...RIGA GRADUATE SCHOOL OF LAW THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL STATE RESPONSIBILITY NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION IN THE EU (title) INTO MASTER’S THESIS AUTHOR: DMYTRO CHYBISOV LL.M 2007/2008 year student student number LLM00703 JANE SMITH________________ (name, surname) TUTOR: Professor____________________ (academic title) DECLARATION OF HONOUR: I declare that this thesis is my own work, and that all references to, or quotations from, the work of others are fully and correctly cited. (Signed) …………………………………. RIGA, 2008 2 SUMMARY In Part I the general provisions of space treaties and principles of public international law briefly summarized. An overview of “appropriate state”, “launching state” terms and international responsibility and liability issues also discussed there. Part I is supposed to introduce current international legal tools available for the regulation of space activities. It explains what is international space law, why it is important and how does it work. Moreover, certain aspects of legal treatment of governmental and non-governmental entities are comprehensively discussed. The analogy between international space law and maritime law was also reiterated. Part I particularly examines each of three main space treaties and the problematic points arising from their interpretation. The enforcement mechanism is also analyzed. It was the idea to pick up an issue and then to analyze it using the common sense and legal logic with the view...
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...5/28/2010 Space exploration during a time of economic recession, should we be spending money going up in space when people are losing jobs, homes and families splitting up because of financial problems? For the last two to three years economy has been in a slump. Should we cut down on space excursion and put the money towards helping the less fortunate, like the homeless because of job lost, home foreclosures, etc. Tons of money put into our space missions, can’t they be put on hold until the economy picks up a little, and people can finally try to get their life back together. There will be a spending cap over the upcoming two years in order to lighten the load, brought on from the global economic recession, formed by the European Space Agency. If other Space mission would follow ESA footsteps and we start helping each other, we could become a stronger country, instead of the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Space Agency spending has been on the rise since 2006, most agencies increasing nearly 10 percent each year on expensive period of development. While members state finances has felt the impact from the recession, the ESA’s are making sure they stay within what the member states can afford. My audience is everyone and I think they would like to know, is money going to be wasted on space or possible freeze on all space mission. The problem is important to the audience because it affects all of us, from waste management to Coe’s of large companies. I plan on doing...
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...The European Space Agency (ESA) is an Intergovernmental Organization that is based in Europe. The main reason for creating this organization is to "shape the development of Europe's space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world" (ESA.INT 2010, 1). ESA has 18 member states. In Rourke-Bouyer 2010, it talks about how the members of IGO's are made up of countries as the members. The main mission of the organization is to draw the plans for the future of the European space program and make sure that it carries out the mission. Although it is the European Space Agency, there are other many countries that are involved to develop technology and advancements in space. Countries such as Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are involved in the acts of ESA. The headquarters are located in Paris and there are around 2000 staff working for ESA, from all the Member States and include scientists, engineers, information technology specialists and administrative personnel. In the Interaction Policy Brief it explains the expansion of IGO's and the effects the military has based on decision making. When speaking about the ESA, it is a type of organization which fits into this learning objective. The military is important because it should be used only to ensure the...
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...2001 - 2004 Senior Consultant for SynSpace AG This position encompasses a variety of work with various client corporations, including Swiss Life (insurance), Post Finance (financial services), Fantastic corporation (Broadband and media), Astrium Space GmbH, ESTEC (European Space Agency Technical division), Anite GmbH, and IUG Geneva. Activities have included: Strategy and implementation of knowledge transfer - insourcing Software outsourcing process creation and implementation Software maintenance process creation and implementation Project Leader coaching and mentoring SPICE Assessment management Improvement workshops Technical and Quality standards and process development 1998 - 2001 Management and Technical Advisor SaabTech Systems (formerly CelsiusTech Systems), Järfälla, Sweden. Responsible for company to company liaison. This includes coordination on general organizational and technical issues between Saab Systems (Australia) and SaabTech Systems in Sweden. In this role, works at all levels of the company from engineers to the Verksamhet Direktör (Managing Director) as an inter-company ambassador and information coordinator between Australia and Sweden. One of core team responsible for creation of a new Ship System 2000 Research and Development group which runs strategic projects on various areas of new technology. Project Manager for internal R&D project. Involved in ongoing work with Saab TransponderTech and SaabTech Transport Control...
