...‘The problems faced by BA at Terminal 5 could have been avoided if the management had applied their knowledge of Scientific Management’ Scientific management is a theory that was developed in the beginning of the 20th century as engineers looked for ways of developing a systematic approach to management. The most basic principles of the theory state that ‘there should be a scientific design to every task this known as being ‘the one best way’ approach, a scientific selection and training of workers and co-operation between management and workers to ensure that the work is done according to the science’ (Lewis n.d.). This essay will discuss scientific management and how it could have helped BA avoid the catastrophe of Terminal 5, a £4.6 billion ‘megaproject’ (Flyvberg & Priemas, 2008). Once the role scientific management could have played has been identified the piece will then move on to focus on the Human Relations theory and finally the Contingency approach. British Airways management broke the principles at the very core of the scientific management theory throughout the planning and indeed on the day the project was due for launch. Some staff told news reporters that the problems had been known of for some time but the management chose to ignore them and proceed with the opening of the terminal without giving real attention to the issues. Scientific management is a widely studied and renowned principle in management and any top manager especially one working on a complex...
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...TOK Essay "When the only tool you have is a hammer, all problems begin to resemble nails.” (Abraham Maslow) How might this apply to ways of knowing, as tools, in the pursuit of knowledge? Have you ever wondered why and how your logic becomes restricted once confronting a problem? Abraham Maslow once stated “I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail”, which I believe could be understood as a statement questioning the method diverse human beings follow to execute any of their tasks. In this essay, integrating the functions of human intuition, language vs. sense perception and reasoning in contrast with mathematics, ethics and emotions, will help providing an answer for “To what extent should we trust our fundamental skills into resolving all types of complications”. Further more, by staying in correlation with Maslow’s statement, we should come to conclusion that a human being isn’t always conscious of his actions and that it takes high self-control and creativity when in need of solving a problem. As far as I can see, encountering a problem that necessitates an approval and a final decision to be made usually requires the usage of intuition. In other words, the process in the making of a decision cannot start before a problem has actually been set. The type of problem worth being investigated, must have first been lead by an intuition, which subsequently triggers the last decision;...
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...Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians: A Worktext Showall your calculations in a Microsoft® Word document Completethe following conversions: 1. Test Your Knowledge (metric system), p. 41: Problems 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 &14 2. Test Your Knowledge (apothecary system), p. 42: Problems 21, 29, 34, 37 & 40 3. Test Your Knowledge (household system), p. 42: Problems 42, 44, 49, 52, 54 & 56 Postyour work and answers to all three sets of problems along with a signed copy of the Certificate of Originality as an attachment under the Assignment link. HCP 220 Week 4 Assignment- Measurements Using Metric, Apothecary, and Household Systems https://hwguiders.com/downloads/hcp-220-week-4-assignment-measurements-using-metric-apothecary-household-systems/ HCP 220 Week 4 Assignment- Measurements Using Metric, Apothecary, and Household Systems Resource: Ch. 5 of Pharmaceutical Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians: A Worktext Showall your calculations in a Microsoft® Word document Completethe following conversions: 1. Test Your Knowledge (metric system), p. 41: Problems 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 &14 2. Test Your Knowledge (apothecary system), p. 42: Problems 21, 29, 34, 37 & 40 3. Test Your Knowledge (household system), p. 42: Problems 42, 44, 49, 52, 54 & 56 Postyour work and answers to all three sets of problems along with a signed copy of the Certificate of Originality as an attachment under the Assignment link. HCP 220 Week 4 Assignment- Measurements Using Metric...
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...The Concept of Knowledge Communication and Its Relevance to Management USI Research Note July 2006, Version 2.2 Martin J. Eppler, School of Communication Sciences, University of Lugano (USI), Switzerland, Martin.Eppler@lu.unisi.ch, www.knowledge-communication.org Abstract: In this research note we illustrate the relevance of the notion of knowledge communication for management. We outline where and how the communication of expertise from specialists to decision makers is crucial. We introduce key elements of the concept of knowledge communication and review influential theoretical constructs that explain why knowledge communication among experts and decision makers frequently fails. 1. INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT Communicating professional knowledge is a key activity for today’s specialized workforce. The efficient and effective transfer of experiences, insights, and know-how among different experts and decision makers is a prerequisite for high-quality decision making and coordinated, organizational action (Straub & Karahanna, 1998; Rosenthal & ‘t Hart, 1991). Situations of such deliberate (interfunctional) knowledge transfer through interpersonal communication or group conversations (Gratton & Goshal, 2002, Tsoukas 1996) can be found in many business constellations, as the following typical examples illustrate: Technology experts present their evaluation of a new technology to management in order to jointly devise a new production...
