...Darden Graduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Working Paper No. 01-02 A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management R. Edward Freeman John McVea This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection at: http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=263511 A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management R. Edward Freeman And John McVea The Darden School University of Virginia Forthcoming in M. Hitt, E. Freeman, and J. Harrison (eds.) Handbook of Strategic Management, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to outline the development of the idea of “stakeholder management” as it has come to be applied in strategic management. We begin by developing a brief history of the concept. We then suggest that traditionally the stakeholder approach to strategic management has several related characteristics that serve as distinguishing features. We review recent work on stakeholder theory and suggest how stakeholder management has affected the practice of management. We end by suggesting further research questions. A HISTORY OF A STAKEHOLDER APPROACH TO STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT A stakeholder approach to strategy emerged in the mid-1980’s. One focal point in this movement was the publication of R. Edward Freeman’s Strategic Management- A Stakeholder Approach in 1984. Building on the process work of Ian Mitroff and Richard Mason, and James Emshoff [ For statements...
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...Accounting 560 Jessica Rud BYP14-7 March 13, 2011 A). Who are the stakeholders in this situation? A stake holder is a person or persons (group) that hold any type of interest in a company and are at risk of being affected by the company’s financial actions. In the case of McClintock Industries, there are several stakeholders in this situation of risk, primarily the company’s stock holders and future stock holders or people considering purchasing stock based of the statements given. The company’s reputation and integrity is at stake. Mr. McClintock would eventually suffer from a bad reputation and probably a backfire of intent, meaning he will end up with unintended consequences. Employees are also stake holders, not to mention the controller (the man being asked to write the report) because he has an ethical obligation to report accurate and truthful information. Commerce and the market place has a vested interest because the numbers may encourage activity to shift in one direction or another. In fact, it seems that everyone is essentially a stake holder, because if every company started fudging their numbers it would eventually crash the market. B). Yes it is unethical on his part because he is knowingly trying to conceal information that would affect how people would behave whether it be stock holders, employees, customers, other competitors. All of the information needs to be disclosed in the reports , even the bad stuff. Otherwise, it could be assumed...
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...1. Explain what is Job Analysis? Job analysis is useful for purpose of recruitment and selection, it included the information of what the job holders expected to do, abilities, skill, and knowledge required to perform. Job Analysis is a basic Human resource management tools use by company to collect job data from existing job holder to create two human recourse documents named Job Description and Job Specification to enhance the human resource management function. Job specification is to identify the job holder requirement in terms of skills, qualification, experience and personal physical ability. Job Description is an important document, which is basically contains a statement of the duties, responsibility, work environment and supervisory responsibility. Job description consist of 6 of the following components such as job identification, job analysis date, job summary, duties performance also known as job scope, job specification and the expended JD.(1) Job identification includes the job title, department, reporting relationship and code number of the job. The job title which is closely approximate the nature of the work content and to distinguish it from other jobs. (2) Job analysis date use to identify job changes that would make description obsolete and HR must ensures periodic review of job content because the information of job description may changed. (3)Furthermore, job summary provide a concise overview and basic purpose of job, it help the reader quickly understand...
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...Your Presence is Heaven to Me! Kenny-Who is like You Lord in all the earth? Matchless love and beauty endless worth Nothing in this world will satisfy But, Jesus, You're the cup that won't run dry Your presence is Heaven to me, Your presence is Heaven to me Choir (UNISOM)-Treasure of my heart and of my soul In my weakness You are merciful Redeemer of my past and present wrong Holder of my future days to come Your presence is Heaven to me, Your presence is Heaven to me Your presence is Heaven to me, Your presence is Heaven to me Oh Jesus, Oh Jesus, Your presence is Heaven to me Oh Jesus, Oh Jesus, Your presence is Heaven to me Kenny- All my days on earth I will await The moment that I see You face to face Cause Nothing in this world will satisfy But, Jesus, You're the cup that won't run dry Choir (UNISOM)-Nothing in this world will satisfy Cause, Jesus, You're the cup that won't run dry Jesus, You're the cup that won't run dry Your presence is Heaven to me, (God) Your presence is Heaven to me Your presence (Jesus) is Heaven to me, Your presence is Heaven to me Your presence is Heaven to me, Your presence is Heaven to me Oh Jesus, Oh Jesus, Your presence is Heaven to me Oh Jesus, Oh Jesus, Your presence is Heaven to me, e, e, E (PARTS)Oh Jesus, Oh Jesus, Your presence is Heaven to me Oh Jesus, Oh Jesus, Your presence is Heaven to me Oh Jesus, Oh Jesus, Your presence is Heaven to me Your presence is Heaven to me Your presence is Heaven to me Your presence...
