Germany won the match against Argentina (Helmer & Owens, 2000). The 1994 World Cupevent was held in the United States of America and was the first one to be decided by penalties after Brazil and Italy failed to draw direct win within the stipulated match time. Other issues in the game are banning of Diego Maradona after he was found to use recreational drugs, the tragedy that involved the murder of Andres Escobar, a Colombian defender and exclusion of Yugoslavia as a result of participating in the war Bosnian war(Wilson,2013). In 1998, World Cupwas held in France and has been expanded top consist of 32 teams. Iran won against the Maldives with one of the biggest margin in history of 17-0.The hosting nation; France went ahead and won the match, a clear indication of the role of competing spirit that emanates from hosting the nation (Helmer & Owens, 2000). The 2002 was co-hosted by Japan and South Korea and was the first to be held in Asia. Australia defeated America Samoa with the largest margin in history by scoring 31-0 and this presented the highest scoring match in the football history. The tournament was successful and brazil won the match after beating Germany 2-0(Wilson, 2013). In 2006, World Cupwas hosted in Germany and was the first match where the previous winner had to qualify whereas the host nation continues to be granted automatic qualification. Another notable thing is that for African teams participated in the match which showed that the event had garnered extensive popularity and every nation wanted to participate in it. The match extended to penalties pitting Italy against France with Italy winning 5 - 3(Goldbatt,2008). In 2010, World Cupwas held in South Africa, the first one to be held in African continent. The match was noted as being highly defensive, there was introduction of vuvuzelas and there were controversies in relations to goal line technology. The match was won by Spain despite the fact that the team had only 8 goals scores defeating Netherlands (Wilson,2013). The 2014 World Cupevent was held in Brazil, making it the second time that the match was held in Brazil. The match was won by Germany against Argentina and 2014 was marked as the first time that teams from Europe won the tournament in three consecutive years (Tzanelli, 2015). Basing on the history of the matches, it can be noted that the zeal that nations competed to host the matches and the hosting nations performing well in most of the tournaments is a clear indication that the event has numerous impacts on the hosting nation, both economically and socially.

Review of Literature
Economic impact of the World Cupsoccer The World Cupsoccer has numerous economic impacts on the hosting countries and this can be attributed to the extensive campaign and financial investment on facilities that related to hosting of the event. There is an ever-growing literature on the economic impact of World Cupsoccer and the scholarly work on the impact of soccer tournament hold that visitors have major economic impact on the global football. According to Pillay (2006), the consumption pattern of the visitors supersedes the financial spending when holding the matches. When people go in a new area, they increase the consumer base hence increased consumption that has a big impact on the economy. The impact can be direct or indirect. In direct consumption, the visitor purchase goods and services directly and the indirect impact is the multiplier effect such as creation of employment .However, according to Crompton et al(2001), the existing literature hold that the major hurdle in measuring the economic impact of World Cupsoccer is lack of the requisite knowledge on the impacts of the consumption pattern of the guests and this has created a lot of research activities as the impact is both direct and indirect and hence it becomes difficult to measure the total economic impact. Boosts Tourism Sector Bade (2003) once said tourism is one of the sectors which have benefited significantly from hosting of the World Cup. Tourism is one of the greatest income earners in many countries and thus, when a specific nation hosts World Cupsoccer, it expects to earn greatly from tourism. For instance, the tourism sector in South Africa got a boon that emanated from adventure, cultural and wildlife tourism as more people from other countries had an opportunity of touring the country and exploring its rich heritage. Thus, it is worth noting that when visitors go to a specific country, they do not only watch soccer but also enjoy the adventures of the new environment. According to Cave (2003), it is not only tourism sector that benefits from the event, but also related hospitality industry. When visitors come to view football, they book hotel rooms earlier on and as a result, the hospitality industry gets a major boost and the overall economic benefit. According to Crompton et al(2001), the World Cupsoccer fans also engage in other hospitality industry related activities such as leisure and physical exercise and this is important in enhancing the economic growth in the sector.Apart from just contributing directly in terms of finances, the event create more job opportunities in the sector and this is instrumental in enhancing the earnings of people and in some instance long term effect of reduced levels of poverty. Improves Financial Service Industry According to Gelan (2003), World Cup soccer has direct impact on the financial service industry and more so among banks as there is increased circulation of money resulting in good performance in the sector. As more people bank their money and undertake electronic cash transfers and foreign exchange, they enhance the earnings of banks directly and create employment to more people. Additional to this, increased circulation of money and wealth among people is imperative in reducing the rate of interest and inflation levels thus reducing strain subjected to the overall economy of the hosting nation.Improving the brand image is a major benefit of mega sports especially World Cup soccer and this has been imperative in promoting the brand equity of different clubs especially sport clubs. According to Frederick and Hoeber (2008), organizations and governments utilize the events to increase the commercial value. For instance, football clubs in France are still enjoying the commercial benefits attained during the 1998 World Cup soccer. Additional to this, organizations that engage in apparels especially those in the hosting nations are at an advantage of accruing a lot of profit and promote their image either in the country or globally. For instance Adidas, although based in USA, gains much popularity in the host country that host World Cup soccer because of its sponsorship in the event. For example in south Africa, Adidas and Nike gained much popularity and are among the most popular sport apparels in the nations and this has inturn increased their profitability in the country. Fosters infrastructure development World Cup soccer leads to enhanced development and improved infrastructure. Lee and Taylor (2005) suggest that World Cup offers an opportunity to both developed and developing nation to improve their infrastructure more so in transport infrastructure such as roads, rail lines, airports, and sea transport. Before the event, the government of hosting countries is likely to get financial credit from lenders as they will be sure of repaying back the credit. World Cup soccer is also important in developing sporting and training facilities to suit the needs of the players and may engage in other development such as improved social amenities like hospitals and schools to enhance their reputation and standing as viewed from the perspective of international visitors.For instance, in 2010, South Africa had to improve its hospitals and infrastructure in order to address the health and transport needs of the large numbers of the anticipated visitors. As a result, the improved infrastructure such as roads has a long term positive economic impact. The governments in the hosting nations have a great opportunity of increasing their earnings from taxes and rates. According to Lee and Taylor (2005), the World Cup hosted in South Korea had major tax input on the government where in managed to generate US$ 307 Million in income tax while the value added tax was US$713 million while the indirect tax was US$71 million.Further to this, the rates accrued by the local governments increase when major events are carried out in the hosting country and this plays a key role in enhancing service delivery to communities. Basically, what needs to be understood is that the increased economic activities around the soccer event is important in assisting the government generate much revenue through both direct and indirect taxes and this is important in funding the financial year’s budget and reducing cases of international borrowing. Increases Money Circulation When people go to a specific country during the World Cup soccer event, they enhance the generation of hard currency and this is important in improving the hard currency reserve of a specific government.According to Atkearney (2005), most of major payments in the hosting nations are usually done in terms of US dollars and as a result, the level of the dollars increases and this plays a key role in making imports relatively cheap. Further to this, there is increased circulation of money in the economy and this is important in generating wealth to both the government and the populace in general. Increased Private Consumption The World Cup soccer event brings out what is known as the crowding effect. According to Lee and Taylor ( 2005),crowding out is defined as any private consumption that is experienced as a result of increase in demand as a result of hosting or staging an event and in this case, this can be analyzed on the basis of World Cup soccer demand on tourism and consumption o food. When more people enter a specific country, their demand for consumables is high and their consumption exceeds what is usually produced by suppliers. In this case, when the demand outstrips the supply, the result is increased pricing and this goes to a level where the economic may fail to sustain the demand calling for the suppliers to source for the raw materials from other nations. Forinstance, increased pricing for the consumption of food results in the crowding up of some prices.The global soccer event is important to the local populace of the hosting country as it enables people to accrue much financial wealth that would be important in enhancing their business prospects even after the events.According to Atkearney (2005), people who benefit from major global events such as soccer and OlympicGames accrue much money within a short period of time and as a result, this enables them to have sufficient capital to engage in business ventures.As a result of this, the disposable income of people increases and this leads to increased spending and hence overall economic growth. Creates Employment Opportunities Economy depends on perception among different players and this can either be positive or negative. Forinstance, the perception on the political stability of a specific nation may result in positive or negative economic impacts. According to Allmers and Maening (2009), World Cup soccer is usually held in countries that have political, social and economic stability and thus, a choice of a destination for World Cupraises the perception among investors that it is a stable country to invest in and this is instrumental in promoting foreign direct investment in a specific nation. As a result, the nations accrue the benefits related to foreign direct investment such as increased rate of employment, increased reserve for hard cash and infrastructural development.For example, Brazil has led the World Cupsoccer twice and this has enhanced the image of the country and more investors are currently investing in the country making it one of the emerging economic powers in the world.
