...What Is Governance? High-quality government It has four approaches: (1) procedural measures, such as the Weberian criteria of bureaucratic modernity; (2) capacity measures, which include both resources and degree of professionalization (3) output measures (4) measures of bureaucratic autonomy. Introduction To measure governance, includes an elaboration of the issue's complexity and the confused state of current discussions. In other words, everyone is interested in studying political institutions that limit or check power—democratic accountability and rule of law— but very few people pay attention to the institution that accumulates and uses power, the state. The relative emphasis on checking institutions rather than power-deploying institutions is evident in the governance measures that have been developed in recent years. The Varieties of Democracy project is also collecting data on bureaucratic quality based on expert surveys. Other bureaucratic quality measures include the Bertelsmann Transformation Index which “focuses on how effectively policymakers facilitate and steer development and transformation processes,” and the proprietary Political Risk Service’s Group (PRSG) International Country Risk Guide The existing measures of state quality or capacity have a number of limitations. There is an inherent weakness in expert surveys, especially when trying to create time-series data. Since the concept of good governance is not well established...
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...TRANPARENCY IN GOVERNANCE IS THE ULTIMATE KEY TO REFORMS INTRODUCTION India is a developing country. There have been innumerable barriers addressed so far which require the expansion of reforms in India. The barriers are corruption, illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, culture, religion, caste, etc. In such diverse environments, it is vital to have an effective and tolerant government and sustain development. Indians are well aware of good governance but are curtailed by these innumerable barriers. The closed approach caused by these barriers is the root cause for corruption in the country. India ranks very low in the Transparency index and is known for high levels of corruption. BARRIERS Slowdown in the growth of GDP , a virtual stagnation in industrial production, and the risk of loosing the investments grade rating by international rating agencies like Standard and Poor’s has rattled the government and industry. The policy makers are favoring the introduction of FDI in service sectors like retail, insurance as a means to reverse the slowdown in the economy. But sustained growth is possible only if there is a healthy manufacturing sector. In the last years India has hardly invested in the physical infrastructure which has hampered the development of manufacturing sector increasing the costs of transportation. India’s overdependence on the service sector and slow growth in manufacturing has been the reason for deceleration in the pace of economy. The presence of corruption...
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...Mapua Institute of Technology Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Applying Transportation Systems On San Pedro City, Laguna In Partial Requirements for SVM161 Submitted By: Andrada, Michael Sherwin Sillo, Jerome Submitted To: Prof. Elisier Fantillo Introduction History San Pedro became a town on January 18, 1725, when King Charles II of Spain decreed that the town formerly known as "Tabuko" be a separate town from "Kabullaw" (now known as the city of Cabuyao). By virtue of the last will of Philip V of Spain, Rodriguez de Figueroa or "Don Esteban", a group of Augustinian Fathers gained the ownership of the Tunasán Estate. Later on, San Pedro became an hacienda of Colegio de San José, a group of Jesuits friars who took over the property which now is known as "San Pedro Tunasán". "Tunasán" literally means "a place where there is Tunás" (Opuntia tuna), a medicinal plant abundant on shoreline area. During that period, agriculture, fishing, duck raising, fruit trees, sampaguita were the main source of income of its residents. This period was highlighted by the growing tenant/landlord dispute. The tenants of Hacienda San Pedro Tunasán fought for their birthrights over their ancestral lands. This struggle took almost 423 years of unsuccessful resistance to Colegio de San José, and in 1938, the government bought the homesites of the San Pedro Tunasán Hacienda from the Colegio for re-sale...
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...University of Aberdeen Examination for the Degree of MA AC1009: Accounting and Accountability Wednesday 26 January 2011, 15.00 – 17.00, Games Hall, Butchart Centre Session 2010-2011 Rubric: Answer all questions from SECTION A, and two from the SECTION B. SECTION A (Answer all questions from this section) Question 1 (20 sub questions 2 marks each, total 40 marks) Select the correct answer (only one choice is correct) 1.1 The main purpose of a _______________ is to generate surpluses and use the wealth for social and community objectives. a. partnership b. sole proprietorship c. not-for-profit organisation d. private limited liability company 1.2 According to the Companies Act 2006, the _____________ are required to prepare a _____________ report. a. shareholders, business prospect b. auditors, business review c. stakeholders, business prospect d. directors, business review 1.3 In a partnership, the partners make decisions collectively and are accountable to one another. This is a form of ________________ accountability. a. hierarchical b. market c. legal d. participatory 1.4 The directors are responsible for filing the company’s accounts and reports with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). a. True b. False 1.5 ___________________ is a network-based organisation which develops the framework for voluntary sustainability reporting. a. Global Reporting Initiative b. Global Sustainability Reporting c. Global Environmental Reporting d. Global Voluntary...
