...of a party and are subject to a system of party discipline. * Most MPs are categorized as backbenchers, while a minority are front benchers. Powers Legally and Politically the House of Commons is the dominant chamber of parliament. * The House of Commons has supreme legislative power. In theory it can make, unmake and amend any law it wishes, with the laws only being able to delay these laws. The legal sovereignty of parliament id thus exercised in practise by the commons. * The House of Commons can remove the government of the day. A government that is defeated in the Commons on a major issue or a matter of confidence is obliged to resign or call a general election. House of Lords Composition The House of Lords has a complex and controversial composition. There are three distinct bases for membership of the House, meaning there are four kinds of peers. It is controversial because these peers are unelected. The House of Lords consists of the following: * Life peers. Life peers are peers who are entitled to sit in the Lords for their own lifetime. They are appointed under the Life Peerages act 1958.The are appointed by the Prime Minister, with recommendations from opposing leaders. Life peers now dominate the work of the Lords. The account for the majority of peers. * Hereditary peers. These are peers who hold inherited titles which also carry the right to sit in the House of Lords. They are...
Words: 490 - Pages: 2
...Peer Competitors Come Second To Terrorism There are many carefully calculated decisions that dictate whether or not a state will gain or lose power. Diplomacy, policy, economic capabilities, and nationalism are some of the many tools we use to measure when states gain or lose power. One major element seen when talking about the possibility of China and Russia being peer competitors towards the United States in the international realm is in fact competition or rivalry. When nations see competition, they start acting and responding differently internationally and nationally in an attempt to combat this competition. Additionally, the choices a state makes when looking at state competition can lead to issues that can easily threaten the organization of power within the international realm. Russia is a prime example of a state that is attempting to challenge the United States’ quest for power. The actions Russia (or the U.S.) takes or does not take will be the direct result to something more serious such as embargos, alliances, a plethora of international policies and/or full scale war. Russia’s bold international moves to support the annexation of Crimea and blatant violation of arms treaty against the U.S. are signs of Russia challenging not only the United States’ power but the global balance of power as it is understood in today’s modern world. Blatantly lashing out and cheating treaties aren’t the only ways a nation can come to be a potential threat to the United States’ security...
Words: 3791 - Pages: 16
...| |2014 | | | | | | | | | | St Vincent and the Grenadines Community College- Division of Teacher Education Course Code: JBTE/EDSF 101 Course work: Assignment #1: Male/ Female Socialization Name: Patrius Kerr, Keneel Marshall, Zilpah Joyette, Chrisla Phillips, Varina James, Jozel Morgan Lecturer: Frances Williams Date: 19th October, 2014 MALE AND FEMALE SOCIALIZATION | | | | INTRODUCTION In society, they expect different attitudes and behaviors from males and females. Socialization is the process whereby individuals learn about the culture of their society (Mustapha, Nasser, 2009); this process occurs from the moment individuals are born and continues throughout adult life. Sex refers to the biological characteristics with which we are born. Gender identity, usually learned in early childhood, refers to one’s perception of him or her as either masculine or feminine. Gender socialization is...
Words: 2721 - Pages: 11
...While the word ‘Lord’ is generally related to power, the term power is contrary to the reality of the Upper Chamber. In spite of the considerable number of reforms which have been applied by the Government to make it representative, the question of whether to get rid of the House of Lords or not, has been a controversial issue for more than a century. Nevertheless, it is irrefutable that the Lower House has more power due to its legitimacy obtained from citizens voting for its members (MPs). Despite, the House of Lords has increased its influence and it continues to do so. The present clamour for a constitutional reform in the political field demands a close examination of the role and work of the House of Lords. This essay will analyse the advantages and drawbacks of the House of Lords. Firstly, the function of the Upper Chamber will be taken into account and analysed, followed by an evaluation of its unsuccessful reforms. The goal of this essay is to find an answer to the question whether the House of Lords should be reformed or not. As an essential part of the Westminster model, the House of Lords complements the work of the House of Commons, analysing laws from the Commons, scrutinising the decisions taken by the government and bringing a breadth of knowledge and experience to solve matters of public interest. The House of Lords plays a major role in legislation even with the limitations of the Parliament Act (it can only delay non-money Bills for one year) and...