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...Meyer and Saban are able to appoint based on their ownership percentage (Meyer has 6 and Saban has 4). The board makes all strategic decisions and establishes operating and capital budgets. The board also determines the pricing of power produced and appoints the CEO. The CEO that was appointed was the COO of Saban and he will oversee the day to day operations of Florabama. Both Meyer and Saban bear equity price risk. Meyer Inc. also has operating risk since the decisions of the board are made by simple majority (Meyer owns the majority). Saban bears commodity price risk due to the cost-plus arrangement. Meyer and Saban are both variable interest holders. Saban has an equity interest in Florabama and it also has the cost-plus arrangement, both of which make Saban a variable interest holder. Meyer Inc. is a variable interest holder in Florabama due to the equity interest they hold. ASC 810-10-25-38 says that the reporting entity that consolidates a Variable Interest Entity (VIE) is called the primary beneficiary of the VIE. It also states that a reporting entity shall be deemed to have a controlling financial interest in a VIE if it has both of the following characteristics: 1. The power to direct the activities of a VIE that most...
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...American National University | REAL DEFENSE | A Course of Action Against A Holder in Due Course | Marcus Bozeman 2-23-2016 | REAL DEFENSE A Couse of Action against the Holder in Due Course Defenses available against a Holder In Due course are Real Defenses. A Real Defense also known as a Universal Defense is a defense that can be used against any including a holder in due course. The understanding of what a real defense is not related to a transactions merits but actually to its nature as a legal act. The holder in due course is meant to be unaffected by any defenses between the immediate parties, real defense run counter to the considerations of the holder in due course and pressures the negotiable principle to yield. Real defenses include infancy and mental incompetence, illegality, duress, fraud as to the essential nature of the transaction, bankruptcy, unauthorized signature, and alteration (Brown & Sukys, 2013). These are the most common Real Defenses. The requirement to pay an instrument does not exist if there is a real defense. Infancy and mental incompetence also known as Incapacity is built around the fact that a given individual may not have the authority to negotiate an instrument, even if they believe that they know what they are doing. That person may be a minor who by law can’t enter into contract and be held responsible or someone that is mentally incompetent and legally not able to enter into enforceable contracts. Illegality, means...
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...Quantitative research methods in educational planning Series editor: Kenneth N.Ross Module John Izard 6 Overview of test construction UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Quantitative research methods in educational planning These modules were prepared by IIEP staff and consultants to be used in training workshops presented for the National Research Coordinators who are responsible for the educational policy research programme conducted by the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ). The publication is available from the following two Internet Websites: http://www.sacmeq.org and http://www.unesco.org/iiep. International Institute for Educational Planning/UNESCO 7-9 rue Eugène-Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France Tel: (33 1) 45 03 77 00 Fax: (33 1 ) 40 72 83 66 e-mail: information@iiep.unesco.org IIEP web site: http://www.unesco.org/iiep September 2005 © UNESCO The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission ...
