...Recognized Courses in Accounting/Tax Research and Analysis and Accounting/Business Communications September 3, 2014 The Texas State Board of Public Accountancy requires each candidate to complete a minimum of two semester hours in accounting research and analysis or tax research and analysis from a recognized college or university. The semester hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered through an integrated approach. If the course content is offered through integration, the college or university must advise the Board which course(s) contain the research and analysis content. Courses identified through integration must dedicate 1 semester hour, or quarter hour equivalent, to research and analysis. Courses used to meet this requirement may not be used to meet the requirement for accounting or business communications described below. Course(s) identified by a university to meet the requirements for research and analysis in accounting or taxation should primarily address the identification, organization, and integration of diverse sources of information such as authoritative literature and pronouncements, to reach a conclusion or make a decision; and should analyze accounting and taxation issues by reviewing information, using empirical data and analytical methods, recognizing data in patterned activities, forecasting, and integrating data. CPAs may be asked to conduct research and analysis when providing attest services, professional accounting...
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...business behaviors impacted by tax changes in Malaysia Justification There are many factors influence the changes of accounting importance where the role of accounting evolves along with the business changes affected by these factors. One of the factors that affect role of accounting in business field is tax. In Malaysia, Tax is generally divided into 2 types which are direct and indirect tax. Direct tax can be defined as tax which is imposed straight to the taxpayer. In short, the payment of tax is between taxpayer towards government. Examples of direct tax are income tax from employee salary, corporation tax, property tax, and etc. Meanwhile, indirect tax is a type of charge that can be transferred to the other person. A good example of indirect tax is restaurant that collect tax charge of the food’s sold from the customer (sales tax). Other examples of indirect tax are custom duty, central excise duty, and service tax). In brief, the history of Malaysia tax was started with more dependency towards indirect tax where establishment of direct tax has only started to take effect from 1 January 1948. This establishment has changed the trend of Malaysia tax which depends more and more on direct tax until today. In 2009 itself, government revenue has grown to 48.6% from direct tax. The urgency of understanding changes in accounting role due to tax, become important because of several reasons. Firstly, as the globalization of the economy develops further, tax becomes an option that can...
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...Chapter C:1 Tax Research Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Distinguish between closed fact and open fact tax situations. 2. Describe the steps in the tax research process. 3. Explain how the facts influence tax consequences. 4. Identify the sources of tax law and assess the authoritative value of each. 5. Consult tax services to research an issue. 6. Apply the basics of Internet-based tax research. 7. Use the citator to assess authorities. 8. Describe professional guidelines that CPAs in tax practice should follow. 9. Prepare work papers and communicate to clients. Areas of Greater Significance Since this will usually be a student’s first exposure to tax research, the importance of the facts to the tax results, federal tax services and the citator should be discussed. The widespread use of Internet-based databases for tax research makes this means of tax research much more important. An effort should be made to introduce Internet-based searches to the students if at all possible. The text discusses two types of professional guidelines for CPAs in tax practice. Areas of Lesser Significance In the interest of time, the following areas may be omitted: Sample work papers and client letter (Appendix A). Problem Areas for Students The following areas may prove especially difficult to students: 1. Understanding...
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...CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING AND WORKING WITH THE FEDERAL TAX LAW SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM MATERIALS Question/ Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Learning Objective LO 1 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 3 Topic Revenue neutrality Controlling the economy Encouraging industries Research and development expenditures Social considerations Earned income credit Charitable contributions Fines and penalties Home ownership Higher education incentives Tax credit versus deduction Alleviating the effect of multiple taxation Double taxation and effect of a credit versus a deduction Wherewithal to pay concept: transfer to controlled corporation Avoiding the corporate income tax Wherewithal to pay: example Recognized gain versus realized gain: amount Like-kind exchange versus involuntary conversion: losses Settlement time period Installment method Keogh Plan: grace period Bracket creep: indexation Community property states Community property states Deterrence provisions $13,000 annual gift tax exclusion: audit Status: Present Edition New New New New New Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Modified Modified New New New New New New New New New New New Q/P in Prior Edition 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Instructor: For difficulty, timing, and assessment information about each item, see p. 1-3. 1-1 © 2012 Cengage...