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...ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF SERVICE CHARTERS ON SERVICE DELIVERY IN MALAWI – A CASE OF SOUTHERN REGION WATER BOARD BY RASHID FRIDAY NTELELA (201004511) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE, BISHO CAMPUS SUPERVISOR PROF. E.O.C IJEOMA 20th January, 2012 1 DECLARATION I, Rashid Friday Ntelela, hereby declare that this research thesis is my own original work, that all reference sources have been accurately reported and acknowledged, and that this document has not previously, in its entirety or in part, been submitted to any University in order to obtain an academic qualification. Rashid Friday Ntelela 20th January, 2012 2 Table of Contents DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... 2 DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Introduction............................................................................................................ 9 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 11 Research...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction States and nations since the existence of the first known civilization have been struggling to establish stability on the administration of its affairs. One of these, which is inevitable is to suppress corruption that seems to worsen. (Olivares-Cunanan, 2013) Although there is no known document that will lead us to where corruption began and who started this practice, there are already existing documents that proposes how it started and the reason why this exists. Corruption began in the early period as far back as the old Egyptian kingdom. There is also a clear founding that corruption through its most common form existed in other civilizations that existed in the early ancient world. In the Athenian state council, bribery is common in order for the major power the so-called elite to implement what they want. The same practice was committed by roman emperors who used give lands to the senate members in order for the latter body to be on their side. (Freille, 2007). In the modern era, documents from the past that can possibly tell us where and when corrupt practices have begun may seem to be impossible to retrieve, and if ever possible, these documents may have a little relevance to no use at all in the study on how we can curtail at least corrupt practices on the national scale. ( Co, 2007) Defining what is corruption and determining its root cause is one of the center of interest of analysts and international organizations...
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...Science THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE DEMOCRATISATION OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS: From ‘Soft Power’ to Collective Decision-Making? Saif Al-Islam Alqadhafi A thesis submitted to the Department of Philosophy of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2007 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This dissertation analyses the problem of how to create more just and democratic global governing institutions, exploring the approach of a more formal system of collective decision-making by the three main actors in global society: governments, civil society and the business sector. The thesis seeks to make a contribution by presenting for discussion an addition to the system of international governance that is morally justified and potentially practicable, referred to...
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...Disclosure and transparency According to McGee (2009), the corporate governance framework should ensure timely and accurate disclosure is made of all material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial situation, performance, ownership and governance of the company. According to IOSCO (2010), disclosure and transparency are critical elements of a robust corporate governance framework as they provide the basis for informed decision-making by stakeholders. High quality disclosure and transparency helps the public understand the company’s activities, policies and performance with regard to environmental and ethical standards as well as the relationship of the company with the stakeholders. The Global Financial Crisis has demonstrated how poor quality disclosure and lack of transparency can mask excessive risk-taking and leveraging by global financial institutions. Hence, high quality disclosure and transparency not only serves to protect investors but helps regulators in maintaining market confidence and systemic stability. The strengthening of disclosures and transparency involves actions by a range of market participants as it covers processes from verification, the determination of information for the publication and communication. Quantitative and qualitative corporate information is then disseminated through various periodic reports such as the annual and quarterly reports, other disclosures and through various media or other stakeholder engagement sessions...
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...SCOPE OF GOVERNANCE A. Meaning of corporate governance According to Sir Adrian Cadbury, “Corporate Governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. The corporate governance framework is there to encourage the efficient use of resources and equally to require accountability for the stewardship of those resources. The aim is to align as nearly as possible the interests of individuals, corporations and society. Corporate governance is therefore about what the board of a company does and how it sets the values of the company, and is to be distinguished from the day to day operational management of the company by full-time executives. Corporate Governance is to conduct the business in accordance with owner or shareholders’ desires, which generally will be to maximize shareholders wealth, while conforming to the basic rules of the society embodied in law and local customs” ( laureate Milton friedman) According to OECD( organization for economic cooperation and development) Corporate Governance is a set of relationship between the company ‘s directors, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set and the means of obtaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined. NOTE THAT: there is a difference between corporate governance and management, the latter refers to day-to-day running of a business , while the former refers to rules, regulations and best practices. The...
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...Corporate governance Two definitions: 1. ASX CGC: rules, relationship, systems and processes help a company to monitor and assess risk, optimize performance, create value and provide accountability. a) A narrow definition which consistent with agency theory focuses on relationship between company and shareholders. 2. OECD: a system a company can be directed and controlled, specify rights, responsibilities and rules; set and achieve objectives and monitor performance. b) A board definition consider relationship between company and stakeholders 3. Agency theory c) A contract under which one or more person engage another person or persons to perform some service on their behalf d) Agency problem rise because of the conflict of interest between principle and agent e) Three specific problems: i. Managers try to maximize their wealth at the expense of shareholders ii. Tendency for management to focus on short-term performance iii. Different attitude of managers and shareholders towards risk f) Corporate governance structures, policies and relationships can help to overcome these three related agency problems iv. Independent board of directors v. Independent board chair vi. Independent board subcommittees such as audit, remuneration and nomination 4. Stakeholder theory g) Reject the only important relationship is shareholders and managers, but consider...
