...trafficking in the same manner as dealing with terrorism. Before the Patriot Act, the courts did not allow the law enforcement to conduct electronic surveillance and wiretaps to investigate crimes that terrorist often committed. This Act allowed federal agents to seek court permission to use roving wiretaps, because terrorist are trained to hinder surveillance by constantly changing the areas that they were operating in or even changing cell phone devices on a regular basis. It allowed the law enforcement to obtain a lot more material when dealing with terrorism-related crimes to take account of weapons of mass destruction, the terrorist finances and even chemical weapons. It allowed the law to investigate without tipping off the terrorist. They use to have to have a judicially approved search warrant which gave the terrorist time enough to get rid of evidence, stop communicating with the other terrorist that they were involved with, to leave the country because they knew they were found out to be a terrorist and even eliminate the witness that could link them with terrorism. This act gave law enforcement time to identify whom they thought to be Terrorist, to eliminate the act of terrorism and coordinate the arrest of all the people that where involved before they could be informed and flee the country before the law arrived. Section 215 of the Patriot Act authorizes the government to obtain "any tangible thing" relevant to a terrorism investigation, even if there is no showing...
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...Questions to Think About Part I: Module 7 1. Not to justify terrorism in any way, shape or form, but what are some of the reasons for it that could be seen as valid complaints? Some of the reasons used to justify terrorism are deeply roots to extremist belief that is driven by a religious passion with goals of conformity. In order to have a persuasive message one has to understand and connect with a group’s frustrations and deeply rooted belief foundations. The movement of terrorism does this by shaping the purpose for the violent and terrorist acts in a way to make it a legitimate reasoning to perform such acts. For example, the global jihad was contributed by the government appearing to fail and not meet the needs of its people; therefore, coalitions and alliances were formed to oppose leadership and institutionalized Islam activism. Furthermore, when the government does not fully address the needs of its people, poverty and unemployment increases; therefore, making opposition against the government and crime increase (Esposito, p.26-70, 86-94). 2. How do you think the many definitions of jihad have complicated the issue of terrorism? The interpretations of jihad differentiate from non-violent to violent, which are basically extremists and terrorists. How jihad is defined does complicate the issue of terrorism, I think mainly because terrorism is viewed to be directly stemmed from an extremist movement, but just has furthered its tactics. The term jihad has...
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...United States, reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism, and minimize damage and assist in recovery for terrorist attacks that occur in the United States. The U.S Department of Homeland Security was established after the 9/11 attacks to counter terrorist activities against the United States. Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur”. The major objective of the Patriot Act is “to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools" by dramatically reducing restrictions pertaining to law enforcement requests to search telephone records, e-mail communication, and health records. The Patriot Act allows for the emergency disclosure of electronic communications to protect life and broadens the definition of terrorism to include acts of domestic terrorism. Under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the Patriot Act allows the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation or a designee of the director to apply for an order requiring the "production of any tangible things (including books, records, papers, documents, and other items) for an investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities Introduction Formed...
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...After two bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon in 2013, former President Barack Obama stressed the event as an act of terrorism on America (Boston Marathon Terror Attack Fast Facts). The Boston Marathon bombing has played a significant role in reshaping the American views on terrorism. This attack killed three spectators, injured over 260 people, and caused an uprising of several controversies in the United States (History.com Staff). The American views on immigration, gun control, and police actions have been influenced by these bombings. The attack brought up on by the Tsarnaev brothers caused a shift in perspective on immigration. Since the two bombers were recent immigrants, many Republican legislators insisted on...
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...THE USA PATRIOT ACT--GOOD OR EVIL? Abstract Terrorism has been around in one form or another since long before September 11th 2001. It is our extreme reaction to the real threat of a terrorist attack began 9/11/2001. Although the odds of dying from a terrorist attack in America are extremely remote, after the attacks of 9/11/2001 and the overwhelming show of concern by American citizens, Congress hastily put together a bill outlining the workings of the U.S. Patriot Act. The United States Patriot Act of 2001 was signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2001. President Barack Obama signed the Patriot Sunsets Extension Act of 2011, which created a 4 year extension of 3 key parts of the Patriot Act. Warrantless searches of business records, roving wiretaps, & conducting surveillance of individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to any specific organized terrorist groups. The Patriot Act dramatically reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search all records, documents, histories, etc., without the restraints of the normal operations of judicial law which most citizens assume will always protect them. The National and State Governments and their agencies work together to implement the Patriot Act with as minimal an “obvious” intrusion as possible into ours, the American citizens lives. It is obvious the security must be there, but with a minimal amount of perceived disruption to constitutionally given freedoms and rights. US...
