...Long Lasting Effects of Preterm Birth Angel McClucas Psychology 221 The National Institute for Child Health and Development (NICHD) published an article about long lasting effects of preterm birth. NICHD performed several research studies that shows preterm birth leads to different long term challenges after birth. The researchers explained that infants born 32 weeks of gestation or less are considered preterm, with being born early their brain and other organs are not fully developed as they would be if the infant was born after 32 weeks. NICHD continued to explain that preterm infants, most times, require life-saving medical treatments to survive. These treatments can cause pain and stress that is unwanted for the infant. The pain and stress during these critical development periods can cause problems long term. Some challenges for these infants long term can consist of visual memory, poor planning skills, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Several studies have been done by The Institute to understand how these stressors affect the brain development and to help find ways to make their first weeks after birth easier. NICHD is also hoping to promote healthy development with these studies. In one study the researchers measured the cortisol level in the children’s saliva before, during and after the children performed simple tests. The study showed the children who were born extremely preterm did worse than the children born preterm and full term. ...
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...PARENTING STYLES Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact child development. However, finding actual cause-and-effect links between specific actions of parents and later behavior of children is very difficult. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities. Conversely, children who share a home and are raised in the same environment can grow up to have astonishingly different personalities than one another. Despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting: * Disciplinary strategies * Warmth and nurturance * Communication styles * Expectations of maturity and control Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The Four Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian Parenting In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment...
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...sexual education? But not being educated properly is not the only reason as to why more and more teens are getting pregnant; it could also be the media that has an effect on them as well. There are countless affects that a teen pregnancy can have on both the teen and the child. Teen pregnancies have been a problem in the United States for numerous years. Although pregnancies rates have dropped since the 1990’s, our country still has a higher teen pregnancy rate than any other country. While there are negative consequences for the mother, the infant is also at risk by being born to a teenage mother. The most common risk is a low birth weight. With a low birth weight, the child can develop long-term effects such as developmental and cognitive delays when they grow older. The cause of a low birth weight in the child is due to the mother’s prenatal care, poor diet, and stress. Statistically, babies born to teen- agers are at greater risk of being too small and suffering lifelong health or development problems. Teen-age mothers deliver a disproportionate number of premature or low-birth-weight babies, which have a higher death rate in their first year. Before coming pregnant, the teen’s bodies have not been prepared for change yet. Which why they should be educated on how to get both themselves and their child...
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...toxic substances because of the high rate of cell division and the intricate and complex coordination among chemical, cellular, and genetic processes that is necessary for normal development. Toxic insults to the conceptus are thought more likely to be lethal during the preimplantation and embryonic periods than the fetal period. The timing of an exposure or event has a dramatic influence on the developmental effects that will likely result. For example, alterations of hormones such as prostaglandins and the progesterone-estrogen balance can prevent implantation, resulting in embryonic death. During organogenesis, when the molecular, cellular, and morphological structural organization of tissues and organs takes place, the embryo is considered to be most susceptible to structural defects. Animal experiments show that the exact timing of exposure to a teratogen affects the pattern of structural malformations. However, malformations usually occur in more than one organ system because of overlap in the sensitive period of development of different systems. Functional effects and growth retardation, rather than malformations, are considered to be the most likely outcomes of toxic exposures during the fetal period. However, there are exceptions to these generalizations. For example, skeletal abnormalities in mice can be induced...
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...mental health; with a particular focus, on the role played by parent’s attachment styles, in cohesion with the parent’s physical and psychological health. The essay will further highlight an existence of additional complex factors, above and above parenting, that affect children’s mental health, varying from, social, environmental, cultural, stigma and poverty effects. Mental health can described as state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Research outlines that, a child mental well being is thought to depend a combination of factors such healthy and balanced nutrition, socialization, and nurturing, provided by primary caregivers, extended family, and the community of residence, a potential impact to which, the child development process can proceeds along a healthy, or potentially traumatic trajectory (Gardner, & Gunn, 2012). From a social and nurturing perspective, the attachment theory supports the above notion, by stating that the quality of mother-child (or primary caregiver) attachment, is regarded as a pervasive factor in the development of an individual’s relational psychology throughout the entire lifespan (Bowlby, 1982; Freud, 1932). Attachment theory evolves from a basic premise that attachment behaviours are part of a drive behavioural system, organised around specific attachment figures (Bowlby, 1969)...