Words: 1228 - Pages: 5
...How much position and personnel power do leaders need to be effective? Power has been the subject of much research. The purpose of this essay is to establish how much power leaders need to be effective. Although effective leaders rely more on personal power than on position power, some position is important in order to get the job done. The amount and type of power required depends on the situation, whether the influence is upward, downward or lateral, whether goal congruence exists, the size and make-up of the group as well as the targeted outcome (compliance or commitment). Too much position power should be avoided as it can lead to abuse of the power and hence negative outcomes, yet too little position power will limit a leader from being effective. Also research has found complex interrelations between power bases. Effective leaders need a moderate amount of position power to make decisions, implement changes and punish ongoing belligerent behaviour and they need fairly high level personal power to create relationships, trust and respect and persuade target persons of the benefits of undertaking a task or project and therefore obtain commitment rather than simple compliance. While effective leaders have great skills in influencing target persons, they must also be receptive to influence from others. Leadership is about influencing people to achieve the objectives and goals of the organisation, tasks or projects. Effective leaders influence subordinates to carry out their...
Words: 2703 - Pages: 11
...This paper is about performing searches for peer-reviewed scholarly research articles using online data bases. Two articles are identified; one as a qualitative study and the other as a quantitative study. The first, "Nursing care of prisoners: staff views and experiences" (Powel, Harris, Condon, and Kemple, 2010) is a qualitative research study. This was recognized as a qualitative research study because it was based on feelings and views; not objective findings. Burns and Grove (2011) defines a qualitative research study as "a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and situations and give them meaning" (p. 20). The second article, "Assessing Behavior and Social Competence of Severely Emotionally Disturbed Youth Admitted to Psychiatric Residential Treatment" (Groot, 2009) is a quantitative study. According to Burns & Grove, (2011) "Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world” (p. 20) and it is evident this article was quantitative because the findings employed numerical data. Three data bases were utilized; EBSCO Host, Proquest, and Gale Power Search. All three data bases were accessed through the University of Phoenix library website. When utilizing the EBSCO Host key words of "correctional nursing" were used. To narrow the search the following criteria were selected: Boolean, full text, scholarly (peer reviewed), and only dates between January 2005...
Words: 735 - Pages: 3
...Composition, Role and Powers of the House of Commons: * It is an elected chamber, hence enjoys democratic legitimacy. * Composed of 650 MPs, whereby each has been elected to represent a constituency. * It therefore has supremacy and the commons may thus pass any bill that they wish and the Lords may only delay it becoming law. * Executive can therefore only govern if it retains the confidence of the House of Commons. * It the executive loses the vote of confidence, it has no option but to resign and hence provoking a general elections. * Given that there are two Houses of Parliament, the system is called Bicameral. Composition, Role and Powers of the House of Lords: * It compromises of four types of Lords. * The vast majority is Life Peers, where they have been appointed to the House of Lords by the Prime Minister on his own recommendations and that of other party leaders. * While a smaller number of People’ Peers have been appointed by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. * There are 92 Hereditary Peers. * There is Lords Spiritual, the 26 Bishops of the Church of England. * However they are not elected and therefore does not enjoy democratic legitimacy the powers of the Lords are inferior to those of House of Commons. * This means all they can do to proposed legislation that they disapprove of its delay it for one year. * But they cannot do this to the budget. * According to the Salisbury Convention, they...
Words: 3407 - Pages: 14
...Research Spotlight on Peer Tutoring NEA Reviews of the Research on Best Practices in Education Found In: teaching strategies 145 Peer tutoring is a term that’s been used to describe a wide array of tutoring arrangements, but most of the research on its success refers to students working in pairs to help one another learn material or practice an academic task. Peer tutoring works best when students of different ability levels work together (Kunsch, Jitendra, & Sood, 2007). During a peer tutoring assignment it is common for the teacher to have students switch roles partway through so that the tutor becomes the one being tutored. Since explaining a concept to another helps extend one’s own learning, this practice gives students the opportunity to understand better the material being studied. What does the research say about peer tutoring? In reviews of peer tutoring programs, researchers found: * When students participated in the role of reading tutor, improvements in reading achievement occurred * When tutors were explicitly trained in the tutoring process, they were far more effective and the students they were tutoring experienced significant gains in achievement * Most of the students benefited from peer tutoring in some way, but same-age tutors were as effective as cross-age tutors (Burnish, Fuchs & Fuchs, 2005; Topping, 2008) Some benefits of peer tutoring for students include higher academic achievement, improved relationships with peers, improved personal and...