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...Asif Bajwa Astronomy 101 Professor Houser 12/11/2014 James Webb Space Telescope Since the first astronomers pointed telescopes at the sky, they have sought to see more. See farther and deeper. Space astronomy changed on April 24th 1990 with the launch of the space shuttle Discovery carrying aboard it the Hubble Space Telescope. A lot of people think we launched Hubble into space to get it closer to the stars but the real reason is the Earth's atmosphere both distorts and blocks light coming in from space. In space, beyond the atmosphere, the stars don't twinkle, instead they shine firm. That allows for the sensational images we've become accustomed to seeing from Hubble. But that wasn't Hubble's only benefit, it was also one of NASA's great observatories. There are many of these observatories in space but most are outfitted to answer one or two specific questions. Hubble was designed to be as inclusive as possible, it was supposed to answer as many questions as you could ask. At least as far as its design allowed. And Hubble succeeded very well at that. The Hubble Deep Field, perhaps the most important image ever taken by Hubble, shows us galaxies stretched all the way across the universe, up to ten billion light years away. Light that has taken billions of years to reach us in our corner of the universe, so we see these galaxies not that as they are today but as they were when the light left them. And in the end, after zooming in as much as possible, we see nothing...
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...Isaac newton´s bibliography * Science Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) The Isaac Newton Telescope provided the first observational evidence of the existence of a black hole in our Galaxy. It has made numerous other important contributions to research on quasars, supernovae, galaxies, the Milky Way, planetary nebulae and stellar evolution. The telescope began life in the UK, at Herstmonceux in East Sussex, before relocating in 1984 to the more advantageous astronomical conditions of La Palma, in a new dome, and with a suite of new instruments. The primary mirror of the telescope has a diameter of 2.5 m. This implies that a 2.5-m mirror is a pre-requisite for imaging. Currently, the telescope is equipped with cameras which allow both spectroscopy and wide-field imaging. * Technology Engineering and Enabling Technologies We fund and deliver world class expertise across a wide range of engineering and technologies. These are essential to support our scientific research and to advance our facilities capabilities. The technology programme is strategically managed to meet the current demands of the science programme and encourages blue sky research to provide the tools to push the boundaries of science. * Chemistry …investigating matters of substance In the quest for invention and innovation, chemistry can be the key to remarkable achievements. The ability to understand matter’s composition, properties and behaviour isn’t just critical to improving...
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...test Einstein's theory For similar stories, visit the Solar System , Spaceflight and Cosmology Topic Guides You don't have to be big to challenge Einstein. A pocked ball just 36 centimetres wide is the latest space probe tasked with measuring general relativity, one of the cornerstones of modern physics. The Laser Relativity Satellite, or LARES, is a tungsten sphere with reflectors mounted in 92 holes punched into its surface. It is due to launch from Kourou, French Guiana, on a new Eu ropean Space Agency rocket called Vega, designed to cheaply launch payloads of less than 2500 kilograms. The launch window opens on 13 February. LARES's orbit will be tracked by bouncing ground-based lasers off the reflectors. General relativity states that gravity arises from the curvature of space and time. If this is true, Earth should drag space-time around with it as it spins, slightly perturbing the orbits of satellites. Though general relativity is the accepted theory of gravity, it might break down if measured with greater accuracy. The beleaguered Gravity Probe B satellite achieved an accuracy within 19 per cent of the expected orbit change; earlier satellites got within 10 per cent. Researchers hope to achieve 1 per cent with LARES, built by the Italian Space Agency. Expect to see more launches from the Kourou spaceport, which is ESA-owned, in future. Vega is due to launch an experimental ESA craft in 2014 to test technologies – such as a heat shield – for a possible crewed mission...