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...Effects of Smoking and Pregnancy William Franklin Stewart Marshall University January 19, 2010 Thesis Statement Smoking during pregnancy is associated with many adverse outcomes for children as well as negative consequences for child health and development. Maternal smoking late in pregnancy reduces birth weight and size. Babies that are born to habitual smokers "weigh, on average, about 9 oz. less, and are shorter both at birth and in the years to come" (Berger 115). Nicotine is the addictive ingredient in cigarettes and breaking that habit can be nearly impossible for some women. What is the acceptable way for her to stop smoking? It's my opinion a woman needs to gather all of the information she can and then discuss her options with her doctor. Only she and the doctor can know how her body reacts to certain medications and to nicotine withdrawal. Discussed in this paper are some of the issues facing the mother and child. Effects of Smoking and Pregnancy Quitting Smoking First and foremost, a woman should quit smoking if she is thinking about becoming pregnant. Quitting will help produce a baby that will be of the same birth weight of a baby born of a woman who has never smoked. Doctors have different opinions to the correct way to quit. Some favor quitting cold turkey, stepping down gradually, taking prescription drugs such as Zyban and Chantix. Both of these need a prescription in most cases and both can have serious side effects as well. Wearing patches...
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...Although countless studies have researched the adverse effects of domestic on battered women, the effect of the violence on the children involved has been greatly ignored. It has been determined through myriad studies that domestic violence not only affects the mother’s caregiving abilities but also...
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...Abortion – Moral or Immoral? I would argue that abortion is immoral. Abortion is a debate that continues day in, day out, year in, year out. We have laws that have been set into place, yet the debate continues. The opposing sides in the debate each strongly believe they are right. The pro-choice supporters see a woman's right to choose as central to the debate. The pro-choice advocates see the life of the baby as the most important concern. Very little middle ground exists on the issue of abortion. I. When Does Life Begin? [1] "Development of the embryo begins at Stage 1 when a sperm fertilizes an oocyte and together they form a zygote." — England, Marjorie A. Life Before Birth. 2nd ed. England: Mosby-Wolfe, 1996, p.31 "Human development begins after the union of male and female gametes or germ cells during a process known as fertilization (conception). "Fertilization is a sequence of events that begins with the contact of a sperm (spermatozoon) with a secondary oocyte (ovum) and ends with the fusion of their pronuclei (the haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum) and the mingling of their chromosomes to form a new cell. This fertilized ovum, known as a zygote, is a large diploid cell that is the beginning, or primordium, of a human being." — Moore, Keith L. Essentials of Human Embryology. Toronto: B.C. Decker Inc, 1988, p.2 [2] The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 6th ed. Keith L. Moore, Ph.D. & T.V.N. Persaud, Md., (Philadelphia: W.B...
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...the local community college, getting her degree in human services. Ashlyn’s plan for the future is to be a counselor for foster children. Ashlyn stated that she has a very deep connection to foster children because she was a foster child until the age of 10 when her grandmother took her and her three siblings in. Ashlyn is doing very well in school, and maintains a close communication relationship with all of her instructors, and student advisor. She is a likable person, and has many friends to whom she can turn to in a time of need. Ashlyn is an outgoing person that loves life. She is also a very outspoken person, who always tells it like it is. Ashlyn is not married, but does have a boyfriend. Ashyln and her boyfriend have recently found out that they are expecting their first child. Her boyfriend is very involved and supportive of her pregnancy, and any decision that she has made regarding this pregnancy. This presentation will document her physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains. Prior to having Ashlyn take the tests for each domain I asked her 6 questions. 1. How many weeks is your pregnancy? Ashlyn: I am currently 14 weeks pregnant. 2. Was the pregnancy planned? If so, what factors were involved in your decision to have this child? Ashlyn: No the pregnancy was not planned, but we had planned on having children later in life, like after I graduated college and we both had better paying jobs. I guess our plan has changed a bit, but things will work out the way...
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...ISSUE BRIEF November 2009 Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development What’s Inside: • How the Brain Develops This issue brief provides basic information on brain development and the effects of abuse and neglect on that development. The information is designed to help professionals understand the emotional, mental, and behavioral impact of early abuse and neglect in children who come to the attention of the child welfare system. • Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development • Implications for Practice and Policy • Summary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development www.childwelfare.gov In recent years, there has been a surge of research into early brain development. New technologies, such as neuroimaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or MRI), provide increased insight into how the brain develops and how early experiences affect that development. One area that has been receiving increasing research attention involves the effects of abuse and neglect on the developing brain, especially during infancy and early childhood. Much of this research is providing biological explanations for what practitioners...