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...that our country will never again be caught unprepared. As the 9/11 Commission notes, we are safer today but we are not safe, and much work remains. Although in today's world we can never be 100 percent secure, and we can never do everything everywhere, we concur with the Commission's conclusion that the American people should expect their government to do its very best. GAO's mission is to help the Congress improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people. GAO has been actively involved in improving government's performance in the critically important homeland security area both before and after the September 11 attacks. In its request, the House Committee on Government Reform has asked the GAO to address two issues: the lack of effective information sharing and analysis and the need for executive branch reorganization in response to the 9/11 Commission recommendations. Further, the Committee has asked GAO to address how to remedy problems in information sharing and analysis by transforming the intelligence community from a system of "need to know" to one of a "need to share (GAO, 2004)." These findings led to the creation of the NCTC....
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...terrorist organisations Submitted by: Vietnam Defining terrorism as the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims Reaffirming the arms trade treaty (ATT) from the UN regulating arms trade from small arms to such things as battle tanks, Reminding nations that weapons have been traded with Hamas who publicly applaud death via terrorism, Alarmed by reports from Amnesty international saying that over 25 countries have traded weapons with ISIS by ‘lax’ control over arms trade, Concerned that components can be acquired from countries to potentially create weapons of mass destruction and heavy artillery Accepting that control of arms trade can be difficult to maintain and that it would take great consideration into member states making reforms on how it can be regulated, Deeply concerned that in January alone an estimated toll of two thousand, four hundred and sixty nine deaths occurred, Noting that from the government website from the UK a total of 225 countries have been noted to have low risk to high risk terrorist threats. Recalling, Acknowledging the United Nations programme of Action which was to limit small arms trade, Also acknowledging the United Nations international tracing instrument to make governments make clear markings on small arms and weaponry, 1. Calls upon all members of the United Nations to come together to correctly define ‘terrorism’ to make clear distinctions to countries who they may...
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...then finally of the U.S Senate.(“Meet Bernie”). We can conclude that Sanders has had political experience before. Trump meanwhile, inherited a lot of money from his father and used it to become a “real estate mogul” as The Week’s journalist Damon Linker puts it in his article. Trump wrote books about business and economics. He has been the subject of comedians, flash cartoon artists and online caricature artists. He has made appearances in various television series, films, and shows (“Donald Trump” Wikipedia). He has little or no past political experience. Both the candidates want to approach terrorism issues in extremely different ways. “We live in a difficult and dangerous world, and there are no easy or magical solutions. While we must be relentless in combating terrorists who would do us harm, we cannot and should be policemen of the world, nor bear the burden of fighting terrorism alone”, says Senator Sanders (“War and Peace” berniesanders.com). I think that this means that of course we must aggressively pursue international terrorists who do us harm, but must not engage in...
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...Adjusting Terrorism Since, September 11, 2011 the United States (U.S.) has been obsessed with terrorism. Terrorism comes from different types of forms rather than bombs and guns. There are domestic of United States and International terrorism that is premeditated politically motivated. A terrorist who creates a small-scale nuclear explosion will take the world to a completely different territory from the horror of September 11, 2011 (Peak, 2010). The domestic terrorism has been difficult for the U.S. to adjust because the security and liberty should manage an image of balance. Balancing the liberties against the security the real diminution in liberty may affect some people more than others (Meisels, 2003). The wake of 9-11 between security and liberty that advocates would “striking a new balance” between liberty and security post to 9-11 (Wulf, 2003). Criminal justice agencies made some changes to improve the security within the U.S. The USA Patriot Act was enacted after 9-11 attack. The USA Patriot act gave the government an opportunity to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause for “intelligence purpose,” and to conduct searches with reasonable believe if the national security is threaten (Peak, 2010). The U.S financial made a big impact on the after math of 9-11. Financial Impact September 11, 2001 had affected the finances in the U.S. in different aspect of American people. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) took a plunged and when 9-11 occurred...
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...TOPIC Education Can End Terrorism INTRODUCTION Terrorism stands as a serious challenge before civil society today . It is an issue of global concern which almost all countries in the world, both developed and developing, directly or indirectly facing. Terrorist are the greatest enemies of society because they undermine it stability by creating chaotic conditions leading to mass killing, damage and destruction. To avoid terrorism from keep spreading through the entire globe, we agree that education is the key. However, according to economist, terrorist organizations may prefer to use highly educated individuals as operatives because they are better suited to carry out acts of international terrorism than are impoverished illiterates since the terrorists must fit into a foreign environment to be successful. TOPIC SENTENCE Education can end terrorism because education can promotes self discipline of the individuals, it is the best tool to reach the youth and while people can be killed, ideologist cannot. BODY: 1. Education promotes self discipline 1.1 helps individual to become discipline in self regulation 1.1.1 Self-regulation is the ability to manage disruptive emotions and impulses, and to think before you react. 1.1.2 most terror attack happens without considering other people but only because of the desire to get what they want and Fuller their wishes. 1.1.3 Trained people...