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...2014, with a single new standardized test, PARCC, for all grades from 3-12 as the single statewide assessments tool (“PARCC Assessment,” 2016). Many, if not, all states have their own version of standardized testing programs at their grade and high school level, but the question arises as to how accurately standardized tests measure current students and future potential toward college. Some will agree with J. Pollard (2002) that ‘we need standardized tests, if only because we have no alternative method of measuring student achievement, and making sure that all kids are getting a decent education’. Others will argue that it is a distractor and negatively impacts a students’ long term motivation and that it causes unnecessary stress (“High stakes testing,” 2016). If we decided to abandon such testing as PARCC, what will replace it? This paper will look into the issue of standardized testing, offer some alternatives methods that reflect changes in assessments and looking into a means to address the issue at the National level. The end result would be an assessment system that can continue to evaluate our children in the holistic view for future advances into higher education. Standardized testing is being challenged and replaced at both the local and national level. New Jersey uses the PARCC system and in its current version, it can be viewed as a strategy for the student, on not what the correct answer is but on how many questions they may skip, or answer incorrectly. Schools...
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...The first standardized tests appeared in America during World War I as a means of placing U.S. Army recruits into military roles that suited their skills. Later the psychologists that created those tests created the Scholastic Aptitude Test, or SAT. The objective was to create a full-length test to judge the overall intelligence of a student applying to college. The ACT was later created in 1959 with a similar goal. The two tests today contain sections for reading, writing, math, and in the ACT, science. Today, standardized tests are defined as any examination that is managed and scored in a standard way. Throughout time standardized tests have been progressively changing in their measurement of individuals. Today there are two noteworthy sorts of standardized tests: aptitude tests and accomplishment tests. The most widely recognized examples are the SAT and the ACT both of which endeavor to gauge how well high school students will perform in college. Advocates say standardized tests are a reasonable and target measure of student accomplishment, and that the most applicable constituents- parents and students- support this type of testing. Many proponents believe standardized tests are reliable measures of student performance and that these tests assess a school’s viability. Nowadays, if a school’s test scores are high, individuals think the school’s staff is compelling. In the event that a school’s test scores are low, people see the school’s staff is ineffective. Many of these...
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...starting the paper. ---------------------------------------------------------------- EDU 315 Case Summary (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com EDU 315 Case Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------- EDU 315 Debate Outline (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com EDU 315 Debate Outline ------------------------------------------------------------------ EDU 315 Entire Course (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com EDU 315 Ethical Considerations Reflection Paper EDU 315 Legal Research Paper EDU 315 The Code of Conduct Issues Paper EDU 315 Case Summary EDU 315 Case Analysis Paper EDU 315 Fingerprint T Chart EDU 315 High Stakes Testing Paper EDU 315 Debate Outline EDU 315 Role of Educational Stakeholders Presentation -------------------------------------------------------------------- EDU 315 Ethical Considerations Reflection Paper (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Write a 350- to 750-word reflection paper on what you consider to be the primary ethical considerations for teachers in a K–8 educational setting. That is, what do you believe to be the most important ethics that need to be considered by an educator and why? Incorporate your research on existing policies....
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...Critical Review of Cizek, Gregory J. (2005). High-Stakes Testing: Contexts, Characteristics, Critiques, and Consequences In Richard Phelps (Ed.), Defending Standardized Testing (pp. 23-54). New York, New York: Psychological Press. By Cheryl LeBlanc-Weldon When I decided to delve into the issue of high-stakes testing, I purposefully set out to find its defenders. Critical thinking is important to me and part of the process of thinking critically is to view a variety of perspectives on an issue in order to obtain an informed understanding and from that, an opinion. As an experienced educator, I have participated in standardized testing in a variety of ways. I have administered and graded tests in both Mathematics and Language Arts. I believe that currently in Nova Scotia we don’t have the type of high-stakes testing they have in the USA and other parts of the world. Our students do not need to achieve a certain level of achievement on the standardized tests they take in order to grade and teachers are not fired or have their salaries docked when students fail to achieve the benchmarks. Still, the provincial tests our students write do have a degree of importance in that the results are published for media and public consumption (which directly affects the opinion people form of the health of our education system) and certain resources are channeled into schools with the weakest performance. In addition, the way students view themselves and their abilities are affected...