Investment Opportunities As suggested by Lee and Taylor (2005), it is advantageous to host a global event as it opens the country to a myriad of economic opportunities. The host country can benefit enormously from the event if it can exploit the increased business opportunities. Successful entrepreneurs are keen to identify a business opportunity and exploit it to fill the gap in the market. A World cup event comes with a wide range of business opportunities that when exploited can lead to the increase of the gross domestic product (GDP). Both domestic and foreign investors take advantage of the soccer competition to invest in the production and service industry. The increase in the populations leads to a high demand for certain products and services. Therefore, the host country that encourages its people to invest during this time strengthens her economy.
Creating Job Opportunities According to Atkearney (2005), the demand for goods and services results in the creation of employment opportunities to meet the needs of the high population during an international event such as World cup. The investment in the service and manufacturing industries creates job opportunities for the citizens of the host country. For instance, the recently concluded world cup in Brazil offered numerous employment opportunities for the youths. Many people were hired to work in the service industry such as hospitality and tour guide. In addition, the Brazilians invested their resources and funds to provide the required goods and services to meet the needs of the consumers. . It must be remembered that a competitive event such as world cup encourages the average businesspersons to invest in the host country.
Heightened Competition International soccer events increase the competition in the market. Lee and Taylor (2005) argued that the new entrants into the market trigger healthy competition that result in the satisfaction of human wants. It also spurs the economic growth by increasing the Gross Domestic Product. The host country benefit from the increased business activities as the government can collect more revenue than before the event is hosted. The consumers can benefit immensely from the increased competition in the service industry during a soccer event. The massive production of commodities and services guarantees the clients of their needs being satisfied. The natives usually suffer from the increased competition as most of the goods and services are shifted to the foreigners. However, it is of the essence for the stakeholders in the economic sector to formulate effective policies that ensures the hosts are benefiting from the event businesswise.
High Demand for Goods and Services According to Lee and Taylor (2005), international sporting events such as World cup are known for increasing the demand for the basic commodities in the host country. The increased population attending the event also affects the prices and supply of the goods and services. Some entrepreneurs deliberately create unnecessary scarcity of certain products in the market to increase their demand. As a result, the hosts suffer from the hiked prices and limited goods and services. However, it is imperative for the host government to put in place the required economic policies to protect the consumers from being exploited by the service providers. The collaboration of both the private and public sector is critical to meeting the high demand of products and services. Therefore, proper measures should be put in place to prevent ugly economic quagmires that will destroy the reputation of the host country. Although most of the impacts of World Cupare considered as positive, there are a number of negative effects to the local populace and the government in general. According to Lee &Taylor( 2005),Most of the people who travel to watch the events are usually affluent and well endowed economically and as their demand for basic facilities and commodities increase, they lead to increased prices of commodities in the hosting nation. As a result of this, this may have major economic impacts on the poverty stricken people as they may be forced to increase their expenditure. In some cases, the government and event promotes may resort to increased costly borrowing and as a result, the debt may be burdensome compared to the anticipated benefit and this may cause economic strain as the government seeks to repay the loan. According to Pike (2002), hosting the FIFA World Cup entails a lot of procurement and the use of public money and the one provided by FIFA so as to facilitate the games. As a result, there are high possibilities for economic crimes to occur such as corruption, diversion of funds and fund embezzlement and as a result, the economic value of the funds may not be realized fully.
Social Impacts of the World Cup Soccer The impact of World Cupsoccer cannot only be viewed from the viewpoint of economy and financial gain but also in social gain.Literature indicates that there are many social benefits that the event brings to the hosting nation. Boost the social image of the host country According to Atkearney (2005), World Cup soccer and other major sporting events result in increased social legacy of the hosting country.Large scale sporting event brings about excitement in the country hosting the event and this has been instrumental in creating national cohesion and increasing a sense of belonging among the people in the hosting nation. Fredrick and Hoeber (2005) point out that mega events such as World Cup soccer play a crucial role in changing the social atmosphere among people in the countries that host the events and strengthen the local cultural heritage. With a minimal level of creativity, the interest raised on the members of the public can be utilized to enhance the interest of people in education and other social courses. Further to this, the events can promote the behaviors that are valued on sports and these are discipline, hard work, respect for others and teamwork. As people from different countries interact with each other, they learn from each others on different cultural issues and this is important in enhancing cultural understanding and tolerance among people. Communication is enhanced and people learn from each other about different issues that affect people such as how to do business, acquire technical skills related to sports management and may engage on social programs that remain sustainable even after the event. Improves the security in the host nation Atkney (2005) indicates that World Cup soccer brings about increased security as the security apparatus are enhanced and made efficient to secure the large multitude that visit the country to watch the game. As a result, governments purchase more security equipment to enhance security and even after the event come to an end, the government and security agents retain the security apparatus and its efficiency which benefits directly the people in the country. According to Atkearney (2005), World Cup soccer is vital in developing critical skills among the work force of the hosting nation. In some countries, they source technical skills from others and this is vital in enhancing training among the local populace and through the positive interaction, people are able to learn new skills and apply them even after the event. Further to this, numerousprograms before and during the events offer internship to students and those who have just graduated from higher institute of learning and this enables them to develop life skills that are instrumental in their future endeavors. Lee and Taylor( 2005) argue that such mega sport events are vital in developing competition skills among the local populace of the existing nations. In most cases, the teams in the hosting nation are encouraged and compelled to develop their team skills before the onset of the events. This has been common in nations that have been hosting the events where the teams perform well and in order to promote their sense of sovereignty, they strive hard to sharpen their football skills. For example there have been cases of Italy winning the elections when hosting it and this is highly attributed to encouragement and the responsibility that the host nation bestows on the teams. According to Lee and Taylor (2005), the populace of the hosting nations are likely to engage in technology especially on the use of social media and this is imperative in promoting social interaction in relation to the event and may have a positive impact on the cohesion of people and sharing of information and encouragement during the matches.
Strengthens Social Ties According to Atkearney (2005), international soccer competitions strengthen the social bonds between the natives and the aliens. Such competitions have seen young people taking advantage of the event to socialize and start up relationships that have led to intermarriages. The interaction of people from different parts of the world has contributed to migration of and intermingling of people to celebrate and appreciate their cultural diversity. Intermarriages and long-term dating has contributed to improved living standards of the natives following intermarriage later in the course of their lives. It also results in a changed lifestyle with the natives imitating the trending fashions such as those of haircuts and dressing. The exchange of these cultural values has contributed to globalization and international cohesion.
