...EXAMINATION PERFOMANCE Personality, Cognition, and University Students’ Examination Performance Reaction to Personality, Cognition, and University Students’ Examination Performance The empirical article that has been reviewed was that of the study that explored the relationship between personality traits, type or motivation, and goal specific cognitions as antecedents of degree performance amongst undergraduate students. The studies used several methods in order to produce the results that were discovered. In the area of personality traits the five factor model was utilized. In the breakdown of types of motivation the researchers determined their findings by using the self-determination theory. Lastly when it came to goal specific cognitions the results were formulated by that of the theory of planned behavior, also referred to as the TBS. Throughout the article that was presented there seemed to pose more then just one hypothesis. Phillips, Abraham, and Bond first hypothesized that the theory of planned behavior measures would predict final degree results. The next thing that Phillips, Abraham, and Bond hypothesized was that intention would be the most important predictor of final marks. The three gentlemen also expected that perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective norm would be strong correlates of intention to get a good degree. The last but certainly not least thoughts they hypothesized was that good-student identity and anticipated regret would...
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...of the opposite sex will develop stronger gender self-categorisations than will majority males or females, following a co-operative gender-neutral group task. When groups comprise unequal proportions of socially-salient categories (e.g., gender and race), group processes are affected, with the behaviour and self-identities of minority members shifting towards their expected stereotype via a process of role entrapment (Johnson & Schulman, 1989). These behavioural changes become more pronounced with decreasing numerical status and where the token/minority member is normally disadvantaged or subordinated (Saenz, 1994). One explanation suggests that individuals who participate in activities where their social-group membership is made explicit are likely to depersonalise and thereafter self-categorise at the group-stereotype level (Turner et al., 1987). However, existing research on group composition has typically used quasi-competitive activities. This may account for the shift in self-categorisation, especially when there are current, historical or perceived inequalities in the status of group-members, resulting, for example, from race or gender. The current study, then, uses a co-operative group task to investigate the impact of being a single or majority-member of a group on gender self-categorisation. Experimental Design A between-participants 2 × 2 experimental design will be used, with two independent factors (gender and set-size), and two levels of each (male...
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...1a. The concept of workforce diversity is focusing on the differences of people in an organization. Mainly surface level diversity such as gender, race, and age. Deep level diversity such as values, personalities and work preferences. (Robbins. Judge, 15th Edition. 2013) Example is the recruit of foreign talents from regional countries. Advantages 1. Experienced staff to guide the young workforce 2. Understanding of the respective local markets 3. To create and explore new business opportunities 4. Upgrade of technical skills by foreign expertise 1b. There are 4 different types of teams: 1. Problem-solving teams A temporary team that is set up to solve issues that have risen. 2. Self- managed work teams A team that can plan their own schedules, tasks, responsibilities, and make decisions and actions. They have little or no supervision at all. 3. Cross-functional team a team made up of employees with different job functionalities but on the same level to accomplish an objective. 4. Virtual team Team that maximizes the use of advanced communication and technology to perform their task remotely. (Robbins. Judge, 15th Edition. 2013) 1c. The type of team currently implemented in ESA is the self-managed team. Based on their recent work assignment in the Phuket, Thailand, they are able to deliver their work effectively in the absence of Edward. And, they received a good compliment from their client. 1d. Challenges of work diversity - Newly hired may...
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...Unsuccessful relationships The great motivational writer Orison Marden once said, "Deep within man dwell those slumbering powers…that would revolutionize his life if aroused and put into action" (Marden, n.d.). The evolution of my young adult life has been haunted by this truth. During these past few years I have been struggling with identity attempting desperately to move towards self-actualization. During this course I believe that I found George Kelly's theory of personal constructs to be the most informative to my life. According to Kelly we, as lay scientists, seek to predict and even control our futures through the mechanism of personal constructs (McAdams, 2006). Personal constructs are basically the way in which we use comparison to categorize things in our lives (i.e. social interactions, expectations, objects, etc…). The specific dichotomy that has evolved in my life over the past few years has been my perception of successful/unsuccessful. Growing up I always thought that success was defined by Power, control, and no fear. Growing up with a father who marketed and distributed illegal Narcotics and only associated with me if he needed assistance in his ventures. Lacking the father son connection and having sisters and mother who were never faithful to their partners set the tone for my future failures. After I entered my young adult years I realized that no that it would prove difficult to trust anyone even those who deserved to be. Hence, I began my relationships...