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...Past History Explicitly as Knowledge: Case-Based Reasoning Systems Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e -- © 2004 Prentice Hall Additional material © 2008 Dekai Wu Chapter Objectives • Introduce the student to the concept of using explicit historical occurrences to solve current problems. Explained in the context of rule-based systems that also use past experience to solve current problems • Introduce case-based reasoning. • Introduce how case-based systems can learn from their own experience Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e -- © 2004 Prentice Hall / Additional material © 2008 Dekai Wu Weaknesses of rule-based systems • Weaknesses of rule-based systems that inspired the rise of case-based reasoning: Experts may not be able to externalize their experience into clean bits of knowledge that can be encoded into rules Their knowledge is an accumulation and a combination of years of being exposed to many instances of similar problems (and their subsequent solutions) Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e -- © 2004 Prentice Hall / Additional material © 2008 Dekai Wu Weaknesses of rule-based systems • To manage the knowledge of experts, we must: Elicit it from the expert Represent or formalize it in a form suitable for computing Validate and verify the knowledge • All these contain pitfalls for the rule-based systems approach Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e -- © 2004...
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...an Expert System the knowledge base is in the center of it all. Understanding the process which is done through identifying, conceptualizing, formalizing, implementing, and testing followed by reiterating the stages thereby insuring knowledge acquisitioned is in its totality. There are many knowledge elicitation techniques and their success is in choosing the right method(s) used for the knowledge being acquired. The five general stages of knowledge acquisition will be discussed, as will a few knowledge elicitation methods. It is not the intent of this paper in giving a complete listing and discourse of elicitation methods, rather an introduction of knowledge acquisition design steps and methods of elicitation. Knowledge Acquisition is extracting the knowledge from any source and Knowledge Elicitation deals with attaining that knowledge specifically from people (Burge, 1998). There five general stages in knowledge acquisition giving knowledge engineers (KE) certain activities preparing the knowledge /deliverables from that stage to be used as input in the next (Marakas, p246). Hayes-Roth (1983) as referenced by Marakas (2003) and by De Kock (2003) views knowledge acquisition as consisting of five stages, having the output from one stage becoming the input for the next consecutive stage. The five stage model is a reiterative process of constant improvement and fine tuning to ensure the systems correctness and make certain the entirety of the knowledge domain is captured. (Marakas...
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...The Concept of Knowledge Communication and Its Relevance to Management USI Research Note July 2006, Version 2.2 Martin J. Eppler, School of Communication Sciences, University of Lugano (USI), Switzerland, Martin.Eppler@lu.unisi.ch, www.knowledge-communication.org Abstract: In this research note we illustrate the relevance of the notion of knowledge communication for management. We outline where and how the communication of expertise from specialists to decision makers is crucial. We introduce key elements of the concept of knowledge communication and review influential theoretical constructs that explain why knowledge communication among experts and decision makers frequently fails. 1. INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT Communicating professional knowledge is a key activity for today’s specialized workforce. The efficient and effective transfer of experiences, insights, and know-how among different experts and decision makers is a prerequisite for high-quality decision making and coordinated, organizational action (Straub & Karahanna, 1998; Rosenthal & ‘t Hart, 1991). Situations of such deliberate (interfunctional) knowledge transfer through interpersonal communication or group conversations (Gratton & Goshal, 2002, Tsoukas 1996) can be found in many business constellations, as the following typical examples illustrate: Technology experts present their evaluation of a new technology to management in order to jointly devise a new production...
