...The Stele of Naram-Sin is a massive piece of limestone that has been carved in relief style to commemorate a victory between two warring civilizations. This stone slab is taller than most people standing at 6’6”. The battle scene engraved on this stone slab is between Naram-Sin, ruler of the Akkadian people, and the Lullubi. At the top of the stele there are three suns that shine brightly onto mountain in which Naram-Sin is marching his army up in a diagonal path. In the sky just below the suns and on the mountain there are cuneiform script printed that describes the victory. The cuneiform that is on inscribed on the mountain is just on the right side; the left side of the mountain is bare. The cuneiform inscribed confirms that this stele depicts a battle that was won at Zagaros Mountain. At the base of the main peak of the mountain there is an injured Lullubi with a spear in his neck. The Lullubi people are scattered throughout the stele in a very disorganized fashion predominantly on the right side of the stele. Their weapons are depicted as inferior to that of the Akkadian people’s, some are broken and some are smaller. Naram-Sin is depicted much larger than anyone else in the stele. The use of hieratic scale here amplifies artist’s decision to place Naram-Sin in the center of the composition. Naram-Sin is holding a sword, a bow and a spear as he tramples over his fallen foes. He is shown to possess well defined muscular features in addition to a horned helmet. The army...
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...Question 1: Why is the Hammurabi Code considered to be so important? The Law Stele of Hammurabi or the Hammurabi code is perhaps one of the oldest, most comprehensive and influential codification of laws ever created in ancient times. The intricately chiselled basalt pillar (or Stele) upon which the codes are written is considered an historical work of art, history and literature which is now housed in the Louvre in Paris, France (André-Salvini, 2003). It towers over 7.5 feet tall and the text is chiselled into solid stone. King Hammurabi (c. 1792 – 1750 B.C.E.) commissioned its construction to create a sovereign authority of universal laws throughout the Babylonian empire and as a demonstration of his duty to the gods and the citizens (Roth, 1995). It is a collaboration of pre-existing laws gathered from around the Babylonian Empire. The Hammurabi code served as not only an educational tool to “enlighten the land [but also created legal precedent] to further the well-being of mankind” (Hammurabi, 1752 B.C.E). The sheer height and shape of the structure alone is a testament to his...
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...Preface: Hammurabi was a Babylonian king who ruled from 1792 to 1750 B.C. His attributes were he extended his empire northward from the Persian Gulf to the Tigris and Euphrates River and west to the Mediterranean Sea. He united the area into one extensive empire, Mesopotamia, which in present day is known as Iraq. (Ancient Mesopotamia) Hammurabi created a list of rules and laws for the people of his empire to follow called “The Code of Hammurabi”. This is one of the oldest and most detailed documents in existence and gives insight as to how the members of Babylonian society lived. The code listed 282 rules for society to obey by and the consequences or guidelines for each member given their social status and their gender. There were rules of every category. From marriage and adultery, criminal acts such a stealing, property, and monetary trading. What’s interesting about this rulebook is the detail and coverage of the book. While in today’s world we may not follow rules such as “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” like the Code of Hammurabi, whose punishments for a crime were much more extravagant and gruesome at times. There was segregation in gender and social status. The topics addressed in the code are some of the same topics addressed that we, today, value and instill. In today’s government we have laws of crime and punishment, monetary laws, and laws regarding marriage. We have these laws so we can have structure and a successful government and society. It’s...
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...ancient civilization was chaotic. Four thousand years ago King Hammurabi wrote 282 laws to protect people and property in his empire. King Hammurabi was the ruler Babylonia. He created Hammurabi’s Code in 1754 B.C.E.. This was a set of laws written in cuneiform on a stele. Cuneiform is their written language and a stele is a stone slab. Hammurabi’s Code was just. This is because he made sure people got punished for the crimes they committed and that people had protection for their property. He made sure punishments fit the crimes, and punishments for property laws were fair to the victims. He took crimes very seriously. Hammurabi created punishments that fit the crimes people committed. Law 53/54 stated that, if a man flooded his neighbor's field he must replace all damaged crops (Document C). This is just because the perpetrator has to pay for the damage that he caused. This is also fair because the victim gets goods back without having to pay. Having a punishment fit the crime is just because if the crime is really bad then it needs a really harsh punishments so they won’t commit the crime again. If the crime was small than it needs a small...
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...Why was the Code of Hammurabi so important? While there are earlier examples of laws known (Freedman, 1978, p. 143-164), the Code of Hammurabi is the best preserved and most comprehensive illustration of laws discovered from ancient civilizations. The Code of Hammurabi was relevant because it contained, inscribed within the stele, a compilation of nearly three hundred laws set forth by the Babylonian king Hammurabi in 1754 BC, that encompassed contracts, domestic disputes and relations, retributive justice, military service, and the duties of officials. These laws applied to everyone in the kingdom, with provisions on how the aforementioned laws were to be enforced depending on the status of the citizens. With the public posting of these laws throughout his kingdom, Hammurabi guaranteed that these laws were visible to all, and a perpetual reminder to his people of how they were...
