...Financial Accounting Theory III Prof. Alfred Liu Chapter 1: Reporting Equity Investments in Other Companies Example 1: The Cost/Equity Method and Increase of Investment Company A made an investment in one of its local competitors, Company B. For the following events, use the appropriate accounting method and record journal entries for Company A. 1/2/2012 – A purchased 10% of B’s shares for $20,000. 12/31/2012 - B reported net income of $100,000 and declared and paid dividends $10,000 to its shareholders. 1/2/2013 - A purchases an additional 20% of B’s common shares for $45,000. 12/31/2013 - B reports net income of $120,000 for 2013 and declared and paid $11,000 dividends to all shareholders. Analysis: The objective of retroactive adjustment – as if the equity method had been used from the first day of investment. Two accounts need to be adjusted: a) Investment account b) Retained earnings (historical equity income) or AOCI. Solution: In 2012, the cost method was appropriate because we didn’t know the market value of the investment. Record the investment on 1/2/2012 for A: Dr. Investment in B 20,000 Cr. Cash 20,000 Net income reported by B in 2012: No journal entry under the cost method. Record the dividends paid by B to A on 12/31/2012: Dr. Cash 1,000 Cr. Dividend income 1,000 Record the increase in investment on 1/2/2013: Dr. Investment in Ivanhoe Mines 45,000 Cr. Cash 45,000 Retroactive adjustments to investment and retained earnings on 1/2/2013: Dr. Investment in Ivanhoe...
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...the cost and equity methods or accounting for an investment. Equity method of accounting of investment is the accounting of investment in which value of each stock/share is counted based on the book value of the stock as reported by the investee corporation. Cost method of accounting of investment is the accounting method in which the purchase price of the stock is taken as the value of the investment. Both are used to report financial assets, liabilities and give and are options available to account for investment holdings. Under the cost method, equity securities with readily determinable fair values must be adjusted at year-end under FASB statement 115. The investor will then recognize income from the investment when the issuer as a dividend distributes income. The cost method is utilized when insignificant influence of the investor exists. The equity method is which the value of each stock or share is counted based on the book value of the sock and is reported by the investee corporation. Under what circumstances would you use the cost or equity method of accounting for an investment? The equity method of accounting treatment of investment is used when the investor in the corporation is able to exercise significant control over the operation and policies of the corporation i.e., when the investor owns at least 20% of voting stock on the corporation, then equity method of accounting treatment is used. Furthermore, The equity method is a method used for external...
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...Solution Manual Chapter 1 - Accounting for Intercorporate Investments 1. a. If the investor acquired 100% of the investee at book value, the Equity Investment account is equal to the Stockholders’ Equity of the investee company. It, therefore, includes the assets and liabilities of the investee company in one account. The investor’s balance sheet, therefore, includes the Stockholders’ Equity of the investee company, and, implicitly, its assets and liabilities. In the consolidation process, the balance sheets of the investor and investee company are brought together. Consolidated Stockholders’ Equity will be the same as that which the investor currently reports; only total assets and total liabilities will change. b. If the investor owns 100% of the investee, the equity income that the investor reports is equal to the net income of the investee, thus implicitly including its revenues and expenses. Replacing the equity income with the revenues and expense of the investee company in the consolidation process will yield the same net income. 2. FASB ASC 323-10 provides the following guidance with respect to the accounting for receipt of dividends using the equity method: The equity method tends to be most appropriate if an investment enables the investor to influence the operating or financial decisions of the investee. The investor then has a degree of responsibility for the return on its investment, and it is appropriate to include in the results of operations...
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...The Equity Method of Accounting for Investments The first several chapters of this text present the accounting and reporting for investment activities of businesses. The focus is on investments when one firm possesses either significant influence or control over another through ownership of voting shares. When one firm owns enough voting shares to be able to affect the decisions of another, accounting for the investment can become challenging and complex. The source of such complexities typically stems from the fact that transactions among the firms affiliated through ownership cannot be considered independent, arm’s-length transactions. As in many matters relating to financial reporting, we look to transactions with outside parties to provide a basis for accounting valuation. When firms are affiliated through a common set of owners, measurements that recognize the relationships among the firms help to provide objectivity in financial reporting. LO4 LO3 LO2 LO1 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe in general the various methods of accounting for an investment in equity shares of another company. Identify the sole criterion for applying the equity method of accounting and guidance in assessing whether the criterion is met. Prepare basic equity method journal entries for an investor and describe the financial reporting for equity method investments. Record the sale of an equity investment and identify the accounting method to be...