Global Cohesion World Cup competitions enhance cultural diversity across the globe. The occasion brings people from different backgrounds and parts of the world to share joy and engage constructively. As a result, people get to learn new cultures and appreciate each other’s beliefs and traditions. As suggested by Fredrick and Hoeber (2005), the increased interactions enhance global cohesion with people embracing each other irrespective of their race, ethnicity, creed, or religious background. The soccer competitions are a unifying factor that has seen the hosting nations benefiting immensely from increased number of tourists. The world Cup competitions are alsoknown for uniting people at both national and international level. The host country establishes good diplomatic relationswith her visitors and maintains it to continue benefiting even after the competitions come to an end.
Spread of diseases The international events have been reported to contribute to the increased spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections and other tropical diseases. According to Lee and Taylor (2001), the interaction of people has been known to contribute to prostitution and broken morals among the young people. Many people have engaged in irresponsible sexual behaviors, a practice that increases the risks of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV /AIDS. The immigration and emigration of people increases the transmission of the tropical diseases leading to emergence of new diseases in the host country. Therefore, the competitions poses a serious health threat that need to be addressed to protect and promote both the natives and the foreigners.
Improved Social Amenities Soccer is acknowledged as one of the sports with the highest number of participants and fans. Atkearney (2005) argued that the host country benefits enormously from the improved social amenities such as healthcare facilities, improved supply of water and electricity, and increased housing. The preparation of the hosing country involves the improvement of the social amenities to support the high influx populations. The national governments of the host countries ensure that all the social structuresare in good condition to appease the visitors. Consequently, the natives benefit from the improved social structures such as stadiums and recreation centres even after the competition ends. Therefore, the competitions provide an opportunity for the host nation to fix its social structures and expand its social amenities.
Increased Sporting Activities According to Atkearney (2005), international soccer competitions are marked by increased sports following the improved sporting infrastructure. For instance, a country like South Africa has seen its stadiums being used for local sports even after the completion of the 2010 world cup competitions. Unlike ever before, the ABSA premier league has gain popularity since the country hosted World Cup. Other countries such as Brazil and France have also seen many young people engaging in soccer and other sports. Therefore, a major sporting event such as World Cup can inspire the young people to start engaging more in sports and develop their talents. Although there are several social advantages of hosting World Cup soccer, there have been several negative experiences associated with the sport. According to Lee and Taylor ( 2001), there have been numerous antisocial acts as people who attend the events exhibit several negative acts such as increased levels of prostitution,crimes and may influence negatively the young generation.Further to this, there have been numerous cases of cultural dilution where the local people copy the behaviors and cultures from different societies. There are some instances in which there have been social unrest between visitors and the local especially among the competing fans and this affect the social integrity of the hosting nation. Creates social tension in the host nation Mega event such as soccer have resulted in some cases of displacement of the people to pave way for state of art sporting facilities. According to Lee and Shuster(2001), the displacement of people creates bad blood between the government and the people where the governments are seen as insensitive to the plight of people. Further to this, there are some cases where there are minimal compensation and lead to social and legal problems.
Summary
According to the literature review, it is evident that the World Cup soccer has a number of benefits despite the fact that much literature has not been undertaken to attain the goals. Basically, the analysis has taken tow considerations as stipulated in the research question and these are economic impact and social impact. The economic analysis generalizes both short and long term impacts of the event on the economy of the host nation. Generally, what makes up economic progress is the international perception of investors and general populace on the hosting nation and make it a vital destination for investment and the feel good effect that has an impact on the profitability of businesses in the hosting nation. Additional to this, the global event is instrumental in development of infrastructure such as roads which are instrumental in easing transport and hence important for the economy, promoting the financial services business which are vital in the economy through lending their financial resources to business people and the government, increasing the flow of foreign currency thus strengthening the local currency and the ability of the country to import cheaply, enhancing the business prospects of the local populace and promoting the circulation of money, development of sport facilities and clubs which have increased rate of earning even after the event, enhanced tourism and hospitality industry. However, there areseveral economic disadvantages and these are price hikes of the basic commodities and uneconomic lending by governments. The social impact is premised on benefit that people derive and most of them are non economic in nature.Although they cannot be measured directly, they are actually experienced in the hosting nations and these are development of critical skills within the work force,development of competition skills, increasedsecurity, promoting the cultural heritage of the local people, developing the social legacy of the hosting country, and promotion of social programs such as education. However, there are a number of negative social impacts and these are displacement of populations and increase in instances of social evils. Basing on the analysis, it is worth noting thatWorld Cupsoccer has more positive impacts on the economical and social arena of the hosting nation.Although it cannot be directly measured as there are minimal empirical data, there are high chances that hosting nation would accrue much benefit and this can be proven by still competition that countries subject each other in the quest of getting the bid to host the event.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHDOLOGY
3.1 Introduction: This research takes into account the qualitative design, where it previews the aspects of the social and economic impacts of hosting the World cup events in terms of how and why there are evident social and economic impacts on the event as opposed to what, where and who, which gives a conclusive discussion. Since the ex post literature and research does not seem to be interested in the in-depth examination of the of the impacts of the World Cup on the host nation’s economy and the social fabric, a mode of research into the past activities involving the mega sport could provide a forum for understanding of these impacts, while the documentation therein can be the point of reference towards eliminating future discrepancies in this social and economic event (Young, 2014). Therefore, this research takes into account the ethnographic and naturalistic or participant observer research methodologies, which give emphasis to the need of veering through variables in the natural settings, which in this case are the hosting nations of past World Cup events. In doing so, the research is designed to give the revelations of the target range of the economic and social behavior of the audience and the perceptions which drive the behavior with reference to the social and economic impact of hosting the world mega event. The research takes an in-depth study of several individual and corporate organizations that support the construction of the hypothesis of this study, where the resultant factors are more of descriptive than the prescriptive results evident in past researches. In doing so, the research will use interviews with corporate and individual groups that have been key players in the sponsorships and hosting of the events, where a cumulative of 2000 participants will be analyzed for the purpose of gaining a platform for conclusion of the socio-economic impact of hosting the World Cup (Summers, 2005). Moreover, the research involves diary and journal exercises coupled with in-context observations, where sessions will be conducted in person, through phone calls and through videoconferencing by the application of the internet. In the realization of the success of this research, rich and insightful results will be accrued from the synergy among respondents as they counter-canvass other respondent’s ideologies, while this involves engagement of respondents more actively. There is also an opportunity to probe the respondents as a model of assisting the researcher to get beyond the initial responses and the rationales. For instance, the systems of probing might involve asking the respondent to help in understanding why they feel that the responses they have given should be of that nature and not the contrary (Hamil, 2012). The research will also involve the need for an opportunity to observe record and interpret communications among respondents that are non-verbal, which means that it involves sound articulation of the body language, the voice intonation and the facial expressions, which can aid in the conclusion of the underlying facts. Moreover, the study critically gives the opportunity to engage respondents in play, where projective techniques work out well besides exercise, which is critical in overcoming the self-awareness that is most likely to inhibit reactions that are spontaneous and those comments that can be elucidated out of self awareness. This forms the platform for a qualitative analysis, whose major basis is extraction of all the conclusive evidences that are helpful in gauging the number of responses who support that hosting the World Cup tournament is of a positive social and economic impact and those who content that hosting such an event has negative impacts on the hosting nation, which in turn helps in documentation of the evidence for future literary conclusions (Maennig, 2012). 