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...1) The Cave Paintings at the Lascaux Caves created on or around 15,000 - 13,000 BCE are some of the very 1st examples of twisted perspective. The Cave which is Identified by sections; The great hall of bulls, The Lateral Passage, The Shaft of the dead man, the chamber of engravings, the painted gallery, and the chamber of felines. The Lascaux Cave Contains more than 2,000 figures which can be grouped into 3 main categories, animals, human figures, and abstract signs. Most of the paintings have been painted on the walls using mineral pigments while others were incised in the stone. There are over 90 paintings of stags. Also represented are; bison, cattle, felines, a bird, a bear, a rhinoceros, and a human. One of the most famous in the cave is of 4 huge black bulls or Auroch’s in the hall of bulls. One of the bulls is over 17 feet long, the largest animal found in cave art. There are many theories surrounding the paintings at Lascaux. Some say that these paintings were a part of some ritualistic way of paying respects or hommage to the animals that they hunted. Maybe it was a record of some of the earliest forms of sacrifice, or maybe even records of actual events of the time. 2) Stonehenge is one of the most impressive wonders of the world. Located in Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, and created on or around ca. 2550-1600 BC. The unique thing about this structure is It’s made entirely from a stone called sarsen stone. Found in the Preseli Mountains. The stones...
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...them of stealing your wallet and it gets taken to trial, when right in the middle a person comes in and confesses to the crime. Suddenly, the current trial ends and a new trial begins: against you. The judge decides to cut your hands off for falsely accusing someone while the thief gets away scot-free. I bet you’re thinking that it would be totally unfair to get your hands cut off while a thief gets away with stealing your wallet, just because you thought someone else stole it, then you are completely correct. However, if you lived during Hammurabi’s rule, then this situation might have actually happened. Hammurabi was an ancient king who ruled a small city-state in Mesopotamia, called Babylonia. Hammurabi ruled for 42 years from 1834 BCE (Before Common Era) - 1792BCE. Near the end of Hammurabi's of rule, he created a law code which he carved on a large stone column called a stele. Now you know a little background, we can start answering our main question: Was Hammurabi’s Code just? I don’t think so and here are three reasons why. Hammurabi’s Family Law was unjust; this is shown in Law 129 where if a man wants to marry a second wife because his first wife is sick, he could become sick infecting who know how many other people! (Doc C) Or in Law 195 is unfair because the punishment for striking your father is cutting your hands off!(Doc C) What if your father was being really mean and hits you because he was angry at someone else? Sometimes you have to defend...
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...From 1792 BC to 1750 BC, Hammurabi, son of Sin-Muballit, reigned as the sixth king of the Babylonian kingdom. Hammurabi’s rule has been praised due to his military victories, as well as his supervision over issues in relation to the welfare of his subjects. Having successfully been the only king in his dynasty to rule Babylonia into an achieved state of peace, and a symbol of modern innovation of his time through his code of legislation, Hammurabi’s reign over the Babylonian dynasty had a definite positive impact overall. His applications of mandatory compliance with civil and criminal laws, the successful transformation of the Babylonian kingdom to an empire, as well as his creation and consistent preservation of peace – even during his numerous...
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...Mesopotamia/Babylon History Babylon was probably the most famous city of ancient Mesopotamia. Until today the city is a symbol for wealth, power, and sin (largely due to its treatment in the Bible). The name Babylon is the Greek form of Babel of Babili, which means "the gate of the god" in Semitic, which again is the translation of the original Sumerian name Ka-dimirra. The god was probably Marduk, the divine patron of the city. Like the other great Sanctuaries of Babylonia, the temple of Marduk had been founded in pre-Semitic times and the future Babylon grew around it. As Marduk was the son of Ea, the patron god of Eridu, it is possible that Babylon was a colony of Eridu. The earliest mention of Babylon is in a dated tablet of the reign of Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE), who is stated to have built sanctuaries there. Babylon remained a provincial town until it became the capital of the first dynasty of Babylon and then Hammurabi's empire, around 1795-1750 BCE. From this time onward it continued to be the capital of Babylonia and the holy city of western Asia. The claim to supremacy in Mesopotamia was not fulfilled de jure until the claimant had "taken the hands" of Marduk at Babylon. It was this which made Tiglath-pileser III (ruled 745-727 BCE) and other Assyrian kings so anxious to possess themselves of Babylon and to thus legitimize their power. Only Sennacherib of Assyria (reigned 704-681 BCE) failed to secure the support of the Babylonian priesthood, and subsequently...