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...| IAS 28: Accounting for Associates | | Larry Richardson 6/16/2014 | Corporations tend to invest in other entities for various reasons but the main reason is to increase their own profits. When corporations purchase stock in other corporations there has to be a way to account for this transaction and to do this IAS 28 was introduced as Exposure Draft E28, Accounting for Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, in July, 1986. The history of IAS 28 is as follows in the table below which shows the last amendment being in 2011 with an effective date of January 1, 2013. History of IAS 28 (as amended in 2011) July 1986 | Exposure Draft E28 Accounting for Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures | April 1989 | IAS 28 Accounting for Investments in Associates | 1 January 1990 | Effective date of IAS 28 (1989) | 1994 | IAS 28 was reformatted | December 1998 | IAS 28 was amended by IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement effective 1 January 2001 | 18 December 2003 | Revised version of IAS 28 issued by the IASB | 1 January 2005 | Effective date of IAS 28 (2003) | 10 January 2008 | Some significant revisions of IAS 28 as a result of the Business Combinations Phase II Project relating to loss of significant influence | 22 May 2008 | IAS 28 amended for Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2007 about impairment testing | 1 January 2009 | Effective date of May 2008 amendments to IAS 28 | 1 July 2009 | Effective date of January 2008 amendments...
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...Accounting for Investments under FASB No. 115 – A Review |For commercial enterprises |Presentation on Financial |Change in Fair Value | |(nonprofit entities follow SFAS No.124) |Statements | | | | |Temporary |Other than | | | | |Temporary Loss | |Does the investor have substantial influence or control? | | | | |Investor owns 20% to 50% of stock and has significant influence but |On BS at historical cost plus |N/A |Realized loss on | |not control of the corporation |share of earnings since | |IS, new basis on | | |acquisition less dividends | |BS | |Use Equity Method |received (amortization may also be| | | | |required) | | ...
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...Abbott Laboratories—Equity Method Investments Teaching Notes: This case shows students how the equity method of accounting works. Abbott Lab’s footnote disclosure includes simple financial statement and income statement information for the joint venture. This provides a textbook example of the equity method. The case asks students to consider the effect on Abbott’s financial statements had the company reported under IFRS, which allows firms to select between equity method and proportionate consolidation when accounting for joint ventures (entities with joint control). Creating pro forma financials is a useful skill not only to reflect potential IFRS conversion but to enable meaningful comparisons across reporting jurisdictions. Thus, even if the SEC does not require IFRS for domestic registrants, students will benefit from studying non-GAAP reporting requirements. The case starts with the economic and business reasons behind joint ventures. Our teaching philosophy is that accounting does not happen in a vacuum – it is the language of business. We take every opportunity to have students consider the economics of the transaction first and then apply accounting rules. This is good practice for students who will have to make increasingly many judgments with the coming of principles-based accounting. Students have little trouble determining how Abbott Laboratories accounts for its 20-50% owned subsidiaries. They find it much more challenging to trace the effects thereof through the...
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...Intercorporate Investments: An Overview MULTIPLE CHOICE Use the following information on a company’s investments in equity securities to answer questions 1 4 below. The company’s accounting year ends December 31. Investment Ajax Company stock Bril Corporation stock Coy Company stock 1. Date of acquisition 6/20/13 5/1/13 8/2/13 Cost $40,000 20,000 16,000 Fair value 12/31/13 $35,000 N/A 16,500 Date sold 2/10/14 11/15/13 1/17/14 Selling price $32,000 26,000 23,000 Topic: Accounting for trading securities LO 1 If the above investments are categorized as trading securities, what amount is reported for gain or loss on securities, on the 2013 income statement? a. b. c. d. $1,500 gain $6,000 gain no gain or loss $4,500 loss ANS: a 2. Topic: Accounting for trading securities LO 1 If the above investments are categorized as trading securities, what amount is reported for gain or loss on securities, on the 2014 income statement? a. b. c. d. $1,000 loss $4,000 loss $3,500 gain $6,000 loss ANS: c You can buy the this complete file at http://testbanksfor.com 3. Topic: Accounting for AFS securities LO 1 If the above investments are categorized as availableforsale securities, what amount is reported for gain or loss on securities, on the 2013 income statement? a. b. c. d. $1,500 gain $6,000 gain no gain or loss $4,500 loss ANS: b 4. Topic: Accounting for AFS securities ...