3.2 Research settings The research setting for this study is pegged on the countries where the World Cup tournament has been held over the past 20 years. In veering through this, the research will begin with the analysis of the first country, which is the most recent; Brazil, which hosted the World Cup in 2014. Having been the second time for Brazil to host this tournament, many agencies for interview on the social and economic impacts of hosting this tournament will be evident in this country. Moreover, the analysis of the economic growth since Brazil first hosted the tournament and the subsequent time can be engaged as a way of giving a conclusive evidence of the cumulative changes over time (Chari, 2014). Moreover, the respondents in Brazil are expected to be more conversant with the developments in the social and economic arena that have built-up during the 1950 world cup and the 2014 World Cup. The 1950 World Cup feature in Brazil is expected to elucidate the first economic and social and economic impacts that shaped its capabilities to host the 2014 World Cup now that it was the first time that included the British participants. The other research setting for this study is based on South Africa, which was the host nation for the 2010 World Cup. South Africa serves as the best setting for research now that it was the first African country to host the World Cup in the history of this mega event. Moreover, the controversies surrounding the goal-line technology might just be the first spur of an atmosphere that could have characterized the social and economic impacts surrounding the event. In this regard, the technological advances shaped the event, marking what observers might term as the foundation for the social orientation of the fever in both at the pitch and in the eyes of many fans of the game. This implies that the settings in the 2010 South African event critically gives a deviation from the normal events, which were not put into consideration in the previous events, which also forms the factor underpinning the social and economic impacts of hosting the World Cup tournament (Frawley, 2014). The next setting for the research study is evidently in Germany, which was the host country for the 2006 World Cup event. In this event, the previous winner had to qualify automatically and in the event, Germany as a host nation had to receive an automatic berth. Germany formed the basis for social integrations where there were open cases of racial discrimination among players, which in turn shifted to the fans. The natural setting saw an advocacy of racial consideration first come into shape, with players openly showing their lines of racial preferences. Germany will also form the best setting for analysis of the social and economic impacts of the World cup tournament since some of the zones in the region were no zones for the foreigners (Jane, 2012). This was closely associated with the security concerns of the country, although observers saw this as a mode of restraining some races from accessing the social amenities, thus making it judgmental that the restrictions were pegged on racial affiliations than the security concerns. Moreover, referee disputes at the pitch formed the foundation for social disparities, where some countries were given preferences on field disputes over other countries. The next setting that forms the basis for the analysis of this research is the combination of South Korea and Japan, which is a unique setting now that these was the first countries to co-host the World Cup tournament on the Asian soil. This tournament forms a remarkable setting for the consideration of the social and economic impacts now that the underdogs in the league of soccer emerged as some of the best competitors. The outstanding performances from the emerging teams should have changed the perception about the social interactions within the tournament, which might evidently have been the source of shaping the social interactions among the superior teams and the emergent teams. On the other hand, the 1998 World Cup in France is another important setting, which is useful in defining the capabilities of a hosting nation towards winning the World Cup tournament now that France did host the tournament and won at the same time. The hosts took away the pride of victory, which in turn contributed to its national fame and social accord across the world as the home ground advantage paved way for the economic and social applause (Carlsen, 2015). Consequently, in the 1994 World cup tournament, the USA forms the setting of this study, where the tournament saw the UN prevail upon sanctions to Yugoslavia due to the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which showed the social relations and interactions that shape the worldwide tournament. 3.3 Justification of the study area: By consideration, the study on the social and economic impact of hosting of the World Cup tournament is justified given that there is insufficient available literature to address these impacts and hence the need for this research. The current research depicted by the unfolding events in the past tournaments concentrates on the field events with an analysis of the participants and winners of the event. However, less emphasis is put on the economic impacts of the tournament on het host nations, neither do the researchers bear in mind the social impacts of these event both globally and on the host nation (Zimbalist, 2015). The event elucidates much hysteria to the level that contenders lack the capacity to think outside the field, giving the need for research into these social and economic impacts of the tournament as a way of coming up with judgments that could assist in future progressions of these four year event. This implies that this research is evidently a veering into the past social and economic impacts of the World Cup tournament, which the recommendations therein are helpful in shaping both the social and economic barriers associated with future events. It is imperative that the existing literature does not elucidate the economic impacts like the integration of tourism in the event, where in as much as there are documented evidences, not much emphasis has been drawn to each individual host country of the tournament. Most of the research does not entail how this tourism comes in line with the soccer event, where for instance, in South Africa, the cultural impacts and the wildlife industries got a boon from the visitors who had come for the World Cup event. The information existing does only touch on the economic growth from foreign exchanges although no specific sites, where tourist attraction centers received an uplift from the venture. The other economic impact that has not been put into detailed documentation is the improvement in the financial service industry, where there are no exact figures of financial transactions that were cumulatively transacted as a result of hosting of the World Cup event. Sports apparel companies like Nike do a lot of investments into this social events by supplying and selling their brands to both the individual teams and to the fans although not so much has been said concerning the exact amount of involvement into these both corporate and business venture, which calls for the urgent need of the results of this research (Szymanski, 2015). On the other hand, it is casually assumed that hosting a World Cup event fosters infrastructure development on the part of the hosting nation, although to undisclosed levels. A contender may wonder to what extend does this event play the critical role in fostering the infrastructure developments and how this is beneficial to already developed countries, whose infrastructure is already developed. A research is needed to know the levels to which the spill-over from the revenue from the World Cup event helps in developing other cities apart from the cities that have hosted this event as a way of formulating policies and giving recommendations for these countries as a proactive measure of increasing corporate responsibility in terms of infrastructure building. It is also evident that corporate sponsors invest in countries that host the World Cup event although there are no measures that ensure the funds raised from these sponsorships are accounted for. A research that recommends for auditing of the expenditures of such funds can aid in reducing loopholes of enriching those who are better placed to access such funds at the expense of the poor is required to reduce chances of making money a must in a few pockets as others languish in poverty behind the fame of having at one point hosted the World Cup (Visser, 2013). On the social arena, much has been written and researched on the World Cup having the impact of boosting the social image of the host country, although not much is said on the social image of the country some years later. Research is therefore needed to propose a system, where there is monitoring of the social image for some time after the event in a way of increasing the proclivity of such countries in shaping their social image even after the event. This implies that this research is valuable as the recommendations therein can help countries to articulate the spirit of keeping in line with shaping the social image not only during the World Cup, but also before and after the event. This might assist in the definition of the cultural integrations within these countries and thus boost the importance of world soccer in building cohesions among all participant and non-participating nations (Gratton, 2002). Ensuring a long-term laid down platform of social integration can increase the probability of considering other teams and thus reducing over-dependence on the commonly known hosts and their neighbors, which proves the need for this research. 3.4 Study design: Since this research is qualitative, most of emphasis is based on the primary and secondary data sources. The primary sources of data collection include the interviews, focus groups, observations action research, while the secondary sources will include online journals and books. The interviews take into account the structured interviews, the semi-structured and the unstructured interviews. In this research, structured interviews are articulated as the verbally administered questionnaires, in which the predetermined questions will be drafted and be put across the panel of respondents for further confirmation of the nullity and validity of these responses (Dolles, 2013). The predetermined questions are vital since they help in the clarifications of questions with literacy and numeracy problems. On the other hand, the unstructured questions are useful to this research as they do not reflect on any preconceived theories and as such they won’t aim at a target closed or open answer. One big use of these unstructured interviews is in the knowledge of personal experiences to the impacts of hosting the World Cup event on the social and economic arena, where the respondent is required to give a broader view as opposed to the predetermined views elucidated in the structured interviews. Consequently, the semi-structured interviews are vital as they as they are made up of the key elements making up each social and economic attribute of the nation that has ever hosted the World Cup, where it allows both the interviewer and the interviewee to diverge from the normal question as a form of digging further into these social and economic attributes of hosting the World Cup. Observation is another primary method of data collection, which is vital for this research as it takes into account the systematic noting and recording of the events, the behaviors in the social and economic setting of the countries that have hosted the World Cup tournament. This method is applicable to this research as it involves detailed, nonjudgmental and concrete explanations of what is seen on the ground (Shmanske, 2010). Moreover, the observation method of collection of data is relevant as it helps in the assumption that behavior is purposeful and expressive of the deeper values and beliefs that the field setting entails. This means that observation in this case gives the highly structured and detailed notation of the economic and social behavior that is structured by the check lists to a more plausible and holistic description of the events happening currently as a result of the impact of country having hosted the World Cup tournament. In giving the conclusions about the impacts of hosting the World Cup event on the social and economic arena, this research will give a comparative analysis of what is observable in relation to the past changes that have evolved since the World cup event took place as a forum for comparison of the eminent changes with what is currently observable. This helps in creating a timeline trend on the socio-economic impact of the event with time, which gives a conclusive analysis (Cooper, 2008). The secondary data sources will involve the use of documented evidences like journals, books and online magazines of the events that unfolded during the World Cup for each individual country, where this involves searching through the major news agencies and the datum recorded during and after the unfolding of the World Cup tournament. Internet documented sources will be vital for this analysis as they will give the live evidence of the social orientations that transpired in these host nations during the World Cup event in correlation with the current observable changes. The economic orientations will also be gathered from archived datum since the interviews might not disclose the exact figures in one part due to the financial figures being archaic for some agencies and also due to the confidentiality of such information. In synthesizing these secondary sources, this research will assume that the participant agencies have pre-recorded documentary about the World Cup event and the financial information given by the relevant authorities is subject to this research and not for any form of publication for the purpose of keeping with the confidentiality of the information and the copyright regulations amongst these individual countries (Dolles, 2013). 