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Test 2 – AF202 Prep
|Basic Anatomy Gas Laws |
|Part 61 Certification Pilots, Flight Instructors and Ground Instructors |
|.14—Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test |
|.15—Offenses involving alcohol or drugs |
|.16—Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results |
|.23—Medical certificates: Requirement and duration |
|.31g—Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes |
|.53—Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency |
|Part 67 Medical Standards & Certification |
|Part 91 |
|.17—Alcohol or drugs |
|.19—Carriage of narcotic drugs, marijuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances |
|.105—Flight crewmembers at stations |
|.211—Supplemental oxygen |
|4 Layers Atmosphere |
|-Troposphere |
|-Stratosphere |
|-Mesosphere |
|-Thermosphere |
|Ideal Gas Law |
|PV = nrT |
|P = pressure |
|V = volume |
|T = temperature |
|n = number of molecules in the volume, and |
|r = constant |
|Boyle's Law – Given a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure |
| |
|V1 / V2 = P2 / P1 |
|Dalton’s Law – The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas. |
| |
|PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pn |
|Henry’s Law – The amount of a gas in solution, not chemically combined, is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the |
|solution. |
| |
|P1 A2 = P2 A1 |
|Graham’s Law – A gas of high pressure exerts a force toward a region of lower pressure, and if an existing permeable membrane separates these |
|regions of unequal pressure, the gas of higher pressure will pass (or diffuse) through the membrane into the region of lower pressure. |
| |
|Charles’ Law – Given a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. |
| |
|P1T2 = P2T1 |
|-The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. |
| |
|-Somatic nervous system -Regulates voluntary actions |
| |
|Autonomic nervous system - Controls involuntary body functions |
| |
|Consists of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves |
|Musculoskeletal System |
| |
|Gives the body shape |
|Protects internal organs |
|Provides for movement |
|Consists of more than 600 muscles, tendons and ligaments |
|Gastrointestinal System |
| |
|Digests nutrients and fluids necessary for proper metabolism at the cellular level |
| |
|Consists of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. |
|Metabolic System |
| |
|Converts the nutrients and fluids processed by the GI system into the substances (enzymes, hormones, energy, etc.) necessary to support body |
|function. |
| |
|Consists of the liver, gall bladder, kidneys, pancreas, and thyroid. |
|Respiratory System |
| |
|Allows for the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the body and the ambient air. |
| |
|Consists of the trachea, bronchi and lungs. |
|Breathing Process: Inhalation |
|Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. |
|Pressure in the lungs decreases. |
|Air travels to the lungs |
|Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. |
|As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. |
|Pressure in the lungs increases. |
|Air flows out of the lungs |
| |
| |
|Circulatory System |
| |
|Transfers oxygen and nutrients from the GI, respiratory, and metabolic systems to cells throughout the body, and waste products from the cells back |
|to these systems. |
| |
|Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. |
|Hypoxia |
|4 Types of Hypoxia |
|1. Hypoxic |
|2. Hypemic |
|3. Histotoxic |
|4. Stagnant |
|4 Stages of Hypoxia |
|1. Indifferent 0-10,000 ft, |
|-signs usually none |
|-Sympptoms - decrease in night/peripheral vision |
| |
|2. Compensatory |
|-10,000-15,000 w/out supplemental O2 |
|-Sings, increased pulse rate, respiratory, minute volume, blood pressure, cardiac output |
|- Symptoms: increased fatigue, irritability, headache, decreased judgement, mental alertness, muscle coordination |
| |
|3. Disturbance |
|– 15,00-200 w/out O2 |
|-poor handwriting, stammering, poor coordination in flying, hyperventiliation, cyanosis (nail beds and lips) |