Words: 6206 - Pages: 25
...the Roman citizens, but his commitment to his fellow peers. Although, some of his peers did not view his actions as beneficial, but more so as a negative impact towards society. One in particular, Cassius, who, by the power of persuasion, manipulated Brutus into his proclaimed conspiracy of killing Julius Caesar, along with several others. This act could not have been accomplished if it weren't for the capability of forging and perjury. These factors are also linked variables towards persuasion. Realistically, the “power” of Cassius, was subsequently altered into pure evil. This is proven throughout various scenarios that lead to the battle between Antony, a loyal acquaintance of Caesar, and Octavius, an appointed successor and the adopted son of Cassius, against Cassius and his men. Within the text Antony is able to recite Julius' will at his funeral, stating that a specific sum of his money be constituted to each of the fellow citizens of Rome, could this outcome come from a man that was assumed “ambitiously dangerous” to the community? No, however, this outcome is another form of power within the republic. In correlation with the specificity of word choice, Antony grieved the death of his friend, and eventually such grievance transmitted into vengeance. Has it been supported that fighting fire with fire never concludes to a positive impact? Because Caesar's death was revenged by the battle, that was held by his peers, Brutus came to the suicidal conclusion, and Cassius was...
Words: 640 - Pages: 3
...reformed the House of Lords, the Human Rights Act of 1998 was an important area of constitutional reform, as well as the Freedom of Information Act of 2000 and the devolution of powers. The electoral system used in the UK has also been subject to discussion over reform however all constitutional reform can be said to have not gone far enough. The House of Lords Act of 1999 removed all but 92 hereditary peers from the House of Lords. This meant that the House of Lords could be seen as more legitimate as both unelected and not appointed peers would be seen as undemocratic and illegitimate. The removal of hereditary peers means that the House of Lords are more confident in their role in scrutinising and blocking legislation as they feel more legitimate. An example of the House of Lords exerting this role is the blocking of NHS reform which led to the government rethinking and amending plans, as well as the Hunting Act 2004. However reform of the House of Lords could be said to have not gone far enough, 92 hereditary peers still remain in the House of Lords, and the Liberal Democrats call for a wholly elected upper chamber, to make Parliament fully accountable. The House of Lords are also limited in the fact that they can only delay legislation for up to a year and therefore not able to check executive power as much as they should be able to. The Human Rights Act 1998 is another example of constitutional reform. The Human Rights Act adopted the European Convention of Human Rights...
Words: 991 - Pages: 4
...other assets directly from each other, co-ordinated via the internet. You might think this is no different from running a bed-and-breakfast, owning a timeshare or participating in a car pool. But technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever—and therefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be disaggregated and consumed as services. Before the internet, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking space from someone else was feasible, but was usually more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb, RelayRides and SnapGoods match up owners and renters; smartphones with GPS let people see where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on people and build trust; and online payment systems handle the billing. What’s mine is yours, for a fee Just as peer-to-peer businesses like eBay allow anyone to become a retailer, sharing sites let individuals act as an ad hoc taxi service, car-hire firm or boutique hotel as and when it suits them. Just go online or download an app. The...
