...Gonorrhea, sometimes called "clap", is a very common Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) in the United States. It is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea. The mucous membranes in the genital region become inflamed without the development of any other symptoms. More than 350,000 cases of gonorrhea are reported to the CDC (Center of Disease Control) in 1998(Yancey). Sexually active teens living in high-density urban areas are at greatest risk at contracting gonorrhea. There are quite a few people who contract this horrible disease. The incidence of gonorrhea has steadily declined since the 180’s, mostly because of public awareness campaigns and the risk of contracting other STD’s. Still, current estimates range from 400,000 to as many as man one million cases of gonorrhea in the United States each year. But of course, these estimates vary due to the private nature of the disease and the consequent underreporting that occurs. The majority of reported cases of gonorrhea come from public health clinics. Gonorrhea is transmitted through contact with an infected vagina, penis, anus, or mouth. It is spread through semen or vaginal fluids during unprotected sexual contact with a partner who has gonorrhea. Touching infected sex organs, like the vagina or penis, and then touching your eyes can also cause an eye infection. The bacteria are carried in infected discharge, semen, and vaginal fluids. However, gonorrhea cannot be passed on inanimate objects such as a toilet seat or towel...
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...Common eye diseases in children can be classified as follows: 1.Disorders of lids and lacrimal drainage apparatus Common diseases include congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, periorbital cellulitis, and orbital cellulitis 1.1 Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is the most common disorder of lids and lacrimal drainage apparatus, occur about 5 % of normal term infants. The anatomy of the lacrimal system consists of two parts; the secretory part which secretes the tears and the excretory part which convey the tears to the ocular surface. (1) Lacrimal secretion part consists of the main lacrimal gland which located in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone at the superotemporal...
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...characterized by cervicitis. Cervicitis is inflammation or infection of the cervix. It can be either symptomless or cause bleeding on contact and purulent discharge of the vagina [ (Ricci, 2013) ]. Chlamydia: Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium known as Chlamydia trachomatis. This bacterium is hard to detect because many women are asymptomatic and do not seek testing. If left untreated it can cause serious and permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system; such as it can make it very difficult or impossible for a woman to become pregnant and can also cause fatal ectopic pregnancies and pre-term labor [ (Chlamydia-CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed), 2014) ]. It can also spread to a woman’s uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, and pelvic pain. If a baby is born to an infected mother, it may contract eye and respiratory infections during childbirth [ (Toro, 2008) ]. Chlamydia is most common among young, sexually active persons aged 14-24. This is nearly three times the prevalence of persons aged 25-39. Chlamydia is 6.2 times more prevalent amongst non-Hispanic black than non-Hispanic whites [ (Chlamydia-CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed), 2014) ]. Anyone who is sexually active can contract Chlamydia. Chlamydia is transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. A person can contract Chlamydia through a male partner, even if ejaculation does not occur. That is why it is always important to wear contraceptive protection during sexual intercourse....
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...Case Study: Ectopic Pregnancy A 28 year old female patient whom is about 8 weeks pregnant was rushed to the ER (Emergency Room) after noticing some vaginal spotting. She also had two abortions in the past 3 years. The patient has been diagnosed and treated for gonorrhea and chlamydia once. She’s been having chills throughout the night but no fever. Some nausea and vomiting was reported. Her weight is at 110 lbs and her BP (Blood Pressure) is 97/54 mmHg. She complained about cloudy urine and pain after urination. She was treated for recurrent UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) and bacterial vaginosis. The RN (Register Nurse) had her to take a urine test, draw blood and orders a CBC (Complete Blood Work) and following up with a pelvic exam. The examination revealed normal external genitalia. The patient was diagnosis for different test to rule out any UTI, GTI (Genital Tract Infection), Ectopic pregnancy, and normal pregnancy. The doctor ordered an ultrasound exam. Her hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) was at 15,900 mUI/mL. The radiologist reported the patient’s ultrasound shows a thickened endometrium and slightly enlarged uterus. The result shows increased vascularity adjacent in the right ovary while the left ovary was normal. The doctor rushed in the room and told the patient that ectopic pregnancy was suspected. After being rushed in the surgery room, they prepare the patient for surgery. During the diagnostic laparoscopy, a corneal pregnancy was noted on the left side. They removed...
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...Sexually transmitted Infections (STI) have a deep impact on quality of life, reproductive health and child health as they are the main cause of infertility especially in women. Gonorrhea is referred as a silent infection because it is often asymptomatic. This places a burden in the community as it increases the risk of transmission (Skala, Secura, & Peipert, 2012). In the “Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infection 2006–2015’’ released by World Health Organization, it is reported that 40% of untreated gonorrhoea can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (2006) in women. Untreated gonorrhoea can spread to the fallopian tubes and uterus leading to tissue damage. As a consequence, it increases the risk of infertility (Skala et al., 2012). In addition, 4000 babies worldwide become blind due to maternal gonococcal transmitted to them as they pass through the birth canal (WHO, 2006). Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomonas infection, HPV and hepatitis B virus are the highest priority infections in Australia. This is due to their high incidences and the major impact they have economically when they are undetected and untreated despite being easily preventable and highly treatable ("Second National Sexually Transmissible Infections Strategy 2010–2013", 2010). Despite numerous efforts and strategies, the population rate of diagnosis of STIs continue to increase in Australia ("Annual Surveillance Report", 2011). The population rate...