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...____________ 1. Gaw Company owns 15% of the common stock of Trace Corporation and used the fair-value method to account for this investment. Trace reported net income of $110,000 for 2011 and paid dividends of $60,000 on October 1, 2011. How much income should Gaw recognize on this investment in 2011? A. $16,500. B. $9,000. C. $25,500. D. $7,500. E. $50,000. Yaro Company owns 30% of the common stock of Dew Co. and uses the equity method to account for the investment. During 2011, Dew reported income of $250,000 and paid dividends of $80,000. There is no amortization associated with the investment. During 2011, how much income should Yaro recognize related to this investment? A. $24,000. B. $75,000. C. $99,000. D. $51,000. E. $80,000. On January 1, 2011, Pacer Company paid $1,920,000 for 60,000 shares of Lennon Co.'s voting common stock which represents a 45% investment. No allocation to goodwill or other specific account was made. Significant influence over Lennon was achieved by this acquisition. Lennon distributed a dividend of $2.50 per share during 2011 and reported net income of $670,000. What was the balance in the Investment in Lennon Co. account found in the financial records of Pacer as of December 31, 2011? A. $2,040,500. B. $2,212,500. C. $2,260,500. D. $2,171,500. E. $2,071,500. A company should always use the equity method to account for an investment if: A. it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating policies of the investee. B....
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...To: Johnson Company From: Flora Zhou, Accountant Date: November 16, 2013 Re: Equity Method of Accounting and Consolidation At the last meeting, you mentioned that you intended to understanding more information about the equity method of accounting and consolidation financial statement used in an investment. I would like to explain something about these two accounting methods to meet your requirement. When we talk about investments in corporate equity securities, if company A has a significant impact on company B’s operating and decision-making, in another word, A owns at least 20% of B’s business, we can use either the equity method of accounting or the consolidated financial statement for recording value of investments depends on the ownership level. I will detail them separately. Equity Method of Accounting: * Ownership: 20% -- 50%; * Procedure: Record investor’s investment at cost; record investor’s ownership of investee’s net income as an increase in the investment account; record investor’s ownership of investee’s net loss as a decrease in the investment account; record dividends as a loss in the carrying amount. * Accrual Basis: Equity method emphasizes a financial relationship between the holding company and the subsidiary company, that they already constitute an accounting independent economic entity. Consequently, investment income should be recognized when the profits or losses occur in the investee part without having to wait until the investee...
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...McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009 Hoyle, Schaefer, Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, 9/e 3-1 CHAPTER 3 CONSOLIDATIONS—SUBSEQUENT TO THE DATE OF ACQUISITION Answers to Discussion Questions How Does a Company Really Decide which Investment Method to Apply? Students can come up with literally dozens of factors that should be considered by Pilgrim in making the decision as to the method of accounting for its subsidiary, Crestwood Corporation. The following is simply a partial list of possible points to consider. Use of the information. If Pilgrim does not monitor its own income levels closely, applying the equity method would seem to be a waste of time and energy. A company must plan to use the additional data before the task of accumulation becomes worthwhile. Size of the subsidiary. If the subsidiary is large in comparison to Pilgrim, the effort required of the equity method may be important. Income levels would probably be significant. However, if the subsidiary is actually quite small in relation to the parent, the impact might not be material enough to warrant the extra effort. Size of dividend payments. If Crestwood pays out most of its earnings each period as dividends, that figure will approximate equity income. Little additional information would be accrued by applying the equity method. In contrast, if dividends are small or not paid on a regular basis, a Dividend Income balance might vastly understate the profits to be recognized...