Words: 1107 - Pages: 5
...Powers of House of Commons and the House of Lords The House of Commons has, theoretically, a massive amount of formal power. It has a sovereign legislature, and can make, amend or un-make any law it wishes, and can be only delayed by the House of Lords. Can remove the government of the day in a vote of confidence. E.g. 1979 vote of no confidence in James Callaghan's Labour government. However, in reality it has only a limited influence over legislation due to executive domination of the House of Commons: the Westminster voting system offers the government majority control over the Commons and the party discipline system allows ministers to control backbenchers. Formal mechanisms to ensure accountability like Question Time and select committees are often relatively weak. But, declining levels of party unity have led to more independent, educated and assertive backbenchers, who are able to exert a greater influence. E.g. Conservative backbench rebellion 2011 on having an EU membership referendum, where a massive 81 conservative MPs voted for having it. However, counterbalancing this is a growing trend for landslide majorites, which allows governments to resist pressure from backbenchers and opposition. The formal powers of the House of Lords are, in contrast, quite unimpressive. Lords can only delay legislation from the Commons for a year maximum. Cannot delay money-related bills. Cannot remove the government of the day and can only veto a very limited range of matters...
Words: 441 - Pages: 2
...Bases of Power There are five bases of power in the given organization. The first base of power is reward power. Reward power is defined as being the opposite of coercive power and that “people comply with the wishes or directives of another because doing so produces positive benefits” (Robbins & Judge, 2007, pg. 471.) Employee 1 in the scenario wants to receive the bonus that he/she will be granted upon the successful completion of his/her annual evaluation. To ensure his/her tasks are finished and that they are correct, Employee 1 oftentimes works over his/her scheduled 40 hour work week by working late and on weekends at the encouragement of the marketing manager. The marketing manager often reminds the Employee 1 and his/her peers of the yearly bonus. The employee complying with the wishes of the marketing manager for he/she to work late so he/she will receive a good performance evaluation, thus resulting in the receipt of the desired bonus is an example of Employee 1 being affected by reward power. The marketing manager uses the second base of power, which is legitimate power. Legitimate power is defined as “the formal authority to control and use organizational resources” (Robbins & Judge, 2007, pg. 472.) The marketing manager being the person responsible for the evaluation of the employees, thus affecting whether or not Employee 1 receives the bonus he/she really wants is a demonstration of this power. The distribution of a bonus to an employee is an example of...
Words: 1000 - Pages: 4
...IT1115 Exercise 4 Virtual and Cloud Computing 1. There’s a huge difference between client/server and peer-to-peer networks. For instance, a peer-to-peer network has no central server. Each workstation on the network shares its files equally with the others. There’s no central storage or authentication of users. Conversely, there are separate dedicated servers and clients in a client/server network. Through client workstations, users can access most files, which are generally stored on the server. The server will determine which users can access the files on the network. Peer-to-peer networks should be installed in homes or in very small businesses where employees interact regularly. They are inexpensive to set up (comparatively speaking); however, they offer almost no security. On the other hand, client/server networks can become as big as you need them to be. Some support millions of users and offer elaborate security measures. As you can imagine, client/server networks can become very expensive. 2. The main advantages of using virtual machines are Multiple OS environments can exist simultaneously on the same machine, isolated from each other; Virtual machine can offer an instruction set architecture that differs from real computer’s; Easy maintenance, application provisioning, availability and convenient recovery. The disadvantages of using virtual machines are When multiple virtual machines are simultaneously running on a host computer, each virtual machine may introduce...
Words: 609 - Pages: 3
... When an event in our lives makes us question everything, we go straight to denial or we try to cling to our innocence. My story starts in 2009. That is when I started to believe in something ‘bigger’ than myself. The setting for this experience is on the coast in Oregon. I was with some of my peers from the group home, where we all resided. It was a beautiful day and we wanted to go swimming. We plunged into the ocean and had fun. Most of us got out after a short while, however, one of my peers and I decided to stay in and have more fun. I was 16 years of age at the time. My peer and I were having so much fun that we did not notice that we were being carried out to sea. I realized this fact when I got tired and tried to touch the bottom. I panicked I could not feel the sand. I was scared and started screaming. My peer looked over at me to see what was wrong and witnessed my sheer panic in the situation. We were both a long way from land. Since I have asthma, the panic sent me into a full-fledged attack which did not help in this situation. My peer made her way over to me and did her best to help because we both knew that I was going to drown. I could hear the rest of our peers telling us to come back, but we could not manage it. We kept being pulled by the force of the current. I think it was then that I realized that we were gone. I could not see land. I heard horns being sounded saying that the coast guard was on its’ way. I kept on thinking that they...
Words: 1182 - Pages: 5
