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The Pain

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a) Fysiologiske spørgsmål * - Anaerob energifrigørelse sker uden tilførsel af ilt. De processer der sker er glykolyse, hvor slutproduktet er mælkesyre og spaltning af kreatinphosphat, hvor slutresultatet er kreatin. Denne proces skal altså danne ATP som kan bruges ude i musklerne, så vi kan bevæge os. Ved spaltning af kreatinphosphat kan vi bruge Pi til at danne ATP: ADP + CP ATP + C. Kreatinen (C) kan bliver herefter sat sammen med et phosphat ion igen og dermed kører cyklussen. Ved glykolyse spaltes glukose til pyrodruesukker. Dette sker i cellens cytoplasma. Glukose + 2P + 2ADP 2 mælkesyre + 2ATP. Det der er sket her er altså at de 2P er gået sammen med ADP og er blevet til 2ATP, som vi kan bruge som energi. Derudover er der 2 mælkesyrer som kan bruges til at blive transporteret ud i muskelfibrene, hvor muskelfibrene optager ca. ¾ dele, som respireres til CO2 eller H2O og ¼ bliver gendannet til glukose i leveren. Normalt vil mælkesyren blive omdannet til laktat ved fraspaltning af hydrogen ion, dette vil efterfølgende sænke pH værdien i musklerne og ved for meget laktat vil det medvirke til at musklerne ikke længere kan producere spænding. Så igen her i glykolysen er der tale om en evig cyklus. Disse former for anaerob energifrigørelse foregår som nævnt uden ilt, hvilket gør denne proces enormt hurtig.
- Aerob energifrigørelse sker med tilførsel af ilt. De processer der sker er respiration af glukose hvor slutproduktet er CO2 og H2O og respiration af fedt hvor slutproduktet er CO2 og H2O. Begge processer sker i mitokondrierne. Glukosen bliver som ved den anaerobe proces omdannet til pyrodruesukker, men ved denne proces er der ilt til stede i cellen og det gør at det igen omdannes til acetylCoA. Fedt nedbrydes også via respiration til acetylCoA. I mitokondrierne tilføres så O2, ADP, P og det omdannes dermed til ATP og affaldsprodukterne H2O og CO2. Nedbrydningen af glukose og fedt sker henholdsvis af glykolyseenzymer og fedtnedbrydende enzymer.
Man kan se i bilag 1 at de aerobe processer tager noget længere tid end de anaerobe, hvilket gør de anaerobe ideelle til hurtig energifrigørelse, som fx 100 m. løb. Hvorimod den aerobe er mere holdbar i længden og holder bedre ved længere varende udøvelse.

* En muskel består nogle muskelbundter som består af nogle muskelfibre. Det er disse muskelfibre vi skal se nærmere på. En muskelfiber består af nogle myofibriller som er de dele af muskelfibrene som kontraherer. Disse myofibriller er holdt sammen af et slags net der sidder uden om. Det hedder sarkoplasmatisk retikulum og sidder rundet og myofibrillerne. Nettet består også af T-rør som sidder mellem det sarkoplasmatiske retikulum. T-rørene er medvirkende til hurtig spredning af aktionspotentiale, det vil sige så vi kan reagere hurtigt. Yderst har vi cellemembranen som kaldes sarkolemma, her befinder de kollagene tråde sig. Kollagene tråde er bruskvæv som er meget trækstærke. I mellem sarkolemma og myofibrillerne befinder der sig mitokondrier og cellekerner. Mitokondrierne producerer energi og cellekernerne sikrer proteinsyntese i hele den lange muskelfiber. Rundt om muskelfiberens sarkolemma løber nogle kapillærer. Kapillærer er meget små blodårer som transportere ilt ud i de mindste dele af musklerne.
Kigger vi nærmere på myofibrillerne vil vi opdage at den består af myosinfilamenter og aktinfilamenter. Kigger vi nærmere på bilag 2, vil vi se hvordan et sarkomer, altså en enhed ser ud. Aktinfilamenter er altså de grønne, som består af en lang række aktinmolekyler og det blå er myosinfilamenter som består af en lang række myosinmolekyler. Z-linjerne viser hvor sarkomeret afgrænser, M-linjen markere midten af sarkomeret, I-båndene er kun aktin, A-båndene er myosindelen og H-zonen er kun myosin.
Når en muskel kontraherer, sker der en proces i myofibrillerne:
1) Myosinhovedet rettes op, da ATP som er bundet til myosinhovedet spaltes til ADP og Pi. Her kan man tale om at der bliver åbnet til aktinen.
2) Herefter bindes myosinhovedet til aktinen og der bliver dermed dannet en tværbro.
3) Tværbroen udløser et ”knæk” fra myosinhovedet og der frigives ADP og Pi.
4) Til sidst ophører tværbrobindingen da et nyt ATP molekyle binder sig til myosinhovedet.
Når vi bevæger og bruger vores muskler, er det altså utallige tværbrocyklus som omdanner energien til bevægelse.
Når vi snakker muskelfibre findes der 3 forskellige typer. Der er type 1 som er den ”langsomme”, da den har et højt indhold af mitokondrier. Den har derfor også en bedre udholdenhed og er rød, da den skal bruge mere ilt igennem hæmoglobin. Så er der en type 2a som er den ”hurtige”. Den har et mellem indhold af mitokondrier og har mindre udholdenhed, derudover er den hvid. Til sidst har vi type 2x som er den ”hurtigste”. Den skal også nogle gange type 2b og har et lille indhold af mitokondrier. Det vil altså sige at denne type muskelfiber har mindst udholdenhed og er hvid som type 2a.