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...Does a Company Really Decide which Investment Method to Apply? Students can come up with literally dozens of factors that should be considered by Pilgrim in making the decision as to the method of accounting for its subsidiary, Crestwood Corporation. The following is simply a partial list of possible points to consider. Use of the information. If Pilgrim does not monitor its own income levels closely, applying the equity method would seem to be a waste of time and energy. A company must plan to use the additional data before the task of accumulation becomes worthwhile. Size of the subsidiary. If the subsidiary is large in comparison to Pilgrim, the effort required of the equity method may be important. Income levels would probably be significant. However, if the subsidiary is actually quite small in relation to the parent, the impact might not be material enough to warrant the extra effort. Size of dividend payments. If Crestwood pays out most of its earnings each period as dividends, that figure will approximate equity income. Little additional information would be accrued by applying the equity method. In contrast, if dividends are small or not paid on a regular basis, a Dividend Income balance might vastly understate the profits to be recognized by the business combination. Amount of excess amortizations. If Pilgrim has paid a significant amount in excess of book value so that annual amortization charges are quite high, use of the equity method might be preferred to show the effect...
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...rendering of a single set of financial statements for the combined entity. D. When a time factor is included in the consolidation process, additional complications are encountered. 1. The parent must select and apply an accounting method to cover the relationship between the two companies. The investment balance recorded by the parent varies over time as a result of the method chosen, as does the income consequently recognized. 2. The parent’s investment balance is eliminated on the worksheet so that the subsidiary’s actual assets and liabilities can be consolidated. 3. Additionally, the income figure accrued by the parent is excluded each period so that the subsidiary’s revenues and expenses can be included can be included when creating an income statement for the combined entity. II. Investment Accounting by the Acquiring Company A. Consolidation of a subsidiary becomes necessary for external reporting whenever control exists; but, for internal record-keeping, the parent has a choice of three alternatives for monitoring the activities of its subsidiaries: 1. the cost method, 2. the...
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...securities such as bonds or stocks. A business may also invest in securities intending to hold them for a longer period. 2. The accounting for investments in securities depends on the expected holding period and the purpose of the investment. 3. The expected holding period determines where investments in securities appear in the balance sheet. Securities that firms expect to sell within the next year appear as “Marketable Securities” in the Current Asset section of the balance sheet. Securities that firms expect to hold for more than one year from the date of the balance sheet appear in “Investments in Securities,” which firms include in a separate section of the balance sheet between Current Assets and Property, Plant and Equipment. When a company owns sufficient number of shares to control another company, it prepares consolidated financial statements. Consolidated financial statements combine, with some adjustments, the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and cash flows of both companies. 4. The accounting for the investment in securities depends on the purpose of the investment and the percentage of voting stock that one corporation owns of another. Three types of investments are: (1) minority, passive investments, (2) minority, active investments, and (3) majority, active investments. 5. Minority, passive investments are bonds or shares of capital stock of another corporation viewed as a worthwhile expenditure and acquired for the anticipated interest...
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...the equity method of accounting for investments Chapter Outline I. Three methods are principally used to account for an investment in equity securities along with a fair value option. A. Fair value method: applied by an investor when only a small percentage of a company’s voting stock is held. 1. Income is recognized when dividends are declared. 2. Portfolios are reported at fair value. If fair values are unavailable, investment is reported at cost. A. Consolidation: when one firm controls another (e.g., when a parent has a majority interest in the voting stock of a subsidiary or control through variable interests, their financial statements are consolidated and reported for the combined entity. A. Equity method: applied when the investor has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investee. 1. Ability to significantly influence investee is indicated by several factors including representation on the board of directors, participation in policy-making, etc. 2. According to GAAP guidelines, the equity method is presumed to be applicable if 20 to 50 percent of the outstanding voting stock of the investee is held by the investor. Current financial reporting standards allow firms to elect to use fair value for any investment in equity shares including those where the equity method would otherwise apply. However, the option, once taken, is irrevocable. After 2008, an entity can make...
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