...Nebulae Dark nebulae are nonluminous nebulae that are observable since it obscures light from other sources. Nebulae are diffuse clouds of interstellar dust and gas. The shape, size, and characteristics of nebulae may vary significantly because some are the remains of dead stars and others are star nurseries. Dark nebulae are found in areas with no nearby stars. These clouds do not emit or reflect enough light for them to be visible. In fact, the view from the stars behind them is usually blotted out by the dust particles. This paper will exclusively explore on dark nebulae. Normally, these clouds range from 1-10 AU and are less dense than the deepest vacuum in the laboratories of the Earth. They are also thick such that they obscure light from the stars behind them. However, the size of these clouds can be from a few light years up to 600 light years. Additionally, the total mass of dark nebulae can reach several million masses of solar. These clouds can appear to be big depending on the number of stars in it. If there are many stars, the clouds will appear huge, but it can appear small if there are a few stars in it. These clouds existed from a long time ago. Claudius Ptolemaeus did the first record of stars that appeared to be nebulous around 150 AD. Since then, many astronomers have continued discovering these clouds until an American astronomer Beverly Turner Lynds compiled and published a survey of dark nebulas in the year 1960. However, it is true to say that dark nebulae...
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...A Star is Born Stars are quite possibly the oldest, molecule possessing organism in the vast universe that harbors all infinite existence. The oldest star discovered is an estimated 13.2 billion years old (Stetson). How stars have come to exist was once as unknown as what they are comprised of. To find out how this cosmic, infinite universe came into existence, astronomers must first bring everything down to a more basic, molecular, atomic level. A star’s life is started as a collapsing cloud of hydrogen; helium and some other elements are pulled inwards by its own gravity, forming a core. Through nuclear fusion, most of the hydrogen is converted into helium and this is what keeps the star constantly burning for billions and billions of years. A star’s internal pressure is what keeps it from collapsing under its own massive gravity. However, if a star becomes too massive, and the internal pressure can no longer support itself, the star will collapse, receding into a black hole. Until recently, astronomers had observed that there were young stars in the universe, but had never quite exactly understood how they entered into our realm of existence, until now. The Herschel space telescope was launched on May 14, 2009 and is the largest, post powerful infrared telescope in space, to our knowledge. In 2010, Herschel made two unrelated discoveries that were equally as astounding to astronomers. The first challenged our previous beliefs about star birth and the second provided a backbone...
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...What are galaxies? “A galaxy is an enormous collection of a few million to trillions of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity. They can be several thousand to hundreds of thousands of light-years across.” 1 All the stars that we see, observe, or use to guide us through direction, they all belong to one galaxy, and that galaxy is our own Milkyway. At some dark night, you could observe a fuzzy, cloudy strings of very dense stars those are the “disk and bulge”. The result of gravitational force: As mentioned earlier in the definition, a galaxy is held together by gravitational force, which means that every galaxy has its own gravitational force acting on it. When galaxies come together or move at a short distance, there are two possible results, one is the gravitational force will push them apart, or they will collide. When two objects or in this case galaxies, come together they would exert some of their gravitational force on each other, as an effect both galaxies can change shape. “Both crashes and near misses between galaxies are referred to as "interactions”. You can see two galaxies interacting. You can see they are being distorted by the gravitational interaction between them.” 2 The second effect is collision, as galaxies become fairly close together, its might merge together and collide. This merging/collision is sometimes known as a pair, or as a companion of one another. Sometimes smaller galaxies can just merge with larger ones; this is called the ripple...