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...Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our societies. Major donors and international financial institutions are increasingly basing their aid and loans on the condition that reforms that ensure "good governance" are undertaken. The concept of "governance" is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put "governance" means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance. Since governance is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of governance focuses on the formal and informal actors involved in decision-making and implementing the decisions made and the formal and informal structures that have been set in place to arrive at and implement the decision. Government is one of the actors in governance. Other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of government that is under discussion. In rural areas, for example, other actors may include influential land lords, associations of peasant farmers, cooperatives, NGOs, research institutes, religious leaders, finance institutions political parties, the military etc. The situation in urban areas is much...
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...INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 560 SUBSEQUENT EVENTS (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009) CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction Scope of this ISA ...................................................................................... Subsequent Events .................................................................................... Effective Date ........................................................................................... Objectives ................................................................................................ Definitions ................................................................................................ Requirements Events Occurring between the Date of the Financial Statements and the Date of the Auditor’s Report ........................................................ Facts Which Become Known to the Auditor after the Date of the Auditor’s Report but before the Date the Financial Statements are Issued ........................................................................................... Facts Which Become Known to the Auditor after the Financial Statements Have Been Issued ............................................................ Application and Other Explanatory Material Scope of this ISA ...................................................................................... Definitions .........................................................................
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...ROLE OF MEDIA IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE Media are the storage and transmission channel or tool used to store and deliver information or data. Media are (mostly) non state actors who define themselves apart from the state and from all other societal actors (what Edmund Burke described as a “fourth estate”, distinct from government, church and electorate). While this notion of free and independent media acting on behalf of the citizen against both state and other interests is a widespread ideal, the reality of most media worldwide is complex, rapidly changing and extraordinarily diverse. Media can consist of everything from national newspapers to student magazines, global broadcasters to community radio, websites and blogs to social networks and virtual communities, citizen journalists to government mouthpieces. This briefing focuses principally on media – and to a lesser extent on linked information and technologies - at a national level within developing countries. The term media refers to several different forms of communication required to educate and make a socially aware nation. The communication forms can be radio, television, cinema, magazines, newspapers, and/or Internet-based web sites. These forms often play a varied and vital role in our society. GOVERNANCE Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our...
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...Introduction Policies are set of guidelines or principles to guide in decision making towards achieve a rational outcome. Policy making is a process of making crucial organization decisions. Policies can assist in subjective and objective decision making. They are several steps in implementation and carrying out of a policy. These steps include agenda setting, Policy decisions or no-decision, implementation of a new program or change in an old public program and criticism from citizens and formal program evaluations As a public administrator who is responsible with the implementation of government policies, I would first identify the pressing problem that requires legislations. Then take a comprehensive study of the cause of the problem in details. I will also get to know the awareness of the public on the issue, so that I can be able to decide on who will participate in fixing it. I will then consider the available means to solve the problem. After considering all this I will be able to gauge on the policy change, if there is need of any. After identifying the problem and studying it in into details, then I will formulate a new policy. However I have to involve different interested and affected parties. Since this stage involves discussion to identify potential challenges and alternative solution. To set clear objectives and steps needed to solve the issue. I will then put the new policy that has been agreed upon in to effect. To make this step a success, I need to ensure...
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...IT Governance A summary of “Ten Principles of IT Governance” (2004, Peter Weill, Jeanne W. Ross) and “IT Governance Framework” (2005, Craig Symons) Coming up with new governance mechanisms and policies should not be reactive (patching up problems), but proactive – using the enterprise’s objectives and performance goals as a basis Mature business governance processes can be used for IT governance Governance redesigns should be undertaken only when strategy is being revised, in such cases IT governance can be used for leveraging the strategic transformation CIO’s and senior management’s involvement in IT governance is crucial for its success, because it ensures better alignment of IT with strategy The exception-handling process must be clearly defined, as short as possible and should enable and encourage organizational learning. The owner of the IT governance must be familiar with all aspects of the enterprise (not only IT) and have credibility with all business leaders. The owner of the IT governance must be made also responsible for its performance A layered structure is often necessary for IT governance (possible layers are: enterprise-wide IT governance – driven by enterprise-wide strategies and goals and IT governance at division and business unit levels) The effectiveness of IT governance is severely affected by the effectiveness of its communication and transparency Coordination in the governance of the all six assets, one of which is IT, is critical for maximizing the...
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