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...Christina Pickett Reflective Learning EDU-233022-01X December 3, 2014 Research Paper Trauma and Birth Healing from a traumatic birthing experiences could be achieved through reflection. A traumatic birth experience can be described differently by all demographics of women and cover a wide range of reasons for labeling the birth as traumatic. According to Katherine Stone of Postpartum Progress (1) One of the leading causes of post-partum post-traumatic stress disorder is when a women’s reflection of her birth includes some recollection of feeling as if either her life of that of her child was in danger. In some instances depending on if a mother was predisposed to depression or other mental illness, either by prior diagnosis or genetics this recollection of trauma may be very minor in comparison to another experience. We must be open minded when discussing something as a trauma, what might be considered traumatic to one person may have been no issue for another. Katherine Stone of Postpartum Progress describes this as “The actual experience, and how the mother feels about her experience, both matter.” Trauma is defined by Webster dictionary as “Any physical damage to the body causes by violence or accident or fracture etc.” as well as, ”an emotional wound or shock often having long lasting effect.” Synonyms: Psychic trauma. So how do we learn from a traumatic birth? First we must learn to ask the tough questions. We can’t be afraid to ask our healthcare providers for...
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...measures of intelligence. There is no standard measurement for intelligence and so there is no universal agreement of what intelligence actually is either (Plomin & McClearn, 1993). The research of intelligence found many different factors that determine the intelligence of an individual. The role of biology and genetic inheritance in the determination of intelligence is quite crucial. The genetic inheritance can be found out through how the child inherits the intelligence of the parent through IQ tests When mentioning the biology of intelligence, apart from the genetic inheritance that has to be researched through twin studies and adoption studies, hormones and neurotransmitters also has to be looked into in order to find out the biology of intelligence. The amount of nutrients that a child receives inside the uterus and after birth seems to affect the intelligence of a child. Breastfeeding especially, has been a topic of interest as there are some pieces of research that suggests breastfeeding is able to affect intelligence. Stress and drug exposure have also been key to how it can affect intelligence...
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...Music Therapy and Childbirth Childbirth encompasses one of the most important essences of being a female. Childbirth， also called labor, birth, or parturition, is the culmination of a human pregnancy or gestation period with the birth of one or more newborn babies from a woman’s uterus (Chang, Chen & Huang, 2008). The three main stages of labor for the normal human childbirth process are the shortening and dilation of the cervix, descent and birth of the infant, and birth of the placenta (Creighton, 2011). Many women will experience evokes a lot of negative feelings like pain and anxiety during labor, as well as the positive feelings of joy and elation after childbirth. Cantwell and Cox (2003) discuss that pregnant women may have different kinds of emotions such as ambivalence concerning their pregnancy, fear regarding their ability to cope with the pregnancy and an inability to adapt to the pregnancy. Therefore, who anxiety will affect the mothers pending lifestyle changes and her baby’s physical healths. Other than that, “depression is a most common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy and poor concentration.” (WHO, 2006). Western epidemiological discovers that around 10-20% of pregnant women to have depression disorder. The occurrence of depression happens in different trimesters of pregnancy. Bennett el al. (2004) found that the rate of depression...
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...want the best for our children, so we have to decide whether employment would be the best decision. So women haven’t just been facing this dilemma in this century. In earlier centuries they were going through the same decisions as well. Deciding if working outside of the home was the best resolution for families, we will discuss. Society has it that if women work outside of the home, that it damages the development of their children. Now studies state that there is no harm expressively, spiritually or behaviorally to a child that has a working mother. Women worldwide have been asking themselves this simple little question; is it better to stay at home with the children, or work outside of the home? Everyone will not respond with the same answer. Generally, this is a very personal choice for the mother and her family to make a decision if it’s best for her to stay home or go in the work field. Women, their first instance, are how this will impact my child when I leave him or her alone. Well, they have been recent studies to help us understand if it is a good idea for women to work or not and if it impacts the children. In recent decades of studying, women have really taken over the workforce and it is still increasing. For example, in 1940 only 8.6% of women with children worked in the United States (Wladis 1). As recent as of 2010, 64% of American mothers with children under the age of 6 works outside of the home (Mann 1). Women have been joining the workforce for many...
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...A woman that suffer depression or psychological issues can have an effect on her parenting skills. In several researches it has found that some mothers have attachment issues when it comes to their babies. Some battered women say that their parenting skill have developed more “effective parenting and more secured attachment when it comes to the children. The women tend to compensate for the violence and generally poor, neglectful, and abusive parenting of their children’s fathers” (Levenndosky, Huth-Bocks, Shapiro, & A., 2003). This information only come for the conclusion of one...
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