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...at my school, courses were rushed through so everything could be covered and students with good memorization and test taking skills were awarded and those who lacked in those areas fell behind. With the emphasis being place on standardized tests and teachers covering too much material, certain populations are falling behind and changes must take place with the curriculum and instruction to ensure quality education in today's society. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was passed with a goal of closing the achievement gap between white students and their low-income and minority peers. However research over the past ten years has found that the high-stakes testing policies have not improved reading and math achievement across states, and have not significantly narrowed national and state level achievement gaps (Au, 2009). The high stakes testing and standardization of classrooms has students it set out to help. According to Haretos (2005), “the volatility in test scores makes it difficult for racially diverse schools to make adequate yearly progress (AYP), since every racial and ethnic subgroup must do so. So, when AYP is based on academic achievement levels, the subgroup rules create negative unintended consequences for the students they were designed to help, by subjecting racially diverse schools to sanctions under NCLB.” This consequence also threatens to increase the growing dropout and push-out rates for students in these sub-groups (Darling-Hammond, 2007). This is not just...
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...The Writing Process 5/2/14 Standardized Testing These days, if a school's standardized test scores are high, people think the school's staff is effective. If a school's standardized test scores are low, they see the school's staff as ineffective. In either case, because educational quality is being measured by the wrong scale, those evaluations are apt to be in error. One of the main reasons that students' standardized test scores continue to be the most important factor in evaluating a school is deceptively simple. Most educators do not really understand why a standardized test provides a misleading estimate of a school staff's effectiveness, as well as education quality for students. Standardized test are not effective measurements of a student’s knowledge, they create negative impacts on curriculum, and they are racially, socially, and economically biased. A standardized test is any examination that's administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner. There are two major kinds of standardized tests: aptitude tests and achievement tests. “Standardized aptitude tests predict how well students are likely to perform in some subsequent educational setting (SAT-I /ACT), both of which attempt to forecast how well high school students will perform in college. But standardized achievement-test scores are what citizens and school board members rely on when they evaluate a school's effectiveness.” (Popham) One of the most important reasons that students’ performances...
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...Standardized Testing: Its Impact on American Education and Society: Schools all over the U.S are composed of many different types of students with diverse backgrounds. The goal of state officials is to improve education for students, regardless of their socioeconomic backgrounds, through the use of standardized testing. Its primary purpose for electing service officials in ancient china has led to its adoption in the U.S as a method for seeking improvements in the education system through testing students. However, holding schools and teachers responsible for annually increasing the average scores has shifted the curricula to teaching to the test, in addition to, putting the well being of both teachers and students at risk. Although standardized testing in the U.S. has been in place for over a century, its initial use is associated back to ancient China where the public was selected for jobs through testing. The purpose for standardized tests has always been to measure the knowledge and ability that one acquires. According to Osman Ozturgut, this purpose for testing was originally illustrated in 605 B.C, during the Sui Dynasty. Government jobs were administered to those with fairly high knowledge of Confucian philosophy. However, this would not guarantee a job. In addition to being tested on Confucian philosophy, they were also tested on “military strategy, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture, geography…” (3). Standardized tests were used as a method to give applicants...
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...The Purposes and Methods of Classroom-Based Literacy Assessment Grand Canyon University: RDG 512 June 3, 2014 Assessing Literacy Development The purpose of the information provided is to adequately use literacy assessments and understand their purpose as well as how they benefit students and help guide teachers’ instruction. I. Classroom Assessment A. Planning for Assessment Considerations for each student include: 1. Background knowledge (What do students know about this concept) 2. Vocabulary 3. Comprehension (How well are students understanding the concept) 4. Completion of work 5. Work habits 6. Work well with classmates 7. Ability to apply material learned (Tompkins, 2000) B. Monitoring Students’ Progress There are several ways teachers can keep track of student achievement: 1. Observations—Focus on literacy, not behavior 2. Anecdotal notes—quickly jotted notes 3. Conferences: a) On-the-spot: Brief, approximately 1 minute, at student’s desk b) Planning: Scheduled with student ahead of time to discuss concepts, vocabulary, or writing c) Revising: Discuss rough draft and make suggestions to revise d) Book Discussion: Discussion of currently read book e) Editing: Correct mechanical errors in writing f) Evaluation: Discuss growth, reflect on goals met 4. Checklists-Criteria students are expected to meet (students know criteria before completing assignment) C. Evaluating There...
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