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...BIG BANG THEORY ------------------------------------------------- The first primordial stars began as tiny seeds that grew rapidly into stars one hundred times the mass of our own Sun. Seen here in this artist impression, swirling clouds of hydrogen and helium gasses are illuminated by the first starlight to shine in the Universe. About 13.7 billion years ago, the Big Bang is thought to have created our universe. For about 1.5 billion years, the universe went through a cosmic dark age, until finally the first stars and galaxies were born. Many details of how those stars were born are not known, but the new experiment helps fill in some gaps. "The first star formation is a really fascinating intersection between chemistry and cosmology," said researcher Daniel Savin of Columbia University in New York, during a Wednesday press conference. "What it's telling us is that in order to understand the very beginnings of star formation, we need to really understand fundamental chemistry." Early universe unveiled The early universe was made mostly of hydrogen, with some helium and trace amounts of other elements. This matter clumped together under its own gravitational pull to form clouds. Within these clouds, scientists think hydrogen atoms (which contain one proton and one electron) bonded with negatively charged hydrogen ions (one proton and two electrons) to form molecular hydrogen, consisting of two hydrogen atoms chemically bonded. This chemical reaction served to cool...
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...Through the Solar System Abstract Over the course the class has been about many different things through our solar system, land features, and more. This week we had to put together a paper describing how evolution has taken place through our solar system. The main objectives of the paper are to include the formation of the planets, the motion of the planets, the early revolution. Also, discussed is the scientists who discovered these properties of our solar system. For example Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, and Kepler. These scientists have all created or in some way helped to discover something new about our solar system. Evolution Through the Solar System Though scientists have been studying the solar systems for years. There are still discoveries made each year. Many of the discoveries have been interesting from the formation and motion of the planets, the early revolution of the planets, and the scientists who discovered what we know today. Formation Scientists have been studying the origin of our solar system for hundreds of years. Some findings are well supported while others are not as well received. The best news is we are not done concluding the formation of our solar system just yet. In 2006, the distant ice-covered body known as Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf and changed the model of our solar system from nine planets to eight. Today a planet is defined as, “A full-fledged planet is an object that orbits the sun and is large enough to have become round due...
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...scientists that have been working on this question, the one answer they have is that black holes form when a massive star collapses upon itself which can cause a supernova that can blast the star in various pieces into space. WHAT IS A...
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...BEYONCE Formation Lyrics [Beyonce] (What happened after New Orleans!?) (Bitch... I'm back by popular demand!) Y'all haters corny with that illuminati mess Paparazzi, catch my fly, and my cocky fresh I'm so reckless when I rock my Givenchy dress (stylin'...) I'm so possessive so I rock his Roc necklaces My daddy Alabama, Momma Louisiana You mix that Negro with that Creole make a Texas bamma I like my baby hair, with baby hair and afros I like my Negro nose with Jackson Five nostrils Earned all his money but they never take the country out me I got hot sauce in my bag, swag! Oh yeah baby, oh yeah I Ohhhhh, oh yes I like that I did not come to play with you hoes I came to slay, bitch I like cornbreads and collard greens, bitch Oh yes, you best to believe it Y'all haters corny with that illuminati mess Paparazzi, catch my fly, and my cocky fresh I'm so reckless when I rock my Givenchy dress (stylin'...) I'm so possessive so I rock his Roc necklaces My daddy Alabama, Momma Louisiana You mix that negro with that Creole make a Texas bamma I like my baby hair, with baby hair and afros I like my negro nose with Jackson Five nostrils Earned all his money but they never take the country out me I got hot sauce in my bag, swag I see it, I want it I stunt, yeah, little hornet I dream it, I work hard I grind �??til I own it I twirl all my haters Albino alligators El Camino with the ceiling low Sippin' Cuervo with no chaser Sometimes I go off, I go off I go hard, I go hard Get what's mine...
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...About 30 percent of known spiral galaxies are flocculent. Only 10 percent are grand design spirals, and the remaining majority are multi-armed. The best time to observe the Sunflower Galaxy from northern latitudes is in March, April, and May. Even though the constellation Canes Venatici is a relatively faint one, M63 is not difficult to find. It can be located using the stars of the nearby Big Dipper. The galaxy lies about two thirds of the way from Alkaid, the star marking the tip of the Dipper’s handle, to Cor Caroli, the brightest star in Canes Venatici. M63 lies some 14 degrees to the southwest of Alkaid. The Sunflower Galaxy is not an easy object to view in binoculars. In a 3.1-inch refractor, it can be identified as a galaxy, but the details and spiral arms aren’t visible. A 6-inch telescope reveals the galaxy’s bright core and an oval patch of nebulosity around it. The spiral structure is only visible in 8-inch telescopes or larger...