3.5 Study population and sampling: For the purpose of this research, the sample is obtainable from the population countries that have hosted the World Cup tournament, while the sampling entailed the random sampling method. The random sampling method is mostly relevant as it aids in the in the most pure form of probability of sampling. In this system of sampling, the population was considered as the group of experimental data, which was built on the elementary units that are not easily decomposable. These elementary units take into account clusters which represent total population. For this case the probability of every individual in the population perceives an equal chance of being selected as a subject for this research and this helps in the elimination of bias associated with the sampling procedures. In this regard, the total population is represented by a target sample, which will be discussed in the next sub-topic (Jane, 2012). 3.51 Sample size The sample size for this study is 2000 participants, who are randomly sampled to represent the views of the whole population. In this research, where this model of sampling put into consideration, there was the listing of the names of the respondents in the population of the World Cup individual host nation on separate pieces of paper, where these papers were drawn randomly one at a time from the complete collection of names. The sample of 2000 respondents was interviewed for various aspects concerning the social and economic impacts of hosting the world cup tournament, where respondents were to give the positivity and negativity for conclusive evidence (Summers, 2005). Since the target population is all about the assumed beneficiaries of the soccer tournament, this study gave emphasis to both the simple random sampling method and the stratified sampling method. In countries where the researcher did not have a clue about the population, the total target population of 2000 respondents was selected from the simple method of sampling, which helped in eliminating the systems of bias. On the other hand, the stratified sampling method was evident especially in those populations where the researcher was critical aware of the population (Maennig, 2012). 3.5.2 Research instruments and methods: The method that was used in this research study was face to face in the primary interview and the use of documented literature such as magazines and journals that correlate with the events that unfolded in every host nation of the World Cup. Face to face interviews are relevant for this study as they aid in giving the perceptions of the respondents from the ground and they also give direct personal experiences with what has transpired before, during and after the event of the World Cup among hosting nations. Moreover, face to face interviews aid in reading the non-verbal communications like body language and body language, which might not be detailed as in phone calls. Consequently, meeting with the respondents on the ground allows for digging deeper into the forms of questioners, which aids in giving further responses that might increase the amount of information required for the conclusion of this study. Above all, face to face interactions increase the levels of confidentiality of sensitive information like that of financial records from responsible agencies, which in turn increases the openness on the part of the respondents (Alegi, 2013). On the other hand, the use of documented literature is a relevant mode of acquisition of information as it helps to give the prewritten record of events that took place. Documented literature subsidizes the face to face interviews in the sense that these documents act as proof in parts where the respondents cannot recall the exact information related to the impacts of hosting the World Cup on the social and economic arena of the hosting country. 3.6Data analysis: The data analysis for this study was carried out using the Chi-Square test, in which the sample distribution of the statistical hypothesis test is considered as a chi-square distribution if and only if the null hypothesis is true. This mode of data analysis was constructed from the sum of squared errors and also from the sample variance. The method took into consideration the assumption that for an independent normally distributed data, the validity lies in the statement that at certain conditions, the arithmetic mean of a sufficiently large number of iterates of independent random variables like the ones considered for this analysis, each random variable will be normally distributed regardless of the underlying distribution. For this case, the nullity or validity of the hypothesis comes from the independent random variables, with each of these random variables having a well defined expected value, a well defined variance and would be approximately normally distributed (Rosenthal, 2011). Since the sample might be obtained in such a way that it contains large number of observations and bearing in mind that each observation was being randomly generated independently to such a level that it does not depend on the values of other observations, this implies that the arithmetic average can be computed. In the observations for this research, the procedure was repeated many times, where under the central limit theorem considerations, the computed values were found to be evenly distributed in accordance with the normal distribution. This gives rise to a normally distributed curve, which in this case is a bell shaped curve that will be analyzed in the results and discussions section. 3.7Interpretation: Interpretation of datum from this research involved the use of nominal logistic regression, which was based on the regression model, where the dependent variable, which is the number of respondents in support of the positivity in social and economic impacts of hosting the world cup event on the host nation, is categorical. This implies that in the nominal regression model, the two values are such that the respondents agree or disagree with the ideology of the positive socio-economic impacts on the World cup event are put into consideration. With this, the resultant factor is the measure of the relationship between the categorical dependent variable; the impacts and the independent variable; the country by application of the logistic function, and which in this case the logistic distribution (Reisinger, 2012). This implies that the impacts depend mostly on the nature of the country since most respondents from different countries differ, while the responses are directly dependent on the nature of this country hosting the event. The nominal logistic distribution was considered for interpretation of data in this study since it gives the generalized linear model of distribution of the responses in relation to the social, cultural and economic orientations of the specific country. Since the logistic regression aided in the prediction of the probabilities of the outcomes in this research, it is assumed that the predicted values are probabilities and are therefore restricted to a model of (0, 1) through the logistic distribution function and this can aid in a consequent interpretation that the conditional distribution of the outcomes is a Bernoulli distribution of the function y / x. It is therefore imperative that the nominal logistic regression model is the sound model of interpreting data in this research as it assumes that this data is case specific in the sense that each independent variable has just a single value for every case (Frawley, 2014). Moreover, the model assumed that the independent variable in this study could not be predicted from the independent variables for any of the cases. This implies that in the interpretation of this datum, there was need for the independent variables to be statistically independent from each other and thus the collinearity was higher. 3.8 Summary Since this research takes into account the qualitative design, where it previews the aspects of the social and economic impacts of hosting the World cup events in terms of how and why there are evident social and economic impacts on the event as opposed to what, where and who, it is evident that it gives a conclusive discussion. The research setting for this study is pegged on the countries where the World Cup tournament has been held over the past 20 years, where the first country to be analyzed on the social and economic impacts of hosting this mega event would be Brazil, which hosted the tournament in 2004, while South Africa will form the setting for the 2010 world cup. The other vital country to under this study is Germany, which hosted the tournament in 2006, while Japan and Korea will flows closely having hosted the world cup in 2002. In 1998, France hosted the tournament, which is also a source of this analysis, while the 1994 world cup sets USA as the final setting under consideration in this study. This research is justifiable since by consideration, the study on the social and economic impact of hosting of the World Cup tournament has insufficient available literature to address these impacts. On the other hand, the study design takes into account the primary and secondary data sources, while the sample size that was interviewed was made up of 2000 respondents. Overly, the data analysis for this research is purely the application of the chi-square test based on the Pearson coefficient of correlation, while the system of interpretation takes into account the use of nominal logistic regression model to give the distribution (Maennig, 2012). CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSSION 4.1 Introduction This chapter gives the real qualitative results and discussion of the research pertaining to the economic and social impacts of hosting the World Cup tournament. In doing so, the paper examines the results of the respondents who are in contention with the ideology that the tournament boosts the tourism sector, improves the financial service industry and also increases the circulation of money against those respondents who refute such claims. Moreover, this part gives the ratio of respondents who are in contention with the ideology that hosting of a world cup event increases private consumption against those who disagree, while giving those who agree that it indeed creates employment, investment and heightens completion in all the nations that have hosted the world cup tournament (Gratton, 2002). This ratio of those who are in contention will be evaluated against those who disagree and by the use of the relevant chi-square method; the data can be analyzed, while the nominal logistic correlation is vital for interpretation of this datum, which in turn results in the conclusion of the economic impacts of hosting the world cup event. On the other hand, the social impacts of hosting the tournament are given to spread across the nations that have hosted the tournament and thus, emphasis is given to how the tournament boosts the social image of the country, the number of respondents in contention with the fact hosting the tournament improves the social security of the host nation, those who support the ideology that the tournament strengthens the social ties, global cohesion, spread of diseases, improved social amenities, increased sporting activities and that it creates social tension among the host nations. The number of respondents in contention with these social attributed is correlated with those who are not in contention as a forum for giving conclusive judgment on the social impacts of hosting the tournament. In conclusion of this evidence, the data is analyzed through the chi-square method, while the interpretations therein are achievable through the nominal logical regression model (Chari, 2014).