|-Symptoms similar to intoxication – headache, fatigue, weariness, drowsiness, dizziness, air hunger and euphoria |
| |
|4. Critical – 20,000-23,000 w/out O2 |
|Signs – rapid loss of consciousness, convulsions, failure of respiration, death |
|Tolerance |
|-Self imposed factors – alcohol, fatigue, smoking, drugs/medication, physical fitness |
|Enviromental factors – allitimatization, cabin altitude, rate of ascent, exposure time, ambient temperatures, activity levels |
|Hyperventilation |
|-Rapid breathing, usually resulting from anxiety or stress |
|-Body blows off too much CO2 throwing system off balance |
|Signs – rapid breathing |
|-symptoms – many similar to hypoxia |
|-treatment – get breathing rate under control, supplemental O2 if available |
| |
|Hypoxia – muscled flaccid |
|appearance cyanosis |
|Hyperventilation |
|Spasmodic |
|Pale, clammy |
|CO2 Poisining |
|Carbon Monoxide poisoning is a form of hypemic hypoxia |
|CO2 Poisoning symptoms |
|0% Usually none |
|10% Frontal headache |
|20% Throbbing headache, dyspnea with exertion |
|30% Impaired judgment, nausea, dizziness, visual disturbance, fatigue |
|40% Confusion, syncope |
|50% Coma, seizures |
|60% Hypotension, respiratory failure |
|70% Death |
|O2 Therapy - |
|atmospheric air |
|100% Oxygen |
|Hyperbaric Oxygen |
|Cabin Decompression |
|3 types of Cabin Decompression |
|1. Explosive |
|2. Rapid |
|3. Subtle |
|Trapped Gas Disorders |
|Boy's Law (pressure of gas decreases/ volume increases) |
| |
|-Ear block |
|-Sinus block |
|-barondongtalgia – air trapped in cavities, abscesses or improper fillings |
|-gastrointestinal problems |
|Evolved Gas disorders |
|Henry's Law (gas is released when surrounding pressure decreases |
|-Aeroembolisms – gas bubbles in circulatory system cause blockage |
|-Bends – pain in joints |
|-Parasthesias – gas bubbles forming around nerves in skin – itching tingling hot/cold sensations |
|-Chokes – gas bubbles putting pressure on pulmonary vessels, burning stabbing in chest, difficulty breathing |
|-Brain disorders – gas bubbles concentrating around brain and spinal column – headaches, paralyssis, speech, vision |
| |
| |
|Flying in head and cold extremes |
|4 types of heat exchange |
|-Conduction |
|-Convection |
|-Evaporation |
|-Radiation |
|Temperature Controls |
|Hypothalamus |
|Vasodilation/vasoconstriction |
|Shivering |
|Sweating |
|Heat Stresses |
|Heat cramps – muscle cramps, rest cool down, get fluids |
| |
|Heat exhaustion – headache, colnfusion, cramps, nausea, appetite loss, incoordination |
|-get out of heat, rest in shade or AC, drink fluids slowly |
| |
|Heat Stroke – skin hot and dry |
|get to cool place, spray body with cool water, seek med attention |
|Heat stresses prevention |
|-stay hydrated |
|use protective clothing |
|use protective gear |
|limit time in sun |
|regulate activity in hot environments |
| |
|Cold Stresses |
|Hypothermia |
|Symtpoms – discomfort, muscle stiffness, weakness, fatigue, slowed thought processes, uncontrollable shivering |
|Treatments – get into the warmth, remove cold and/or wet clothing, warm body externally (bath or shower, not hot) and internally (soups, warm |
|drinks) dress in dry clothes stay active |
| |
|Frostbite – numbing sensation in extremities, gray/white spots on skin, tissue hard to touch |
|Treatments – warm affected area immediately slowly into lukewarm water, do not rub or massage, seek medical attention |
|Cold stresses -Prevention |
|-be aware of temps, winds and wind chill |
|-limit exposure to cold |
|-wear protective clothign in layers |
|-immediatley remove wet clothing |
|-regulate activity to maintain muscle warmth, minimize sweating |
|-maintain proper diet |
| |
|Three things to consider enviromental factors |
|-Departure |
|-unscheduled stop/emergency landing |
|-destination |
|Dehydration – not drinking enough proper fluids, aircraft pressurization |
|symptoms – thirst headache, dizziness, fatigue |
|treatment/prevention – drink water |
|Radiation – exposure to sun, radar |
|-UVA – damage to lens, skin |
|UVB – damage to cornea, skin |
|UVC- damage to retina |
|-Microwave – damage to eyes |
| |
| |

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