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...Visualizations of Galactic Formations During the Epoch of Reionization Jennifer Marie Deger ABSTRACT In this paper, the reionization and structure formation of the cosmos is examined using state-of-the-art computation and visualization technology. The starting point for gathering particle data was the Cosmic Microwave Background, relic radiation left over from the Big Bang. The supercomputer Titan created the data and put it in a format that could be downloaded onto weaker machines, for our purposes. This data was then consolidated and manipulated so that the evolution of features of the cosmos could be seen on a small, detailed scale, which allows for close observations and analysis. The results yielded depict many examples of the innate relationship between ionization and energy density, as well as how these features are related to temperature and photon density. Using a stereoscopic display, dark matter collapse was simulated in 3D so that the details of the connection between gravity and energy, mainly how the gravity of dense regions affects structure formation by causing dark matter to collapse and form halos, could be seen from an advantageous perspective. Overall, these simulations allow us to better understand how the cosmos has evolved over billions of years in order to give rise to stars and planets capable of supporting life. 1. Introduction All of the energy that forms the universe was at one time concentrated at a single point. This extremely concentrated...
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...Red shift 0.003416 ± 0.000017 Galactocentric Velocity 904 ± 7 km/s Distance 29.3 ± 1.6Mly (9.0 ± 0.49 Mpc) This galaxy's most striking feature is the dust lane that crosses in front of the bulge of the galaxy. This dust lane is actually a symmetric ring that encloses the bulge of the galaxy. Most of the cold atomic hydrogen gas and the dust lies within this ring. The ring might also contain most of the Sombrero Galaxy's cold molecular gas, although this is an inference based on observations with low resolution and weak detections. Additional observations are needed to confirm that the Sombrero galaxy's molecular gas is constrained to the ring. Based on infrared spectroscopy, the dust ring is the primary site of star formation...
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...Do you guys love to watch football? If yes, have you ever been criticized for your favorite football club’s manger? For instance, you may criticize that why the manger use that tactic or formation? Why the manger always let the rubbish in the starting line-up? Let say Fernando Torres. Why the manger does not bid that football player? I believe most of the football fans have ever been criticized the mangers. Therefore, this Personal Computer Game is most suitable for you guys. It is called Football Manger 2013. Football Manger 2013 is a football management simulation game. In this game, you can become any football club’s manger. You can set tactic, formation of you team freely to make you own tactic. You can bid your favorite football player and sell the rubbish to improve your team. If you choose to manage a small、not famous football club and cannot buy the football star, you can set your own training programme to let the potential football player to be a football star. However, there are lots of football computer games. Why I say that it is most suitable for you guys? It is because you can apply a lot of business knowledge in this game. It can practice a lot of skills. Firstly, for planning skills, just I say that before, you have to set tactic and formation by yourselves. It is because different football team have their weakness, if you can set different tactics while against with different teams, you may win all the games. Secondly, for leading skills, you have to...
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...335 light-years from Earth in a star. This discovery is a huge one, for that the new planet is said to grow at least three sizes the planet Jupiter. The group of astronomers that made such discovery is an international team led by Clemson University in California. These astronomers found the planet orbiting the star named HD 100546. However, what makes the scientists believe this is in fact a new planet? The reason is that, the team found carbon-monoxide emission that is the leading fact of the creation of a planet and because new studies have confirmed activity around the HD 100546 star. This new finding is a big to all astronomers for that this would allow them to test their theories in terms of the creation of solar systems, such as our very own. According to the article, since the proximity of this new forming planet is closer than other disk systems, it is easier to study in detail the process of formation. Meaning we would be able to have front role seats to such a fascinating event, at least hopefully for part of our lifetime. (Clemson University, 2014). Scientists excitedly state that once they understand what is going on in terms of their discovery that they can begin to implement the tools that they are currently developing. In other words, astronomers want to test the tools on the newfound planet once they have made sufficient observations to then test them on the other larger systems that are farther away. Moreover, the star is said to be 2.5 times larger and...