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...National Tax Journal Vol 49 no. 3 (September 1996) pp. 421-35 CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING LILLIAN F. MILLS * Abstract - The tax law provides varying opportunities for tax planning, and firms have competing incentives to consider in planning a tax reporting strategy, including financial reporting effects. I present preliminary results that Internal Revenue Service audit adjustments increase in the excess of book income over taxable income. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher book income than taxable income. I also investigate the relationship between compliance costs and taxes paid. Existing descriptive research emphasizes the social cost burden of such compliance costs. Preliminary results indicate that firms that spend more on tax research and planning report lower tax expense. results that proposed Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit adjustments increase as the excess of book income over taxable income increases. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher financial statement income than taxable income. I also investigate how the level of conformity varies as the relative incentives for book income versus tax savings change. Tax regimes that require more conformity between book and tax accounting will likely induce higher tax payments than those firms whose incentives to maintain high book income are the greatest. In addition, government...
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...Dissertation by Ishfaque Ahmad 1 Chapter 1 – Introduction Chapter 1 – Introduction “At a time when the Government is tackling the deficit, against a backdrop of global financial uncertainty, it is vital that we focus relentlessly on cracking down on those that break the law and making sure that everyone pays the tax they owe” (HM Revenue & Customs, 2012, p. 4) Every year the UK Government spends billions of pounds to provide a better life for its citizens. Most of the money the Government is spending comes from tax revenue. Tax revenue allows the Government to budget expenditure such as education, health and welfare, housing, protection, re-paying national debts and improving the infrastructure. Without tax revenue, the government would not be able to fund the projects and services that people require. Following the recent recession and the global financial crisis it is important to increase tax revenue for economic growth and keeping the economy moving. The majority of the UK’s individuals and businesses pay their share of tax honestly. However, a minority deliberately seek to evade or avoid paying what they owe while benefiting from the public services (HM Revenue & Customs, 2013). As a result the Government does not receive enough tax as budgeted but spends more than what is collected. This is called budget deficit. It leads to either cuts in the budget of projects or borrowing money from other nations to fill up the deficit. Borrowing is an expensive...
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...Budgetary Research Review Vol. 4 (1) www.buget-finante.ro Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India: prospect for states by Mohd. Azam Khan1 and Nagma Shadab2 Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University, India Abstract: Goods and services tax (GST) is a broad based and a single comprehensive tax levied at every stage of the production and distribution chain with applicable set-off in respect of the tax remitted at previous stages. It is basically a tax on final consumption integrates the union excise duties, custom duties, services tax and state VAT. Presently around 140 countries have adopted the GST pattern, including India. The GST would be beneficial for the consumers as it reduces the final burden of taxation. For Government it leads the reduction of tax compliance efforts and administrative costs and for business units it leads transparency, complete set-off and removal of cascading effect of taxation. It is in this background that the present paper tries to explain the significance of GST in India and its prospects for states to generate revenue and ensure transparency in tax structure. This paper is organized into seven sections. Section two presents justification for dual structure of GST in India. The third part presents the rate structure under GST work in India. The fourth segment is concerned with the working of GST in India. The fifth part shows the international experiences of GST at state level in India. The seventh and final part is related to conclusion...
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...An Evaluation of the Tax System in Bangladesh Ahsan H. Mansur, PRI Mohammad Yunus, BIDS Presentation Outline Salient Features of Bangladesh’s Current Tax System, Trends in Growth and Revenue Structure VAT System of Bangladesh: Performance, Recent/Past Reforms, Revenue Potential, structural and administrative deficiencies, and alleviating measures Discussions on personal and corporate income tax systems have been covered in this study, but not discussed in detail in in this presentation due to time constraint. Finally the presentation assess the scope for further reforms that the authorities may consider in order to gain more buoyancy in revenue generation POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BANGLADESH 01 Introduction: Salient Features of Bangladesh’s Current Tax System Notwithstanding the various fiscal reforms of the recent past, Bangladesh Tax system continues to suffer from a number of major weaknesses: • • • • • • • • Low Level of Revenue Mobilisation Regressive Nature of Taxation (especially VAT) High Tax Incidence Low Tax Base High Degree of Tax Evasion Limited Administrative Capacity Resource Constraints (Human and Logistics) Cumbersome Legal Procedures 02 POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BANGLADESH Growth Trends and Revenue Structure of Bangladesh Over the past years total revenue and tax receipts as % of GDP have increased – from 6.5% and 5.5% respectively in FY1982 to 10.9% and 9.0% respectively in FY2010. Tax receipts roughly generate...