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...randomly selected to provide the class with group findings of what makes an effective team. Initially the task was planned as a group with specific roles allocated with the consensus of all of the team involved. The subject chosen and allocated to myself centred on key areas of large team successes and the fact smaller teams collaborate to achieve a common goal. I felt comfortable with the subject matter and also assisted in helping my fellow team members with aspects relating to their particular segment of presentation. The preparation and research I conducted consisted of visiting the Liverpool Museum and obtaining handouts and factual representations of the recent European Space Agency mission undertaken by Major Tim Peake. This mission planned for the Major to stay six months at the International Space Station. It was decided amongst our group we would create a PowerPoint presentation to assist. We utilised the skill-set of one of our colleagues who was adept at graphic design and I agreed the structure of presentation and roles associated. Additionally, I arranged with my colleagues to meet on the morning of the presentation. However, not everyone attended and this threw doubt into my mind that our presentation could be successful. A further hastily arranged meeting was set up prior to the presentation, I allocated cue cards to my fellow team members, using these as effective prompts to avoid any corpsing. The time constraints and immediacy of the presentation...
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...Boulton & Paul Limited, Norwich Assume that you are the CFO of Norwich-based Boulton & Paul Limited. Boulton & Paul started life in 1797 as an ironmonger’s shop on Cockey Lane in Norwich. After becoming an iron foundry, a wire netting manufacturer and achieving renown as constructor of prefabricated wooden homes, including huts for Robert Falcon Scott’s Antarctic expeditions, the firm became famous for aircraft manufacturing. The firm has been responsible for producing some of the iconic fighter planes involved in WWII, including the Defiant NF MKII. More recently, the firm has re-invented itself as a medium-sized niche high-tech aerospace equipment manufacturer. Boulton & Paul is in the running for a new European Space Agency (ESA) contract worth at least £15 million in revenue to the successful bidder. The contract involves the supply of a high-tech optical component used in the agency’s new range of satellites scheduled for deployment over a five year period. As CFO, you are coordinating the financial case for your firm’s bid. The bid you are currently preparing would call for Boulton & Paul supplying 10 units of the required optical component every year for the five-year contract period. The proposed selling price for each of the units is £300,000. Based on estimates from your manufacturing team, the proposed price is very competitive and it is unlikely that the competition could make a better offer. If the bid is accepted by ESA, it would commit Boulton and...
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...Earth-bound vs Space-based Telescopes Why construct and operate telescopes in Earth orbit ? To address this question, contrast the advantages and disadvantages of telescopes on the ground and in space. Keep in mind that the Hubble Space Telescope is NOT the only space telescope. Advantages: • Orbiting telescopes are NOT affected by the image smearing caused by Earth’s atmospheric motions, hence they can produce much “sharper” images The Hubble Telescope records optical images with a resolution as sharp as 0.05 arc seconds. • Space-based telescopes can collect energy from the entire electromagnetic spectrum, not just the portion that passes through our atmosphere. New “windows” on the cosmos are open to our view. • Day and night are not the same in orbit as on the ground, permitting telescopes to observe for much longer times at some locations on the sky. Disadvantages: • Telescopes on the ground can be built with much larger mirrors. Compare the Keck telescope’s 10-meter mirror with Hubble’s 2.4 meter mirror. Placing massive objects in orbit remains an expensive proposition. The largest optical and radio telescopes are still Earth-bound. • Ground-based telescopes don’t move at 5 km/sec, don’t have to carry their own power source and communications gear, and don’t need to worry about orbiting debris crashing into them. These “features” drive up the cost of designing, launching and operating space-based telescopes. • Ground-based telescopes...
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...advantageous alignment of a planet and its parent star in the system HD 189733, which is 63 light-years from Earth, enabled NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency’s XMM Newton Observatory to observe a dip in X-ray intensity as the planet transited the star. "Thousands of planet candidates have been seen to transit in only optical light," said Katja Poppenhaeger of Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Mass., who led a new study to be published in the Aug. 10 edition of The Astrophysical Journal. "Finally being able to study one in X-rays is important because it reveals new information about the properties of an exoplanet." The team used Chandra to observe six transits and data from XMM Newton observations of one. The planet, known as HD 189733b, is a hot Jupiter, meaning it is similar in size to Jupiter in our solar system but in very close orbit around its star. HD 189733b is more than 30 times closer to its star than Earth is to the sun. It orbits the star once every 2.2 days. HD 189733b is the closest hot Jupiter to Earth, which makes it a prime target for astronomers who want to learn more about this type of exoplanet and the atmosphere around it. They have used NASA's Kepler space telescope to study it at optical wavelengths, and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to confirm it is blue in color as a result of the preferential scattering of blue light by silicate particles in its atmosphere. The study with Chandra...