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...SURFACE LEVEL DIVERSITY, DEEP LEVEL DIVERSITY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ABSTRACT Surface level diversity is the mixture of people who differentiate by sex, race or ethnicity, and the observably physically disabled. These differences typically cannot be changed and are easy to measure because they are visual. Deep level diversity are differences such as personality and attitudes that can be communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Diversity can be affiliated with socio-economic factors such as education, profession, job function, and social class. These three components of diversity affect how individuals operate in the workplace. Diversity can channel a sense of competitiveness, which has pros and cons. The purpose of this study is to understand how surface level diversity, deep level diversity, and competitiveness effect employees in the workplace. We also would like to understand the effect management has on diversity and competitiveness. INTRODUCTION What began for many as an effort to meet governmental and legal requirements has evolved into a strategic priority aimed at positioning organizations more competitively in the marketplace (Hansen, 2003). At a time diversity was just a guideline for organizations to meet, not something that was used as an instrument to truly improve the efficiency of an organization. Companies now put more effort into improving the diversity within their organization. Organizations devote resources to a variety...
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...The Influence of Personality, Brand Personality, Values and Cultural Differences on Consumer Behavior and Service Management Example: McDonald’s Author: David Burtscher Date: 23th of June, 2014 I Abstract This paper presents the constructs of personality and brand personality as well as the construct of values from consumer behavioral view. Furthermore the paper gives a short insight into value related cultural differences. The paper can be arranged into three parts: personality, values and culture. At first the single constructs are described theoretically, then the relationships and differences between the constructs are discussed shortly. As a last step we tried to integrate and apply the theoretical knowledge at a practical example. For this we chose McDonald's. We think McDonald’s is a good choice because it is present all around the world in many different cultures and it also appeals many different customer types. II Table of Contents Abstract..................................................................................................................................................... I Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... II 1 2 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1 PERSONALITY AND BRAND PERSONALITY ........................................
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...Personal Portrait There are many theories that are associated with human development. I will create a personal portrait and integrate developmental theory, moral development, and gender and cultural influences. Erikson Erikson’s developmental theory will be used to analyze my life stage by stage. I will compare Erikson’s theory of development to Lawrence Kohlberg’s model of moral development and analyze how these theories have affected my development from birth to adulthood. Last I will evaluate hoe factors can be explained within the context of gender differences and environmental, cultural, and ethnic influences. We all have different personality traits many are inborn temperament traits and others were learned based on our environment and the support we receive in growing up. Erikson became a leading figure in the psychosocial study of human growth and development, formulating nine stages, with a “conflict” or “crisis” to be resolved at each stage for healthy development to occur (Crandell, Crandell, Zanden, p. 39, 2009). Each stage builds on the preceding stages and the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage. As employed by Erikson (1968a, p. 286), a crisis is not “a threat of catastrophe but a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential.” More importantly he said, “remember that conflict and tension are sources of growth, strength, and commitment” (Erikson & Erikson, 1997) (Crandell, Crandell...