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...“DIRECT TAX” ] [Amendments vide Finance Act,2010 are applicable for June 2011 and December 2011 terms of Examination] AMENDMENTS vide FINANCE ACT, 2010 on “DIRECT TAX” Tax Rates Rates of Income - Tax for Assessment Year 2011-12 1.1 (A) For woman, resident in India and below the age of 65 years at any time during the previous. Upto Rs. 1,90,000 Rs. 1,90,001 to Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 5,00,001 to Rs. 8,00,000 Above Rs. 8,00,000 Nil 10% 20% 30% 1.1 (B) For an individual (man or woman), resident in India who is of the age of 65 years or more at any time during the previous year. Upto Rs. 2,40,000 Rs. 2,40,001 to Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 5,00,001 to Rs. 8,00,000 Above Rs. 8,00,000 Upto Rs. 1,60,000 Rs. 1,60,001 to Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 5,00,001 to Rs. 8,00,000 Above Rs. 8,00,000 Surcharge: NIL Education Cess (EC): Education Cess at the rate of 2% on income-tax shall be levied. Secondary and Higher Education Cess (SHEC): “Secondary and Higher Cess (SHEC) on income-tax: at the rate of 1% of income-tax in all cases shall be levied. Nil 10% 20% 30% Nil 10% 20% 30% 1.1 (C) Individuals, [other than those mentioned in para 1.1(A) and (B) above] HUF, AOP/BOI (other than co-operative societies, whether incorporated or not) Directorate of Studies, The Institute of Cost & Works Accountants of India Page 2 AMENDMENTS vide FINANCE ACT, 2010 on “DIRECT TAX” 2. Other Assessees: Assessee Rate of Tax 30% Education SHEC Surcharge Cess 2% on income 1% on income 7.5% of income tax, if Net tax tax Income...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH Discussion Questions 1. Research in general involves the investigation and analysis of an issue in question. The researcher usually applies reasonable and reflective thinking to develop an answer to the issue or problem at hand. Research requires a clear definition of the problem, using professional databases to search the authoritative literature, reviewing and evaluating the data collected, drawing conclusions and communicating your results. 2. Accounting, auditing, or tax research involve a systematic and logical investigation of an issue or problem using the accountant’s professional judgment. Furthermore, accountants approach this problem using critical-thinking skills to obtain and document evidence underlying a conclusion relating to an issue or problem currently confronting the accountant or auditor. 3. Accounting, auditing, or tax research are necessary in order to determine the proper recording, classification, and disclosure of economic events; to determine compliance with authoritative pronouncements; or to determine the preferability of alternative accounting procedures. 4. The objective of accounting, auditing, or tax research is a systematic investigation of an issue or problem utilizing the researcher’s professional judgment to arrive at appropriate and timely conclusions regarding the issues at hand. 5. Research plays an important role within an accounting firm or department. It is critical...
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...A Study on Analysis of Value Added Tax System By Ajay Dongol P.U. Reg. No. 2007-2-03-0176 Roll. No. 831455 A Summer Project Submitted to: Ace Institute of Management Pokhara University In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration New Baneshwor Kathmandu December, 2009 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to Ace Institute of Management along with Mr. Prakash C. Bhattarai, our course instructor for providing us the opportunity and supervising us to carry out the Summer Project. I would also like to thank Inland Revenue Department, Lazimpat for providing me with the time and necessary materials that helped me complete this project. Similarly I would like to thank Pokhara University for providing us the opportunity to explore the outer world in due course of study. I would specifically thank the following people who have given their valuable time and advices for my project. Mr. Ram Shrestha – Store, IRD Mr. Binod Lamichane – Tax Clearance, IRD Mr. Achyut Adhikari – Taxation in Nepal Teacher, Nicolson College I would also like to thank the participants of my project, the business persons who has answer to my queries and shown some real picture of VAT system. At last I would also like to thank my friends and teachers for continual guidance and providing their valuable time in preparation of this report. Ajay Dongol BBA- IV ii Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......
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...An Evaluation of the Tax System in Bangladesh Ahsan H. Mansur, PRI Mohammad Yunus, BIDS Presentation Outline Salient Features of Bangladesh’s Current Tax System, Trends in Growth and Revenue Structure VAT System of Bangladesh: Performance, Recent/Past Reforms, Revenue Potential, structural and administrative deficiencies, and alleviating measures Discussions on personal and corporate income tax systems have been covered in this study, but not discussed in detail in in this presentation due to time constraint. Finally the presentation assess the scope for further reforms that the authorities may consider in order to gain more buoyancy in revenue generation POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BANGLADESH 01 Introduction: Salient Features of Bangladesh’s Current Tax System Notwithstanding the various fiscal reforms of the recent past, Bangladesh Tax system continues to suffer from a number of major weaknesses: • • • • • • • • Low Level of Revenue Mobilisation Regressive Nature of Taxation (especially VAT) High Tax Incidence Low Tax Base High Degree of Tax Evasion Limited Administrative Capacity Resource Constraints (Human and Logistics) Cumbersome Legal Procedures 02 POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BANGLADESH Growth Trends and Revenue Structure of Bangladesh Over the past years total revenue and tax receipts as % of GDP have increased – from 6.5% and 5.5% respectively in FY1982 to 10.9% and 9.0% respectively in FY2010. Tax receipts roughly generate...