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...Chapter 46: Nursing Management: Renal and Urologic Problems Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A 46-year-old female patient returns to the clinic with recurrent dysuria after being treated with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) for 3 days. Which action will the nurse plan to take? |a. |Teach the patient to take the prescribed Bactrim for 3 more days. | |b. |Remind the patient about the need to drink 1000 mL of fluids daily. | |c. |Obtain a midstream urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing. | |d. |Suggest that the patient use acetaminophen (Tylenol) to treat the symptoms. | 1. A patient returns to the clinic with recurrent dysuria after being treated with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) for 3 days. Which action will the nurse plan to take? |a. |Remind the patient about the need to drink 1000 mL of fluids daily. | |b. |Obtain a midstream urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing. | |c. |Teach the patient to take the prescribed Bactrim for at least 3 more days. | |d. |Suggest that the patient use acetaminophen (Tylenol) to treat the symptoms. ...
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...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys...
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...Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers 3rd Edition Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers (3rd edition) A resource with answers to your questions about sexual health education in our schools This resource document was prepared by Alexander McKay, Ph.D, Research Coordinator, and Mary Bissell, Ph.D., Information Services Coordinator, Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (SIECCAN) contEntS IntroductIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 QuEStIonS: 1. Sexual health and Canadian youth: How are we doing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Why do we need sexual health education in the schools?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Do parents want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Do young people want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. What values are taught in school-based sexual health education?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Does providing youth with sexual health education lead to earlier or more frequent sexual activity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Is there...
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...1. Compare and contrast traditional Hmong birthing practices with those in the United States. Because the Hmong culture varies so differently from that of American practices, significant traits can be compared from each way of life. One of these differing practices is childbirth. Typically, Hmong women do not go for regular checkups, let alone see any medical professionals, for the duration of their pregnancy. Once it comes time to deliver the child, the mother gives birth in her own home, by herself, without making a sound as to not “thwart the birth” (Fadiman 1997, 3). No epidurals, medication, housewives, or nurses are utilized and the mother tends to take care of everything on her own. The only assistance the woman receives is a cup of hot water, upon request, from her husband who must avert his eyes. The woman would stand as she delivers, pushing the newborn into her arms. Her husband would then cut the umbilical cord with a pair of heated scissors. Because the spiritual side of life is so important to the Hmong, the placenta would be buried in the family’s hut so that “when the [child dies] his or her soul [can] travel back from place to place, retracing the path of its life geography, until it reaches the burial place of its placental ‘jacket’ and [puts] it on” (Faiman 1997, 5). After birth, women were to eat and drink warm liquids and follow a strict diet of steamed rice and chicken boiled in water with five special herbs (Fadiman 1997, 9). The child’s body would be...
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...Skeletal.eap3am 8/20/02 1:20 PM Page 50 50 The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3....
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form My Courses --> HNC 310 --> CELL PATHOLOGY print contact faculty contact tech | Pathology - Module 2: Module Two - Unit Number: 1 Unit Title: CELL PATHOLOGY Unit Objectives After reading this chapter, viewing the PowerPoint presentation and the accompanying lecture notes, and completing the study activities, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the normal structure and function of the cell. 2. Discuss the adaptive structural and functional changes that occur in cells as a result of changes in homeostasis. 3. Explain the adaptive structural and functional changes associated with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. 4. Identify disease processes or pathologies that may result in cell atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. 5. Cite three sources of cellular accumulations 6. List five causes of cell injury. 7. Identify four mechanisms of cell injury. 8. Discuss cellular aging. 9. Compare the two forms of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis 10....
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...geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chapter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. 3) Concentrate more on clinical and infectious disease issues that are both interesting and vital to the actual practice of medicine. MARK...
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...number of cultivable bacteria, hemolytic activity and selectivity, the purified peptides could be separated in two groups. First group, with warnericin RK as a leader, corresponds to the more hemolytic and bactericidal peptides. The peptides of the second group, represented by the PSM from Staphylococcus epidermidis, appeared bacteriostatic and poorly hemolytic. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 15 December 2010 Received in revised form 19 January 2011 Accepted 19 January 2011 Available online 1 February 2011 Keywords: Legionella pneumophila Staphylococci Hemolytic peptides 1. Introduction Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogenic bacterium responsible for severe pneumonia called Legionnaire’s disease [6,17]. In the environment, L....
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...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
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...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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