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...Retaining Organizational Knowledge: Lessons from the Leading Edge David W. De Long and Thomas Davenport n 1998, after significantly downsizing for ten years, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) realized that the median age of its 13,000 remaining employees was 48. Because most of its workers retired well before age 60, this meant that over the next ten years the TVA, the largest electrical utility in the United States, was bound to lose many of those it depended on to run its nuclear, coal-fired, and hydroelectric power plants efficiently and safely. Those employees, and the knowledge they embodied, would be hard to replace. Changing workforce demographics, marked by an aging labor force, more competitive recruiting, and faster turnover among younger employees, are creating unprecedented knowledge-retention problems in many industries, threatening to reduce the capacity for innovation, growth, and operational efficiency. A recent study of 26 firms conducted by the Accenture Institute for Strategic Change documented the danger lost knowledge poses for organizational performance in the global chemical industry.1 But, of course, operational and institutional amnesia imperil more than just the chemical industry. This article outlines a set of “better practices” that organizations currently are implementing to address these concerns. The practices shared here are not claimed to be “best in class,” because the challenges of knowledge retention are so new...
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...number of chains and relations between information producers and information buyers. However, some chains and relations of the market are the core part for the market to function well. The essay will also discuss the “Chains of transacting and accountability” and “Networks of assurance”. However, in the process of information producing, there will be some difficulty in learning and knowledge creation. In part II, the essay will firstly introduce the ideal process of learning and knowledge production and secondly discuss the reason for the ineffectiveness of learning and knowledge creation processes. Based on the possible reasons of ineffectiveness, it will also give some suggestions on how to avoid the difficulties in the future. This essay is mainly based on John Holland’s two papers; therefore, in the end, the report will discuss some limitations of these two papers. I. Information production and assurance roles of participants in the ‘market for information’ What is the market for information and why does this market exist? Information markets are usually a place where individual knowledge is organized and aggregated into a single collective judgment. It is concerned that the information market is a totally new concept, however, its central idea is commonly used in our daily life as well as in many legal systems, that is: the collective judgment gathered from many different people are sometimes wiser than the conclusion of a single individual. For example, the jury...
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...GAINING KNOWLEDGE, EACH AREA OF KNOWLEDGE USES A NETWORK OF WAYS OF KNOWING KQ What does it mean to know? THESIS The two areas of knowledge are history and art and the ways that will be connected to them are memory, emotion, reason, imagination and faith. ROAD MAP I’ll approach my topic with connecting reality to ways of knowing and areas of knowledge using real life situations. CLAIM The only two ways in which humankind can produce knowledge is through passive observation or active experiment. Active learning is where the learner queries the world in the search of knowledge. Passive learning is where the learner has no control over the knowledge that presents itself. EXPLANATION Taking other knowledge is as data, by logical operation knowledge can be inferred for example. Testimony which is knowledge based on the acceptance of testimony involves accepting what others say . “There are only two ways in which humankind can produce knowledge: through passive observation or through active experiment." I agree with this quote because gaining knowledge from others and learning from them is passive observation while active experiment is actually experiencing something in order to gain knowledge in the situation. COUNTERCLAIM We don’t just produce knowledge we also discover it, like dinosaurs we didn’t produce them we discovered them. EXPLAINATION Creation is more discovery or giving meaning at least with respect to knowledge. It not like we produced knowledge of moon...
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...Rule-based Expert Systems Artificial Intelligence Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Cheng Shiu University Outline * Problem solving * Knowledge based problem solving * Expert Systems * Expert System Development team * Structures of Rule-based ES * Reasoning * Examples of Rule-based ES * Advantages/Disadvantages of Rule-based ES Problem Solving Procedures * Defining and Representing the Problem * Descriptions of Problem Solving * Selecting Some Suitable Solving Methods * Finding Several Possible Solutions * Choosing One Feasible Solution to Make a Decision Defining and Representing the Problem * State space: The combination of the initial state and the set of operators make up the state space of the problem. * Initiate state: The original state of the problem. * Operators: used to modify the current state, thereby creating a new state. * Path: The sequence of states produced by the valid application of operators from an old state to a new state is called the path. * Goal state: A state fit to the searching objective is called the goal state. Knowledge representation * Represent and manipulate the domain knowledge * Knowledge Definition * Knowledge Storing * Knowledge Representation Knowledge Definition * “The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association.” (Webster’s Dictionary, 1988)(Knowing something via seeing...