b) * Hvis vi kigger lidt på Lars’ form, kan vi se at han har en hvilepuls på 45 og et kondital på 60. En hvilepuls hos en almindelig dansker (mand) ligger på omkring 60-80 slag pr. minut. Så når Lars’ ligger på 45 slag pr. minut er det et sundhedstegn, da den hos sportsfolk ligger omkring 40-70 slag pr. minut. Så det må siges at være rigtigt positivt. Konditallet hos Lars ser også fint ud, det ligger som nævnt på 60. Gennemsnits konditallet hos en almindelig dansker (mand) på 10-19 år ligger på 47-57. Så Lars er altså lige over gennemsnittet. Kigger man på en elitesportsudøver ligger han dog i den lave ende af skalaen. Så hvis en af disse to tal skulle forbedres, må det siges at være konditallet som kunne forbedres en smule. Min vurdering er at Lars er i god form, men måske ikke i den rigtige form i forhold til han nye sportsgren basketball som kræver en anden form for udholdenhed end langdistance løb. Man kan sige at hans langdistance løb har trænet hans muskelfibre op til at være type 2, hvor det i basketball måske ville være mere anvendeligt med type 1. Men muskelfibrene vil omdanne sig efterhånden som træningen ændres til basket træning.

* Lars har problemer med hurtigheden når han skal løbe fra modstanderne, han har problemer med udholdenheden i kampe med højt tempo og han har problemer springkraften i hans rebound på trods af han 197 cm højde.

-Normalt har Lars ikke problemer med udholdenheden i langdistance løb, men under omstillingsspillet på basketball banen kan udholdenheden drille. Her skal Lars hele tiden stoppe op og accelerer igen. Derfor vil jeg som træner foreslå han at træne den anaerobe kapacitet. Det vil give ham mulighed for at accelerere flere gange i træk uden at han går død. Det er i sportsgrene som basketball at den anaerobe kapacitet er vigtig, da der under en kamp ophobes laktat pga. det anaerobe arbejde.

-Højden burde give Lars en fordel i reboundsituationerne. Dette er dog ikke tilfældet, da han har problemer med springkraften. Som træner vil jeg foreslå Lars at træne sin springkraft ved at træne sin spændstighed. Dette kan der både arbejdes med under træning og under individuelle ture i motionscentret.

- Hurtigheden som er nævnt i casen et problem for Lars. Han har svært ved at løbe fra modstanderne og mangler derfor hurtighed. Derfor vil jeg som hans træner foreslå ham at træne hans anaerobe effekt. Det vil kunne hjælpe ham til at blive hurtigere, hvis han kan sætte evnen til at sætte sin energiomsætning i gang lynhurtigt op og tømme sine ATP- og CP lagre, samtidig med at der dannes laktat.

* Jeg har i denne del af opgaven valgt ikke at lave et direkte træningsprogram. Ud fra casen formoder jeg at det er en udøver på amatør niveau og derfor vil det være rimelig normalt med 2 basketball træninger i ugen + kamp i weekenden. Derfor har jeg ikke lavet et ugentligt skema, men bare fokuseret på de fokusområder Lars skal træne.
Her kommer forslag til træning af de 3 fokusområder.

Anaerob Kapacitet
Når man skal træne den anaerobe kapacitet, skal man lave en træning kaldet syretræning. Det kan gøres på mange forskellige måder. Det vigtige er her at arbejde med syre i benene og holde forholdsvis lange pauser. Lars kunne én af dagene i sin uge sætte fokus på dette. Nogle konkrete eksempler på denne form for træning kunne være et eksempel fra atletikken. (i alle tilfælde vil en smule opvarmning i form af lunten og udstrækning være en god idé, da der kan forekomme skader hvis man er ikke er opvarmet)
- 10 x 200m med 60-90 sek. pause
- 6 x 300m med 90-120 sek. pause

Anaerob Effekt
Snakker vi anaerob effekt, så snakker man om hurtighedstræning. Her handler det om at træne den maksimale anaerobe energiomsætning. Derfor skal man ikke arbejde i mere end 5-6 sekunder, hvorefter man skal holde pause i 2-4 minutter. Pauserne skal være lange for at undgå ophobning af laktat. Dette kunne trænes én af de andre dage Lars ikke træner basketball. Nogle konkrete eksempler på måder at træne dette på kan også komme fra atletikken. (i alle tilfælde vil en smule opvarmning i form af lunten og udstrækning være en god idé, da der kan forekomme skader hvis man er ikke er opvarmet)
- 5 x Stigningsløb over 50m. hvor man de sidste 20m. er sprint med ca. 4 min. pause
- 5 x Sprint fra stillestående position over 30m. med ca. 4 min. pause.
- 5 x Sprint over 40m. med ca. 4 min. pause (øvelsen kan laves op ad bakke, her skal man naturligvis justere på meterne, så man ikke kommer over de 5-6 sekunder.

Spændstighedstræning
Spændstighedstræningen kan give Lars det han mangler når han skal rebounde. Det kan kombineres med den træning de laver til basket, men også i hans individuelle træning der hjemme. En simpel øvelse som spring fra plint, ville kunne øge Lars’ spændstighed og dermed også hans springkraft. Et konkret eksempel kunne være:
- 5 x 10 sæt med pauser på ca. 4 min mellem sættene.
Øvelsen ville kunne laves der hjemme, derfor kræver den ikke voldsom tid. Jeg ville foreslå at Lars lavede øvelsen 2-3 gange om ugen. Dette kunne også kombineres med motionscenter, hvor man kunne lave nogle øvelser som squat og benpres.

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