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...provided? How adequate is it? | Values | Are value positions clear or are they implicit? | Literature | How does the work fit into the wider literature? | Contribution | How well does the work advance our knowledge of the subject? | Style | How clear is the author's language/style/expression? | Conclusion | A brief overall assessment. | | | | | This image shows a close-up view of the next-generation microshutter arrays during the fabrication process. The technology advances an already groundbreaking multi-object observing technique NASA technologists have hurdled a number of significant technological challenges in their quest to improve an already revolutionary observing technology originally created for the James Webb Space Telescope. The team, led by Principal Investigator...
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...know- How to reach space. India is trying to be become the leader in Space Research on Asian continent. Last year Asia had taken the lead to exploring the moon. Japan and China sent up space crafts last year and India’s moon craft-1 joined them to orbit the moon on a two year mission to map the lunar surface. The Mission will come just after the finalized deal with United States that Recognizes India to be a nuclear power. “It is a remarkable technological achievement for the country” said S. Satish who is a spokesman from Indian Space Research Organization who Will launch the three thousand eighty pound satellite from the Sriharikota Space Center in South India. Only United States, Russia and the European Space Agency, Japan, and China sent missions to the moon. United States is The only nation that has landed a human being on the moon’s surface This was in nineteen-sixty-nine In 2003, China became the first Asian country to put its own Astronauts into space. Last month was its firs spacewalk. A year before that China blasted and old satellite into space with a land based missile. This Was the first such test ever including United States and Russia, “India Lags? Only because it has chosen not to focus on the more expensive manned Space mission” said G. Madhavan Nair. India is also collaborating closely With other countries. Eleven instruments were carried on the mission. Five were Indian, Three from the European Space Agency, two from United...
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...helium and this is what keeps the star constantly burning for billions and billions of years. A star’s internal pressure is what keeps it from collapsing under its own massive gravity. However, if a star becomes too massive, and the internal pressure can no longer support itself, the star will collapse, receding into a black hole. Until recently, astronomers had observed that there were young stars in the universe, but had never quite exactly understood how they entered into our realm of existence, until now. The Herschel space telescope was launched on May 14, 2009 and is the largest, post powerful infrared telescope in space, to our knowledge. In 2010, Herschel made two unrelated discoveries that were equally as astounding to astronomers. The first challenged our previous beliefs about star birth and the second provided a backbone to some evidence that had already been recognized. Almost a year after its launch into space, on May 6, 2010 The Herschel space telescope discovered the birth of a star that is so impossibly massive, that it would dwarf our own sun. For a long time, it was thought that stars could not exceed eight solar masses. This star, located in star forming cloud RCW 120, already contains eight to...
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...Introduction The commercial space region consist of entrepreneurial space companies, emerging market for space capabilities and prime contractors. Space commercialization involves rendering or selling of services such as satellite communications, remote sensing, launching of space objects and the manufacturing, transferring and exchanging of space products for remuneration." Commercial space is divided into different areas which are: launch vehicle manufacturing and services, satellite manufacturing and satellite operation and services. The opportunity of using space to make money by selling goods and services to governments and private customers has become very prevalent in Europe, Nigeria and Russia and is growing rapidly. Government plats a huge and active part in the capitalizing and promoting of commercial space, they carry this role out by creating policies that are regulatory and polices that lead government agencies into purchasing services or hardware from companies.eg. Buying data from remote sensing satellite companies. “Space has become a global enterprise with the number of nations and firms with space goods and services growing rapidly. And not only are more people involved in space but also the unique advantages of the space environment have contributed greatly to the growing trend toward globalization through its almost universal coverage of populated...
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