4.2 Findings: 4.21 The results: Table 4.21 Attendance and average attendance per game
|country |Total attendance |Average attendance per game |
|2014 Brazil |3,429,873 |53,592 |
|2010 South Africa |3,167,984 |49,499 |
|2006 Germany |3,367,000 |52,609 |
|2002 Japan / South Korea |2,724,604 |42,571 |
|1998 France |2,859,234 |44,676 |
|1994 USA |3,568,567 |68,626 |

Table 4.22 Response rate
|Country |Total number |Positive |Negative |Undecided |Response rate |Std deviation |
| |interviewed |response |response | | | |
|Brazil |2000 |1500 |400 |100 |95 |5 |
|South Africa |2000 |1900 |100 |0 |100 |0 |
|Germany |2000 |1600 |300 |100 |95 |5 |
|Japan |2000 |1800 |100 |100 |95 |5 |
|South Korea |2000 |1700 |200 |100 |95 |5 |
|France |2000 |1650 |250 |100 |95 |5 |
|USA |2000 |1800 |150 |50 |97.5 |2.5 |

Table 4.23 the economic report of world cup host nations
COUNTRY |YEAR |GDP |REVENEW FROM FIFA ($) |TOURISM |PRIVATE CONSUMPTION |EMPLOYMENT RATE |DEMAND FOR GOODS |SUPPLY OF GOODS |JOBS CREATED | | | |($) | |Revenue | | | | | | | | | | |($) | | | | | | |Brazil |2014 |$2.346 T |7.2 B |6.6 B |increased |10% |increased |increased |140,000 | |South Africa |2010 |365.2B |3.7 B |5.12 B |increased |12% |increased |increased |130,000 | |Germany |2006 |2.998 T |3.99B |3.06 B |increased |16% |increased |increased |150,000 | |Japan |2002 |3.981 T | 2.56 B |8.06 B |increased |18% |increased |increased |130,000 | |South Korea |2002 |609 B | 2.1B |2.98 B |increased |13% |increased |increased |124,000 | |France |1998 |1.511 T | 4.5 B |3.45B |increased |18% |increased |increased |125,000 | |USA |1994 |7.309T | 3.5 B |5.6 B |increased |14% |increased |increased |167,000 | |

Table 4.24 the responses to social developments
Country |respondents |Social image |security |Social ties |Global cohesion |Disease infections |Social amenities |Sporting activities |Social tension | |Brazil |2000 |89% |86% |88% |78% |56% |78% |100% |45% | |South Africa |2000 |92% |78% |79% |86% |67% |69% |100% |48% | |Germany |2000 |90% |76% |84% |76% |48% |76% |100% |39% | |Japan |2000 |93% |82% |90% |73% |64% |70% |100% |51% | |South Korea |2000 |91% |76% |91% |81% |66% |69% |100% |49% | |France |2000 |93% |78% |88% |69% |58% |65% |100% |45% | |USA |2000 |94% |88% |87% |66% |72% |56% |100% |46% | |
4.3. Findings. Table 4.21 gives the record of attendance of the world cup games from 1994-2014, where it is evident that the number of those attending the event has been increasing cumulatively. This shows that the revenue from the event has been on the rise due to the increase in the number of those in attendance, which automatically spurs a rise in the rate of demand for the goods and services within the host country. Some services that are normally on demand in these countries include catering services, accommodation services and transport among others. The table also shows the preference of the attendants, where they give more preference to some world renown countries like Brazil, which shows the highest record of attendance of the event in 2004. The number of those in attendance is closely related to the total revenue that is accrued from the event, where those in attendance add value to the tourism sector, which in turn increases the GDP for the host country (Rosenthal, 2011). Table 4.22 gives the rates of responses from the respondents interviewed in line with the social and economic impact of hosting the world cup tournament, where it is perceived that the positive responses outweigh the negative responses. This implies that the rate of positive responses was higher than the rate of negative responses, where most of the respondents are critical aware that there is a social and economic impact on the country that hosts the World cup event in the sense that all contenders who have had an experience with the event are critical aware of these social and economic changes within their jurisdiction. Those who were not in contention with these changes formed the smallest percentage and most of the reason was either due to them having been alienated from the event, while some chose deliberately not to give any response despite being aware of such social and economic changes within their jurisdiction (Carlsen, 2015). Table 4.23 gives the economic records for the countries that have hosted the World Cup event for the past twenty years, where it is evident that there was a significant growth in the economies of these countries, where the GDP in some countries reached the peak during this event. For instance, South Africa and Brazil reached their peak periods in the GDP due to the revenue accrued from investment in the world cup event. Other countries like the USA made some improvement in the economic growth, recording a 3.4% GDP growth in relation with the previous year before it hosted the event of the world cup tournament. The tourism industry in the individual countries is seen to have risen as a result of the increased population that had come to witness this event, which also increased the levels of GDP in the said countries. For instance, Brazil, being a hinterland had more tourist boosts from the event of world cup, while South Africa witnessed the greatest number of tourists in its history due to the 2010 hosting of the world cup event (Chari, 2014). Consequently, even though to a small amount, South Korea and Japan had an increased boon in the tourism sector partly due to the fact that the countries co-hosted the event as compared to other countries which were lone rangers in both investment and outcome of the event. The economic sector was also significantly increased in the individual host countries, where countries like USA, Brazil and South Africa saw some amount of increase in the private consumption, demand and supply for goods and the employment rate reach their peak during this event. Most of the countries that have ever hosted the world cup tournament saw an increase in the employment opportunities, where some of the employment sectors that were rampantly of influence included the hospitality sector, the tourism guide sector, the infrastructure repair and the supply of goods and services. Most of the countries have experienced to higher levels, making up over 100,000 of job opportunities that are varied in levels of the job sectors. Some other improvements in the economic sector included a boost in the financial services, where the increase in foreign exchange resulted in the stabilization of the local currency of the hosting countries (Maennig, 2012).