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...Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Arnette M. Brown Psychology of Personality PSY/250 August 2, 2010 Mark Shen Introduction The psychoanalytic view holds that there are inner forces outside of your awareness that are directing your behavior. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler influenced psychology and psychiatry with their psychoanalytic theories leaving a big impact on modern psychology. As the writer I will compare and contrast the theories of these three gentlemen and decide which of these theories in which I agree and which of these theories I do not agree with. I will also describe the stages of Freud’s theory and explain characteristics of personality using these components. I will explore the uses of Freudian defense mechanisms using real-life examples. Many pioneering concepts were proposed by these men and attempts are still being made to prove their theories. These men changed the world with their theories of the human mind. Freud, Jung, and Adler believed that parenting and childhood development played a large role in the shaping of a personality and all three men believed that dreams and daydreams played an important role as well. Another similarity in each of their beliefs was the impact that the unconscious mind played in psychoanalytic analysis. Freud’s work is now the most recognized and most heavily cited in all of psychology and referenced in humanities as well. Freud put a lot of emphasis on sexuality...
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...Personality denotes a term that you should know how to define, and to recognize and give examples. denotes an important person. You should remember this person's name and what (s)he has done. denotes an important research finding. denotes an issue that you should be able to discuss or explain. | PERSONALITY: an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (Myers, 2005, p. 429) example: a person's characteristic outgoing, extraverted personality; another person's hard-driving, competitive style 4 MAJOR PERSPECTIVES ON PERSONALITY The Psychoanalytic Perspective The Trait Perspective The Humanistic Perspective The Social-Cognitive Perspective [Myers labels two of these as "historic perspectives": psychoanalytic and humanistic, and two as "contemporary": trait and social-cognitive.] THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE EXPLORING THE UNCONSCIOUS: FREUD Sigmund Freud The "father of psychoanalysis" psychoanalysis: a method for exploring the unconscious and a treatment techniquefree association Say whatever comes into your mind ... Don't censor. Don't try to be logical. Don't try to be creative, or to give "good answers." Just say whatever comes into your mind. (Harder than it sounds.) * Free association helps to reveal the repressed fears and hidden wishes of the unconscious. unconscious not conscious, but influences behavior and experience ... according to "Dr. Fraud" (oops--a classic "Freudian slip") repression of sexual...
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...1.0 Introduction Henri Fayol described five functions of management as forecasting, planning, organizing, coordination, and commanding (Parker and Philip 2005). Leadership on the other hand focuses on ideas, influences others, values, authority, taking responsibility. Leadership has evolved from traditional trait leadership to modern multifaceted type leadership (Hellriegel and Slocum 2011). Hellriegel and Slocum (2011) believe that leadership is learnt and not taught. This study seeks to supplement the role of a manager with guidance in organizational behaviour. The framework of learnings and models identified in this document provides a manager with some of the tools that are needed for him to influence employees to achieve optimum performance and attain the organizational goals. The models are adapted from theory and research done by various scholars. The guidelines provided herein include: • Individual differences • Perception and attributions • Motivating employees • Learning productive behaviour. A manager must possess six competences to effectively apply the learnings and techniques in the workplace. These competences are self-competency, diversity, across cultures, communication, teams and change. Competences provide the foundation for an individual in the performance of his role in the organization (Hellriegel and Slocum 2011). 2.0 Individual differences Individual differences are the ways which makes each person differ from each other. Individual...
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...explore the concept of Narcissism and Machiavellianism and the effect of these on a person’s personality as a whole. Narcissism, personality trait of egoism, conceit, or simple selfishness and Machiavellianism, employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct, if in excess seem to have a negative effect on a person’s behaviour. The characteristics of the person indulging in these traits are analysed through this research and also the effects of their presence in excess to . Machiavellianism and narcissism can be called to be some of the most important and governing constituents of one’s personality and thus governs the behaviour of people at their workplace or in their decision making to a great extent. Consequences of very high or very low Machiavellianism and narcissism can be grave and therefore effects of both these conditions are evaluated. Also methodologies to determine the level of Narcissism and Machiavellianism in an individual are discussed through this paper. Hopefully this research will provide insights to the positive and negative effects of Narcissism and Machiavellianism and assist the reader in avoiding or minimising the negative effects of these. Narcissism The term was coined by Freud after Narcissus who in Greek myth was a pathologically self-absorbed young man who fell in love with his own reflection in a pool. It refers to the personality trait of egoism, conceit, or simple selfishness. Applied to a social group, it is sometimes...