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...Evaluation of R&D relief and Patent Box scheme in the UK and Belgium | Content 1. Introduction 1 2. UK’s Research and development relief 1 2.1 definition and schemes 1 2.1.1 Small or medium-sized enterprise (SME) scheme 1 2.1.2 Large company schemes 2 2.2 Qualifications 2 2.3 Consultation and appraisement 3 2.3.1 Equity 3 2.3.2 Externalities 3 2.3.3 Further evaluation 4 3. UK’s Patent Box scheme 4 3.1 Definition and Objective 4 3.2 When and how to claim 5 3.3 Qualification 5 3.3.1 Patent Box 6 3.3.2 Qualified Income 6 3.4 Consultation and appraisement 6 3.4.1 Equity 6 3.4.2 Efficiency 7 3.4.3 Further-Evaluation 7 4. Belgium’s Research and Development relief 8 4.1 Nature of incentives 8 4.1.1 Super deduction 8 4.1.2 Notional Interest Deduction (NID) 8 4.1.3 Income tax withholding incentives 8 4.1.4 Incentives for staff 9 4.2 Compare and contrast with UK R&D relief 9 4.2.1 Tax Deduction 9 4.2.2 Notional interest deduction 10 4.2.3 Wage Tax Exemption (WTE) 10 5. Belgium’s Patent Box scheme 11 5.1 Definition and Objective 11 5.2 Compare and Contrast with UK Patent Box scheme 11 5.2.1 Effective Tax Rate 13 5.2.2 Qualified IP rights 13 6. Conclusion 14 7. Bibliography 15 1. Introduction Under the impact of globalization and revolutions in knowledge and technology fields, innovation, which could...
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...GST, the Goods and Services Tax, in Malaysia has been critically received by citizens. This study has been conducted to gauge the level of awareness and approval of GST among IIUM students. The general outlook on GST is negative, stemming from a lack of awareness as to what GST truly is and the taxpayers mindsets (Abdul Mansor & Ilias, 2013). Questionnaires were distributed to random IIUM students aimed at getting their awareness on GST and its implementation. The findings indicate that IIUM students are aware of GST and its imminent implementation and conflicting views on whether or not they approve of its implementation. Perhaps with a little scrutiny and education it might be possible to increase awareness on GST, and may change people perceptions and reception of it, be it positive or negative. 1.0 Introduction In general, Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a consumption tax which is imposed on the sale of goods and services, and it is divided into two categories indirect taxes and direct taxes and is administered by the Royal Malaysian Custom (RMC). The Malaysian government has announced that the new system which will be implemented starting 1st April 2015 at the rate of 6% (Robinson, 2014). The GST (goods and services tax) system will be replacing the present SST (sales and services tax). In the current tax regime, the 10% Sales Tax and 6% Service Tax is collected by one party (usually the seller) and passed on to the tax authorities. For instance, in...
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...ACC 555 Entire Course Individual Tax Research and Planning https://homeworklance.com/downloads/acc-555-entire-course-individual-tax-research-and-planning/ ACC 555 Entire Course Individual Tax Research and Planning ACC 555 Assignment 1 – Tax Research Imagine that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has selected your client for an audit. Your client and the IRS disagree about the amount of tax revenue owed. You agree with your client’s position. You must provide a defense for the client that requires you to research the issues in order to render an educated opinion on a course of action for your client. Note: You may create and/or make all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1. Prepare a defensible strategy for the client by using the six (6) steps in the tax research process. Propose how each of the steps provides support for the client’s position. 2. Create a fact-based argument that you plan to propose to the client as a defense of his / her position with the IRS. ACC 555 Assignment 2 – Tax-Deductible Losses Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you: 1. Research the manner in which tax-deductible losses originally became part of the U.S. Tax Code. Conclude whether or not tax-deductible losses overall are reasonable. Provide support for your conclusions. 2. Suggest what you believe to be a significant tax-deductible loss. Discuss whether or not the deductibility...
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