Table 4.24 gives the economic impacts that the world cup tournament has on the hosting nation, where it is evident that most of the respondents are in support of the positive outcomes, which are represented by the percentages. This is from the fact that the percentage of the respondents out of the total 2000 respondents are in articulation with the fact that the event brings about positive social changes. Some of the social impacts that received high responses as having been realized in the event of hosting the world cup tournament include boosting of the social image of the host country and the improvement of security within the host countries. Moreover, most respondents from the nations interviewed showed that hosting of world cup increased the sporting activity apart from creating a global cohesion for the hosting nation. On the contrary, the negative impact that was applauded by most respondents was the spread of diseases, with HIV and AIDS being the most venereal disease that is shared among participants across the globe as they mark the one month event of hosting the world mega tournament (Chari, 2014).
4.3 discussions of results
4.31 Theoretical discussions From the results, it is apparent that the event f hosting the World Cup tournament has both the social and economic impacts on the hosting nations since it brings together different levels and groups of people together from the whole globe. Some of the most evident social impacts include boosting of the social image, where such countries are perceived to be economically and politically stable prior to the award of the prize of hosting such a tournament. Moreover, political stability within such countries that host the tournament is a proof enough to show that the tournament enhances security. During the event, people interact and learn each other’s cultural norms and ways of socialization especially from the hosting local communities, which in turn builds the global cohesion. On the other hand, the tournament brings with it negative social impacts, which include the spread of diseases, where the participants engage in dangerous activities like sexual activities, leading to high risks of spread of the venereal diseases (Gratton, 2002). On the other hand, the event brings together people of varied races, who do not have known backgrounds, which cause social tensions to the host nation. The security systems at this time are put to task to be more vigilantes and in some cases, the events of crowding like those of the world cup tournament have been the targets of terrorist threats, heightening the social tension further. On the other hand, the event brings about the economic benefits, which are also two way traffic. Some economic benefits are directly beneficial to the hosting nation, while some are disadvantageous. The economic benefits of this event include an increase in the foreign exchange, which stabilizes the local currency. On the other hand, the event brings together tourists from various parts of the world, which brings about revenue in terms of the levies for visiting the tourist attraction centers within the hosting countries. The tournament is also a presumed investment opportunity for the host country, where most of the people get revenue from the purchase and sell of goods and services. Moreover, the local benefit from the employment opportunities created from different ventures related to the event, where some are employed to provide security to the visitors, while some get employment opportunities in the tour guide sector (Maennig, 2012). The hospitality and management teams are also boosted at this time bearing in mind that their services peak at this time. On the contrary, the event increases the demand for local goods, which in turn results in increased costs of life for the locals, which the host nation incurs the costs of heightened security and development of infrastructure, which leads to borrowing. 4.32 mathematical discussions In this research, data analysis was carried out using the chi-square method, which formed another important consideration for the data analysis. The sampling distribution was made to be precise to the chi-square distribution and this was achieved through making the sample size to be large enough. This implies that in using 2000 participants, this research considered that the null hypothesis can be confirmed to be true or false through spreading the sampling distribution by choosing many participants and thus making the sample size to be large enough. The relevance of the chi-square test in this study therefore lies in determining whether there were significant differences between the expected frequencies and the frequencies that were observable in a single or multiple categories. This implies that the chi-square distribution was a relevant model for data analysis in this research as it gave the variations in the number of individuals that fall in each of the categories of the positive and negative impacts of world cup on the social and economic arena and how each category differed significantly from the number that was expected (Alegi, 2013). The most eminent form of chi-square distribution that was applicable for the analysis of data in this study was the Pearson’s chi-square test, which was applicable to the sets of categorical datum, where it gave a preview of the likelihood of the observed differences between the sets of randomly collected data arising by shear chance. In this case, the Pearson’s Chi-square distribution was validly used to test the nullity of the hypothesis through showing how the frequency distribution of the observed events in the sample of 2000 was consistent with the particular theoretical distribution. The major assumption that this mode of data analysis took into consideration was that the events for this research were mutually exclusive in the sense that the occurrence of a null event excludes the probability of occurrence of a valid event and thus the probability of occurrence of such events was a total probability, which is equal to one. This also means that the probability of finding a positive answer from one respondent excludes the probability of finding an opposite answer from the same respondent while the events have a total probability as a whole number (Frawley, 2014). In its application, the chi-square distribution gave the actual tests of the hypothesis that the world cup event has both positive and negative social and economic impacts on the hosting country. This form of distribution was relevant in the sense that it helped in the creation of the confidence intervals. For instance, in the construction of the deviations from normal functions of the response rates, the chi-square distribution was used to test for the goodness of fit on the observed distribution in relation to a theoretical one, which in turn helped in the conclusions made over the confidence levels of the responses. In doing so, the analysis method assumes that as the sample size increases as is the case of considering 2000 respondents, the test static approaches a normal distribution, which in turn aids in the conclusion of the hypothesis basing on the level of freedom (Frawley, 2014). In the conclusion of the hypothesis for this research, the chi-square, this research considered the normal distribution Z1, ....., Zk are independent in the sense that the response from one country is not dependent on the other, and that the responses are mutually exclusive, the standard random variables take the sum of the normal distribution can be found:

X can only be the standard normal distribution if μ =1, while σ= 0 This implies that as X tends towards N (μ, σ2), which is in our case (1, 0), tends to If we let X be the null hypothesis that contradicts the fact that there are social and economic impacts on the nation hosting the world cup event, this equation takes the form: P(X=2000) =0, where the probability of finding respondents that oppose the hypothesis tends towards zero, which confirms the fact that there are both positive and negative social and economic impacts on a nation hosting the world cup event. This is shown in the graph in the appendices. On the other hand, the mathematical interpretation of this research takes into account the nominal logistic regression, which as afore mentioned is a classification method that applies the principle of generalization of the logistic regression to problems with more than two discrete outcomes, which in this case are the positive and negative impacts of social and economic of hosting the world cup event. This model can accurately predict the probabilities of the possible outcomes for the real valued independent variables (Maennig, 2012). For this case, the independent variables are determined from the number of those positive outcomes against the negative outcomes which are represented by the number of those in contention with the ideology that there are evident social and economic impacts and those who are in opposition. In giving the interpretation of this datum, the regression model takes into account the vector explanatory variables that are observable as regression coefficients, which correspond to the positive outcome and the possible scores of these outcomes associated with the assigning of the observation to its specific category. Thus, the datum can be given as the dot product of the vector of weights and the score, which in this case is considered as the utility associated with one of the 2000 respondents choosing the negative outcome. The predicted outcome in this case becomes the outcome with the highest score, which is the positive outcome (Cooper, 2008). Chapter 5: Recommendations and conclusion 5.1 Proposals for continued hosting of the event From the research, it is evident that there are positive economic and social impacts on the country hosting the world cup event; this study recommends continued hosting of the event. This is from the fact that there are more positive impacts to the event than the negative impacts. In any situation, an action that has positive impacts must contain some negativity for it to qualify the rules of normalcy of nature. However, since the positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts, the event should continue to be hosted especially in the countries that have not had the opportunity of hosting such an event. Firstly, this will lead to economic growth of the hosting country in the sense that the visitors who come to watch the finals of the World cup bring in foreign exchange, which stabilizes the currency of the local country. On the other hand, the event brings together tourists from all over the globe, who in turn bring in the revenue from the dues payable at the tourist sites (Shmanske, 2010). Secondly, hosting of the event of the world cup is one of the major ways of improving the infrastructure of the hosting country, where in as much as the event takes just a short period, the infrastructure that is build in its preparation is long lived to the host country. The forms of infrastructure that the countries hosting this event live to benefit from for years include; the transport systems, the world class football pitches that are used in the game and the social amenities that are brought closer to the people, which in turn continue to generate revenue. The visitors sue these amenities just for a while, living the locals with the benefits