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... Ancient Babylonia and Assyria empires were known for their huge development and conserve of artistry. Their work of art comprised of a lot of embedded messages which were only known to the subjects of the two kingdoms. The encodings of the meanings behind the messages served to reveal the basic structures of the kingdoms, the way people lived, leadership and power, the activities people were involved in and how ancient civilization happened. The empire of Babylonia emerged in the 18th century. The kingdom was rich in art that carried a deep meaning to the culture of the people of Mesopotamia. This kingdom was formed under the leadership of Hammurabi. Art found here included a great diorite head which was Hammurabi’s portrait. It was bearded and wide-eyed. There was also a large basalt stele that symbolized their leader’s governing ethics. At the top of the symbol was Hammurabi’s sculpture shown as kneeling and praying. There was also a statute showing a fertile goddess with a vase on her hands. This was an indication of the creativity of the Babylonian carvers. There also other many kinds of art in this empire and they all carry a specific and unique message to their people. Ancient Assyria is the modern day Iraq. Ashurnasirpal 2 was the king. In the king’s palace built in Northern Assyria were marvelous decorations and other art work. Today we have exhibits of great palaces, spectacular monuments and other exceptional artifacts of the kings...
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...Caoimhe Bodnar Bodnar 1 Mrs. Guler Honors World Civ Document Based Question Hammurabi’s Law Code Document Based Question Walking down the street in Babylonia, it was not an uncommon sight to see dead people hanging in the walls of houses. This was one of the many punishments for crime 1754 BCE in Babylon. The laws were written by the king, Hammurabi, who claimed that the laws were given to him by the gods to help protect the weak. “Hammurabi, the protecting king am I…That the strong might not injure the weak, in order to protect the widows and orphans” (Document B) The laws were written...
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...After the development with the discovery of the stele in Babylon the question developed the fairness of Hammurabi’s code. Hammurabi was a ruler of Babylon and he developed many laws that the three classifications had to follow. About 40 centuries ago he ruled for about 42 years. He also had a set of 282 laws. A careful review of the relevant documents indicate the three classes of people; the law breaker, the victim, and society as a whole. Therefore, Hammurabi’s code was both just and unjust to the lawbreaker, victim, and society. Firstly, Hammurabi’s code is both just and unjust to the law breaker. The laws 53 and 54 are just for the law breaker because a man who damages his neighbor’s field is required to compensate his neighbor for the damage he has caused. Additionally, law 148 is also just because it allows a man to take a second wife if his first wife was seized by a disease. The reason for this is because he is able to have a second wife and the ability to raise a family. To demonstrate the unjustness of Hammurabi’s code for the law breaker an analysis of laws 129 and 195 is relevant. Law 129 was unjust to the law breaker because the punishment is death for an adulterous affair is too severe. Additionally, law 195 is also unjust because is a son struck his father his hands would be cut off and that’s too harsh. Therefore, Hammurabi’s code is...
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...Ravneet Kaur Development of Human Rights: From Past to Present The word human right is derived from Latin word “Homo” meaning man and homonus mean belonging to man. Human rights are right to which every person is entitled by virtue of being human living in society of other human. According to Thomas Paine, In rights of man is 1721 about French revolution that the representation of people of France feels that ignorance of human right are the main curse of public misfortune. Cicero the statesman the orator of ancient Rome, produced the work that the reflected the principle of Roman public and rights rights of citizen. Human rights are mainly social, economic and political rights. The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions. Actions by states and non-governmental organizations form a basis of public policy worldwide. The idea of human right suggests that "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights. (Kaur) The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day....
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...Mesopotamia Historically, the ancient city states of Mesopotamia in the fertile crescent are most cited by Western and Middle Eastern scholars as the cradle of civilization. The convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation. The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known non-nomadic agrarian societies. Because Ubaid, Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylon civilizations all emerged around the Tigris-Euphrates, the theory that Mesopotamia is the cradle of civilization is widely accepted.[14]The Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer emerges in the Ubaid period (6500-3800 BC) and Uruk period (ca. 4000 to 3100 BC), culminating in the mid-3rd millennium before giving rise to the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC. This is often identified as the first empire in history. Eridu was the oldest Sumerian site, settled during the proto-civilized Ubaid period. Situated several miles southwest of Ur, Eridu was the southernmost of a conglomeration of early temple-cities, in Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, with the earliest of these settlements dating to around 5000 BC. By the 4th millennium BC in Nippur we[who?] find — in connection with a sort of ziggurat and shrine — a conduit built of bricks in the form of an arch. Sumerian inscriptions written on clay also appear in Nippur. By 4000 BC an ancient Elamite city of Susa, in Mesopotamia, also seems to emerge from earlier villages. Whilst the Elamites...
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...1)What does the study of humanities involve? What is the relevance of humanities in architecture? 1.The study of humanities involves academic disciplines that study human culture and history. The humanities include ancient and modern languages ,literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. We learn about distant cultures or past cultures. Through the exploration of humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically to reason and ask questions. These efforts preserve the great accomplishments of the past help us understand the world we live in and give us tools to imagine the future. 2.What are the broad divisions of human history? Write a brief on each. Prehistory (meaning "before history", or "before knowledge acquired by investigation", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia) is the span of time before recorded history or the invention of writing systems. Prehistory refers to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it can refer to all the time preceding human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars...
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