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...Terrorism has deep historical roots as a threat to peaceful existence of nations and common citizens. Terrorism, as opposed to other forms of violence, is the system¬atically applied threat or use of illegitimate force with the designed intent of achieving a goal by means of such a method as coercion. It is violence used as a policy; it is fear or terror engendered on an organized basis. Terrorism is defined as (1) “intended to inflict death or seriously bodily harm upon civilians or other persons (presumably military personnel) not taking part in hostilities and (2) its purpose is to intimidate a population or persuade a government or international organization to adopt a certain policy” (Weiss, 2002, p.25). Terrorism has many applications, including purely criminal purposes; it is politically motivated terrorism, however, which is of major concern in the modem context. Motivational basis, therefore, is examined first in assessing the nature of the threat presented by the phenomenon of terrorism. Included within the context is brief reference to the contemporary historical development of terrorist activity, because in many cases the two aspects are rooted together. Following Oliverio, “The process by which the definition of terrorism is shaped and enforced involves a theoretical approach that recognizes “terrorism" as a historically and contextually produced discourse, and understood in contemporary U.S. society is the by-product of an androcentric discourse in which relationsod...
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...Transformation of Terrorism Over the past 300+ years terrorism has shifted from driving force to overthrow overbearing governments to a force that strikes anyone who doesn’t follow in line with their beliefs and them tries to validate their actions with religion. The 1700s saw more pirates and looters that were defined as terrorists and the 1800s begin to see terrorists transforming into revolutionaries. By the time the 1900s came about, most terrorist organizations were working with governments with common goals in order to carry out their attacks. Terrorism during the 1700s focused both on personal gain as well as overthrowing an established government. Some of the most recognizable terrorists acts of the 1700s consisted of pirates pillaging from other naval vessels. All throughout the waters of North Africa were pirates who targeted both private and government owned ships in order to steal its cargo along with the ship and personnel. Many individuals and governments had to pay off these “terrorists” in order for their ships and its cargo to safely reach its destination(1). Another example of terrorism during the 1700s, which was aimed towards a standing government, was the French Revolution. The French Revolution lasted from 1789-1799 and was aimed at removing the current monarchy that was ruling France(2). The revolutionists employed violence, including mass executions by guillotine, in order to intimidate the regime's enemies and compel obedience from the state(3). There...
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...Terrorism and US Intelligence The United States Intelligence Community has had to change the way they run in order to prevent a future terrorist attacks like the one on the fateful day of September 11th 2001, when our nations security was severely attacked. To be able to understand more clearly the challenges of our intelligence agencies having stronger capabilities, it is important to note that many of today’s issues are well grounded in the past and we can find many examples of this in history books today. One great example is when the United States transitioned from just focusing solely on our nation to a more global view as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Also, Sputnik was a huge reason for the United States to totally redefine their approach to space. These events and many more often serve as examples that changes should have and still must be be made within our intelligence communities and they helped prompt the largest reorganization of the intelligence community since 1947. Had these changes been made sooner, prevention of these and many more tragedies may have been a success. Beginning from the time when Pearl Harbor was stroked, the government sought to blame the Japanese Americans for the tragedy. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt made no hesitation to sign the executive order authorizing an internment of all “Japanese Americans” to proceed. This of course was during a time when racial prejudice was open, but their was a deeper issue within our intelligence...
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...I would agree to a degree. If you look at the previous eras, you will see a bit of a pattern. THe eras dont change much but a just tweeked to fit the actual time frame that they are in. Homeland Security appears to have changed dramatically only because we have now added the "antiterrorism" to the mix. The attack on 9/11 really opened the eyes to many American officials to really see the weak points taht we have. Overall the four Eras of Policing: Political Era, Reform Era, Community Er, and Homeland Security Eras are following a pattern set by there pretesor. The Homeland Security Era has brought back the power to the people. We as a nation need to become more vigilant and keep in tuned to what’s going on. This day and age has the issue with electronic devices. People are so focused on there mobile devices that there isn’t a lot of community policing. Terrorism happens in all fashions and forms and for the Homeland Security Era to be effective there need to be more community interaction. I would tend to agree with you. There have been several terrorist organizations and individuals that have been in the making and have been developing, plotting and carrying out terrorist attacks. The 9/11 bombing I feel was the straw that broke the camels back. If you think back we have the Timothy McVeigh bombing that was a direct attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal building, that took 168 lives and left over 600 more injured. Then you look at the bombing that occurred...
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...The United Nations General Assembly had started to address and refer terrorist acts as a discrete subject in 1972; it has since adopted several resolutions that call on states to combat terrorism. Moeckli (2008) argues in his paper “The Emergence of Terrorism as a Distinct Category of International Law” that the most significant Security Council measure adopted against terrorism is the Resolution 1373 of September 28, 2001. Subsequently, succeeding the 9/11 events, the resolution adopted under the Chapter VII of the United Nations Chapter “requires member states to create a legal and institutional framework to prevent and suppress the financing, preparation, and commission of terrorist acts and to cooperate with other states in this effort ”. Because the Resolution 1373 imposes a body of rules with general application, and a set of details obligations to all member states; Ward (2003) argued that it is “one of the most comprehensive and far-reaching resolutions adopted in the history of the Security Council”. Immediately...
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