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...Makes up the Basics of Personality Theory? Linda Wray Liberty University Abstract Since the 1960’s personality theories has emerged as a major field of specialization. There have been many studies completed outlined by literature on a variety of theories of personality. The importance of individual differences and distinctiveness of the individual are the most frequently studied of personality theories. Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two comprehensive areas: One understands individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other understands how the various parts of a person come together as a whole. Some scientists think that your personality is based on genetic predispositions or nature. Other scientists think the way you act stems from life experience, the way you were taught, and the environment in which you grew up or nurture. Personality can best be described as personal qualities of an individual. There are no two people have the same personality, however, all the different personalities in the world can be characterized into four main theories. The four psychologists that thought up the four theories are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Abraham Maslow. Each man based his theory on a different part of a person’s personality development. The study of personality traits is beneficial...
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...Community College PSY 225 - N01B - Theories of Personality Summer of 2013 10 Week Session May 20 - July 30 Instructor: Dr. Marcus Forbes E-Mail: mforbes@jtcc.edu[->0] OR mforbes@bop.gov[->1] Virtual Office Hours: Since I am an adjunct instructor, I have no permanent office. As such, I am always just a phone call or e-mail away. I will have a virtual office hour from 4:00 - 5:00 pm on Tuesdays. Phone: 804-504-7200 x-1143 Course Text (Required): Friedman, H.S., & Schustack, M.W. (2012). Personality (5th ed.). New York: Pearson. Course Description PSY 225, Personality studies the major personality theories and their applications. It includes the study of psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive and humanistic perspectives. Prerequisite Psy 200, 201, or 202. Course Objectives: Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: 1. Describe the theoretical bases and research methods used to study personality. 2. Describe the psychoanalytic and neoanalytic perspectives on personality and discuss the strength and limitations of these theories. 3. Explain the biological approach to understanding personality and provide examples of research studies that illustrate this approach. 4. Discuss how behavioral principles can be applied to personality. 5. Describe the cognitive and social-cognitive perspectives on personality as well as the empirical foundations of these theories. 6. Explain the trait approach...
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...start typing.] literature review Self-congruityand brand personality on consumer satisfaction literature review Self-congruityand brand personality on consumer satisfaction Since the theory of consumer satisfaction put forward, it has been attracting marketing researchers attention and came out many valuable theoretical results. However, it is relatively less about the influence of self-congruity to consumer satisfaction (Sirgy et al., 1997). This review will focus on the literature on self-congruity theory including self-concept and brand personality, and the influence on consumer satisfaction. Expand the mainstream view and research result and conclude the limit of former studies. Most of the literature focus on the changing of self-congruity, brand personality and consumer satisfaction. At the end of the 19 century, there were already some research topics related to self-congruity within the domain in psychology. However, until the late of the 1950s, researchers started to introduce the topic of self-congruity into the researches of customers’ behaviors. Nowadays, there is already a complete model of theory and methods of measurement of the Self-Congruity Concept. There are many scholars believe self-congruity is how an individual think or feel on himself from an objective perspective. After all, there are still different explanation interpreted by many people. For example, the theory of psychology analysis believes...
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...1 Marks: 1 Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity? Choose one answer. | a. When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high. | Studies consistently show that the relationship between cohesiveness and productivity depends on the group's performance-related norms. If performance-related norms are high, a cohesive group will be more productive than will a less cohesive group. If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be low. If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity increases, but less than in the high-cohesiveness/high-norms situation. When cohesiveness and performance-related norms are both low, productivity tends to fall into the low-to-moderate range. | | b. If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high. | | | c. When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high. | | | d. The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group. | | | e. If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 1/1. Question 2 Marks: 1 ________ is defined as a phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action. Choose one answer. | a...
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