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The Origin of Strategy

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The origin of Strategy B.D. Henderson
Over de afgelopen miljoenen jaren heeft zich een complex netwerk van competitieve interactie ontwikkeld. Hoe rijker de omgeving, hoe meer variabelen zich kunnen voordoen die een uniek voordeel kunnen betekenen voor een organisatie. Hierdoor bestaat er meer kans op concurrentie. Hoe rijker die omgeving wordt, hoe meer concurrentie en hoe steviger die concurrentie wordt.
Het voortbestaan van het aantal concurrenten is het bewijs dat hun voordelen ten opzichte van elkaar wederzijds exclusief zijn. Het mag dan op elkaar lijken, maar de voordelen zijn toch verschillend van elkaar. Onderscheidende factoren tussen concurrenten kunnen bijvoorbeeld aankoopprijs, de functie en beschikbaarheid zijn. Het kan ook de waarneming van de klanten over het product en de leverancier zijn. Imago is vaak de enige basis van de vergelijking tussen soortgelijke, maar verschillende alternatieven. Dat is de reden waarom reclame kan waardevol zijn. Omdat organisaties deze factoren op vele manieren met elkaar kunnen combineren, is het mogelijk dat de concurrenten naast elkaar opereren.
In zowel de concurrentie binnen de ecosfeer en de concurrentie binnen handel en commercie, is toeval waarschijnlijk de belangrijkste, alles doordringende factor. Kans is bepalend voor de mutaties en variaties die overleven en groeien van generatie op generatie. Degenen die relatief minder nakomelingen achterlaten worden verdrongen. Diegene die zich het beste aanpassen verdringen de rest. Fysieke en structurele kenmerken evolueren en passen zich aan de concurrentiestrijd. Gedragspatronen veranderen ook en worden ingebed als instinctieve reacties. In feite volgen zakelijke en biologische concurrentie hetzelfde patroon van geleidelijke evolutionaire verandering, behalve op een ding. Zakelijke strategen kunnen gebruik maken van hun fantasie en het vermogen om logisch te redeneren om de effecten van concurrentie en de mate van verandering te versnellen. Met andere woorden, verbeelding en logica maken de strategie mogelijk. Zonder dit zijn gedrag en tactieken ofwel intuïtief of het resultaat van geconditioneerde teruggeslagen.
Strategieontwikkeling is een bewuste zoektocht naar een plan van aanpak waardoor een bedrijf competitief voordeel zal ontwikkelen. Voor elk bedrijf is deze zoektocht een herhalend proces dat begint met een erkenning van waar je bent en wat je nu hebt.
De huidige markt van een organisatie bestaat uit wat, waar en aan wie de organisatie verkoopt. Het voortbestaan van de organisatie is afhankelijk van het behouden van 100% van deze markt. Om te groeien moet de organisatie echter de markt uitbreiden, waarin zij een voordeel heeft ten opzichte van de concurrenten.
Marktaandeel is een betekenisloos getal, tenzij een bedrijf de markt bepaalt in termen van de grenzen tussen het van zijn rivalen. Deze grenzen zijn het punt waar het bedrijf en een bepaalde concurrent gelijkwaardig zijn in de ogen van potentiële klant. De truc ligt in het verplaatsen van de grens naar de markt van de concurrent en tegelijkertijd voorkomen dat de concurrent zijn grens naar jouw markt verplaatst.

De basiselementen van strategische concurrentie zijn:
1. Vermogen om concurrerend gedrag te begrijpen als een systeem waarin concurrenten, klanten, geld, mensen en middelen voortdurend op elkaar inwerken;
2. Mogelijkheid om dit begrip te gebruiken om voorspellingen te doen hoe een bepaalde strategische zet het concurrentie-evenwicht weer in evenwicht zal brengen;
3. Middelen die permanent ingezet kunnen worden voor nieuwe vormen van gebruik, hoewel de voordelen zullen worden uitgesteld;
4. Het vermogen om risico en rendement te voorspellen met voldoende nauwkeurigheid en vertrouwen om die betrokkenheid te rechtvaardigen;
5. De bereidheid om te handelen.
Een organisatie moet zijn eigen middelen optimaal inzetten om te reageren op strategische bewegingen van concurrenten. Dit is de manier om de strategische beweging van de concurrent op zijn kop zetten. Dit is de reden waarom strategische competitie tijd comprimeert. Natuurlijke concurrentie heeft deze kenmerken niet.
Natuurlijke concurrentie werkt door een proces van laag risico en stapsgewijze trial and error. Kleine veranderingen worden geprobeerd en getest. De veranderingen die goed werken worden geleidelijk overgenomen en behouden. Natuurlijke concurrentie is evolutionair, strategische concurrentie is revolutionair.
Er kan sprake zijn van twee fundamentele belemmeringen in het revolutionaire proces van strategie. De eerste is mislukking, welke net zulke vergaande gevolgen kunnen hebben dan de gevolgen van succes. De tweede is het inherente voordeel dat een gewaarschuwde verdediger heeft over de aanvaller. Het succes van een strategie hangt meestal af van de cultuur, percepties, houdingen en karakteristieke gedrag van de concurrenten en op hun wederzijdse kennis van elkaar.
Het bewijs is duidelijk dat het resultaat van de individuele gevechten en campagnes vaak afhankelijk zijn van zeer subjectieve evaluaties van de intenties, capaciteiten en gedrag van de strijders.

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