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...of these 2. Which of the following can't be considered an acceptable hypothesis?" A. Dark matter, (invisible matter which still has gravitational attraction), determines the orbits of stars in the the galaxy B. Mass increases with velocity C. Matter came into existence together with time D. The megagalaxies of the universe will become invisible to each other in time. E. all are acceptable hypotheses 3. A theory is an integrated explanation of numerous “proven”_____. A. facts B. laws C. controls D. hypotheses E. guesses 4. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State a problem II. Analyze and interpret data III. Develop a hypothesis IV. Share the results with other scientists V. Design and perform experiment to test the hypothesis A. I – II - III - IV – V B. III – I - V – II – IV C. V – IV – III – II – I D. I – III – V – II – IV E. V – II – I – III - IV 5. Ptolemy's model sought to explain retrograde motion by _____. A. adding circles to epicycle orbits B. adding circles to elliptical orbits C. adding epicycles to elliptical orbits D. adding epicycles to circular orbits 6. Due to retrograde motion some planets will rise in the west and set in the east. True or False 7. Which of the following is correctly ordered from largest to smallest in size? A. Moon, neutron star, white dwarf, galaxy B....
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...Abstract Eight planets, fifty-eight moons, thousands of asteroids, and billions of meteoroids and comets and one dwarf planet named Pluto orbit the grand star, the Sun. Around and around they go. These planets and other object came from a huge explosion. The Big Bang Theory, which states that the universe began as a dense and hot point that was less than a fraction of an inch and has continued to evolve into what it is known as of today. The origin of the galaxy seems a mystery. But over time, the pieces of the puzzle are coming together. Scientists believe a supernova or star may have formed the universe. When the Earth first formed, it contained gasses which dissolved into the Earth’s molten planet. When this formation happened from the smaller bodies, these were called planetesimals. But not all planets are the same. The Jovian planets are shrouded by thick atmospheres that are rich in hydrogen and helium. These planets were formed away from the sun. A shooting star is what individuals think of when they see a vapor stream of dust and gas shooting across the sky. The sun helps make this spectacle possible and could be a reason why early astronomers were so curious about the skies. When an individual looks up at the night sky, he or she can get lost in the vast beauty. Who wouldn’t get mesmerized? Introduction Our solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, the dwarf planet Pluto, fifty-eight moons, thousands of asteroids,...
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...Bright night. Stars in the background and love at the seams. Air rolling in the windows at 55 miles per hour, and hunger just a dream that’s passed. The hot sticky road of the day is a memory lodged; the future, experiences to be made. And all melt into a combination, in the bright night, with the stars. “Would you,” She turns to you and adjusts her dress. “Love me more- if we’d met two years ago?” But you don’t answer. You look through the windshield, the wind beating in your ears, the lines of dust on the windshield over your eyes. And you thank G-d you were born in this time. Years later, lives later, you’re living in a house in the country. And every now and then you can almost hear her go by, driving 55. You look at the sky, clouds scattered but moving in a harmonious formation, towards where you’ll never know. You say west, but that’s your heart putting out its best guess. You think back to that brown dress, that smile that had happiness embedded from the start, light another cigarette and wait for the avalanche of stars. Years later, lives later, you’re living in a house in the country. And every now and then you can almost hear her go by, driving 55. You look at the sky, clouds scattered but moving in a harmonious formation, towards where you’ll never know. You say west, but that’s your heart putting out its best guess. You think back to that brown dress, that smile that had happiness embedded from the start, light another cigarette and wait for the avalanche...
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