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...IAI : Expert Systems © John A. Bullinaria, 2005 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is an Expert System? The Architecture of Expert Systems Knowledge Acquisition Representing the Knowledge The Inference Engine The Rete-Algorithm The User Interface What is an Expert System? Jackson (1999) provides us with the following definition: An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solving problems or giving advice. To solve expert-level problems, expert systems will need efficient access to a substantial domain knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will also need to be able to explain, to the users who rely on them, how they have reached their decisions. They will generally build upon the ideas of knowledge representation, production rules, search, and so on, that we have already covered. Often we use an expert system shell which is an existing knowledge independent framework into which domain knowledge can be inserted to produce a working expert system. We can thus avoid having to program each new system from scratch. w9-2 Typical Tasks for Expert Systems There are no fundamental limits on what problem domains an expert system can be built to deal with. Some typical existing expert system tasks include: 1. The interpretation of data Such as sonar data or geophysical measurements 2. Diagnosis of malfunctions Such as equipment faults...
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...which captures the knowledge of a human expert on a given problem, and uses this knowledge to solve problems in a fashion similar to the expert. The system can assist the expert during problem-solving, or act in the place of the expert in those situations where the expertise is lacking. Expert systems have been developed in such diverse areas as science, engineering, business, and medicine. In these areas, they have increased the quality, efficiency, and competitive leverage of the organizations employing the technology. Introduction : Expert system technology has captured the interest of professionals in a number of fields in recent years. Systems have been developed in such diverse areas as science, engineering, business, and medicine. Almost every professional and computer society currently has a special interest group for expert systems technology. This widespread interest can be attributed to the ability of the expert system to aid various organizations in solving practical, real-world problems. Expert system is an off spring of artificial intelligence. Al is the study of developing computer Programs which exhibit human-like intelligence. Early Al researchers focused on such problems as game theory, robotic control, and vision systems. these studies showed that reasoning alone is not a sufficient measurement of intelligent behavior, but rather, one had to have a rich set of knowledge with which to reason. It was also determined that the problem needed to be well-focused...
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...Perspective: A solution for Managing Information Overload In my opinion, organizations are likely to find better solutions thru informational overload using technical and social systems. Information overload has an ability to cause negative effects on an organizations performance. Within, technical and social systems there are a collection of complex components that solve problems within that system. Knowledge management uses the combination and utilization of technology at every phase that is available within the organization. Social and technical framework for management of knowledge is an appropriate method than an organization can use to handle problems due to information overload. In using both a social and technical approach within an organization allows an individual to gain the most insight within their performance. The relationship between people and technology does not matter in the process of solving different performance problems within an organization. The technical system is a tool used to identify problems within the organization that affect its performance. It supports the investment of knowledge management throughout the organization and its people. In doing so, this move enhances the technology and people within the organization to be used as interface models, and IT blueprints to ensure technology is implemented. (Liu & Errey, 2006) Conducting of business is at its present day of age within information technology. Within, the work environments today, they...
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...Algebra classes. It is an introduction to the basic functions of algebra including the definition of an equation, using basic mathematical skills to solve equations, and applying equations to problem solving. South Carolina Standard 8-3: Through the process standards students will demonstrate an understanding of equations, inequalities, and linear functions (South Carolina Department of Education, 2007). Specific Indicators as outlined by the South Carolina Department of Education 8-3.1 Translate among verbal, graphical, tabular and algebraic representations of linear functions. 8-3.2 Represent algebraic relationships with equations and inequalities. 8-3.3 Use properties to examine equivalence of a variety of algebraic expressions. 8-3.4 Apply procedures to solve multi-step equations. 8-3.5 Classify relationships between two variables as linear or non-linear. Objectives Day 1 Objective: Students will learn the definition of an algebraic equation and the parts of an equation. Day 2 Objective: Students will apply their knowledge of addition and subtraction to solve algebraic equations. Day 3 Objective: Students will demonstrate proficiency in applying multiplication and division to solving algebraic equations. Day 4 Objective: Students will combine their knowledge of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to understand the order of operations and the acronym PEMDAS. Day 5 Objective: Students will reflect on...
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