of enjoying from the raised standards of life for longer periods. This implies that the event should continue to be hosted especially in poor countries as a form of raising the standards of living among these communities. Thirdly, the event should continue to be hosted since it brings together nations with either internal or external conflicts. This was evident when the Ivory Coast team qualified for World Cup in 2006, a time during which the country was in the middle of the war. Didier Drogba dropped to his knees urging the country to end the wars. Every player was against what was happening in the country hence qualifying for the World Cup created a perfect emotional wave on which the country could ride. In addition, the essence of the world cup game provides national cohesion among warring countries especially when they come head to head with one another, having the need for players to put aside their personal differences and follow up the rules of the game (Frawley, 2014). At the end of the game, there is normally some amount of social integration that builds up among both the players and the fans of the game. Fourthly, hosting of the event of the world cup tournament is highly recommended since it allows for the national recognition of each individual country coupled with the products that each country contributes to the market. It is imperative to note that the event of World Cup helps the companies within different countries to gain the international recognition through the apparels that are worn and the forms of sponsorships that are applied in the game, which in turn increases the probability of communication of these products in the market. One good example is the Nike Company and Nike Company, which sells apparels to the teams and fans. These apparels have some international touch bearing in mind that they are won by football professionals. This has often led to the prestige that such international companies hold. Fifthly, hosting of the event is the only mode of increasing world wide security not only to the hosting nation but to the whole world as a whole. This is from the fact that the countries that have been neglected in terms of threats come into limelight especially when considering their capability to host the tournament (Maennig, 2012). The failure to meet the security requirements forms the platform for such countries to be proactive in investing in security systems to meet the required standards of hosting the game. In doing so, such countries reduce vulnerabilities of their individual citizens to threats. Moreover, the security systems that are put across the globe during the event of the tournament helps the whole world against fear of any threats, while the host country is given the first priority. Thus, the tournament should continue to be held since in the long run, it might solve the security issues among polar countries. Overly, the tournament of World soccer should be a continuous event since it allows for worldwide integrations among nations, which helps in the reduction of levels of all forms of discrimination (Rosenthal, 2011). It is evident that the event brings together all nations amid the constraints of the gender, race or country of origin. The participants have even formulated slogans that openly advocate for shunning of practices that are related to any forms of discrimination, which helps in the elimination of the vice. Moreover, the players are assigned groups to play against without having the racial bias in mind, which allows for each race to prove its viability and thus earn respect from the other races. By consideration, the minority races have had an equal consideration from the dominant races due to the equality in the game displayed on the pitch, which in turn reduces the notion of discriminations. 5.2 Recommendation for further research: Further research needs to be done to ensure that the findings are supported by empirical data. This is from the fact that such research findings will help the whole world to realize that there is need for consideration of the tournament not only as a game but also of a social and economic impact to the contenders. By consideration, the empirical research associated with the economic gains can aid in the creation of awareness of the essence of hosting of the tournament, which is privy towards increasing the proclivity of other non-participants to be part of the tournament (Jane, 2012). For instance, most of the countries have capabilities of investing in world class football pitches, although out of lack of knowledge on the benefits of the tournament, such countries have been dormant all through towards bidding for the chance to host the game. This has made the tyrannies of this Game like Brazil to have multiple chances of hosting the tournament since such countries have documented evidence of the benefits of the event, thus living out other countries to lag behind in the development associated with the world cup tournament. Documentation of empirical data inclined to the world cup tournament is also critical in increasing the social platforms and social integrations among nations since knowledge about the exact impact of the tournament on the social arena would be spread across the world (Chari, 2014). In turn, the awareness captures some sensitive parts of conservative worlds, which in turn leads to reformation of legislations regarding the international relations with respect to the FIFA rules and regulations. It is evident that some countries are socially arable, which makes them non-participants of the social event of World Cup that brings together nations across the globe. The fact that these countries do not have direct access to information regarding the social buildup brought about by the tournament makes them alienated further from other social worlds, which in turn results in cross border wars and conflicts. It is thus evident that the experimental data is the only solution to the systems that alienate some countries from the social world. Research and documentation of empirical data is also a form of increasing accountability of the nations that host the game and the official organizers of this event. In most cases, the governing body has been criticized with claims of corruption due to lack of experimental data concerning the funding systems and how the revenue collected is spent. Moreover, the countries that host this vital event have had incidences of embezzling the funds accrued from the event, which blankets the transparency of the event (Carlsen, 2015). This has in most incidences had a bad image on the event, which in turn leads to the withdrawal of some countries or even the collapse of funding systems for the event. The only mode of sealing the loopholes that are evident in the systems of spending of the revenue that is through experimental research and documentation of empirical data related to the single cent gained and how it is spent as a mode of increasing the confidence in the contenders of the tournament, which in turn proves its sustainability. Empirical datum from researchers is also a vital tool or recommending the securitization programs of the event as a mode of reducing the national tension during the world cup event. With empirical data, the levels of threats against violent incidences like terrorism can be more privy, where the intelligence systems can depend on such datum to pinpoint the levels of threats and thus be proactive in the elimination of such threats before they hatch to reality. Research done in experimental can also aid in sound allocation of the resources to the event as a way of reducing chances of haphazard spending (Chari, 2014). This implies that it is only with empirical data that the resource allocation will be geared towards priorities, which would in turn define sustainability of the sporting event as a way of maximizing on the positive social and economic impacts. 5.3 Conclusion: From the research, it is evident that the world cup event has several social and economic impacts, which include; boosting the social image of the host country, improving the security in the host nation and the entire world, strengthening of social ties, creation of global cohesion, improving of social amenities among others. On the other hand, the event boosts the tourism sector; it improves the financial service industry, helps in fostering infrastructure development, increases money circulation and creates job opportunities for the local hosts. These benefits accrued from the world cup event are eminent amid the constraint of lack of enough documented evidences to justify the existence of the benefits. This elucidated the need for coming up with a research that can further expound on the correlation between these benefits and the host countries of the past events, where the results therein could aid in the formulation of recommendations on how the tournament can better be managed to reap more from these social and economic impacts while reducing the negative impacts. In this research, 2000 respondents were interviewed from a random perspective to give rise to the number of those in contention about the hypothesis that the world cup event has social and economic impacts bounded within. Since this research is qualitative, most of emphasis is based on the primary and secondary data sources. The primary sources of data collection included the interviews, focus groups, observations action research, while the secondary sources will include online journals and books. The interviews take into account the structured interviews, the semi-structured and the unstructured interviews. For the purpose of this research, the sample was obtainable from the population countries that have hosted the World Cup tournament, while the sampling entailed the random sampling method. The secondary data sources involved the use of documented evidences like journals, books and online magazines of the events that unfolded during the World Cup for each individual country, where this involves searching through the major news agencies and the datum recorded during and after the unfolding of the World Cup tournament. The method that was used in this research study is face to face in the primary interview and the use of documented literature such as magazines and journals that correlate with the events that unfolded in every host nation of the World Cup. The data analysis for this study was carried out using the Chi-Square test, in which the sample distribution of the statistical hypothesis test is considered as a chi-square distribution if and only if the null hypothesis is true. Interpretation of datum from this research involved the use of nominal logistic regression, which was based on the regression model, where the dependent variable, which is the number of respondents in support of the positivity in social and economic impacts of hosting the world cup event on the host nation, is categorical. From the results, it is evident that more respondents are in contention with the fact that the world cup tournament has positive social and economic impact.

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Appendix
Appendix 1. The chi-square distribution and degrees of freedom

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Appendix 2 Nominal logistic regression showing the best line of distribution
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