...Sexual Revolution Evolution Intimacy is not free in the modern world. Political change, social change, systems of oppression, and globalization all contribute to the shape and to the limit of people’s intimate lives. The oppressive regulation of marriage and sexuality by states and cultures can really affect intimacy and incite sexual revolutions. In feminist studies Professor Leila Rupp’s lecture, Tickell and Peck were cited as defining globalization as a notion based on an increasingly borderless market, where market rules and competitive logics predominate. In another lecture, Rupp stated that sexual revolutions are linked to and caused by: globalization, economic forces, technology and culture. Rupp expresses that many changes in behavior and attitude have been related to these factors. Many sexual revolutions according to Rupp are caused by resistance to oppressive governmental and cultural regulation of sexuality and the diverse ways that people, both individually and collectively, resist regulation and bring about change. People are agents and resist individually and collectively the perils of oppression. Two sexual revolutions addressed were that that took place in the United States in the 1910’s and the 1960’s. Gender roles were extremely limiting and constricting especially from the perspective of many females. Females were limited to household jobs and conservative dress in addition to their overall conservative behavior. On top of women’s restrictions behaviorally...
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...THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION: EFFECTS OF THE PILL Candice Huntsman Contemporary America and the World Professor Burkholder June 16, 2011 Until the sexual revolution of the 1960's, women were the victims of a strict double standard; single men had freedom to be promiscuous but women did not. This double standard revolved around the risk of pregnancy for women that men obviously did not have concern for. One of the main events that triggered the revolution that changed women's sexual freedom was an oral contraceptive, also known as "the pill". This new effective form of birth control changed many major aspects of society including women's freedom, social morality, and informed consent on prescription medications. Women's Freedom The birth control pill was developed in the 1950's but the FDA approved it to be released to the public in 1960. (1) The release of the pill was "welcomed by [the] generation" of young women because of the freedom it gave them; they could do whatever they pleased without the high risk of pregnancy. (2) The freedom to control contraception allowed women freedom of dependence on men and to pursue careers because they could control when they had children. After being distributed for two years, 1.2 million women took the pill every day. (3) Before the it was available, men had a significant advantage over women in the workforce because women had the risk of becoming pregnant. Also, women did not have control over when or how often they became pregnant...
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...La Revolución Sexual lesbiana SHEILA JEFFREYS En los años 80 se produjo un repentino entusiasmo por la obra de los Maestros del postmodernismo -Lacan, Foucault y Derrida- seguido de su incorporación a la teoría feminista. Algunas críticas feministas han señalado que este hecho causó cierta despolitización del feminismo. En el campo de la teoría lesbiana y gay la obra de las grandes figuras masculinas del postmodernismo, así como la de otros teóricos inspirados por ellos, ha sido acogido con más entusiasmo aún. No debe sorprender que la llamada teoría lesbiana-y-gay, a saber, aquella que homogeneiza a lesbianas y varones gays, resulte tan atractiva a los ojos de estos últimos. Todo lo que remita de forma demasiado explícita al feminismo es contemplado con suspicacia. En el momento actual el proyecto de elaborar una teoría lesbiana independiente aparece como una empresa extravagantemente separatista. Las estrellas de la nueva teoría lesbiana-y-gay, Judith Butler y Diana Fuss, son ambas mujeres, aunque se dedican a reciclar un feminismo fundamentado en los Maestros postmodernos -en su mayoría gays- que no hiera la sensibilidad de los gays. No es una empresa fácil. ¿Cómo lograr, pongamos por ejemplo, que el fenómeno del travestismo se considere no ya aceptable sino revolucionario en la teoría lesbiana y gay, cuando ha sido un tema sumamente controvertido para la teoría feminista desde que las lesbianas se distanciaron del movimiento de liberación gay? Sólo se logra con un retorno...
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...Social Issues-Part 1 Elizabeth Putman Professor Beshah, PH D Sociology 101 January 24, 2012 How society defines sexuality. People commonly think of sex as sexual activities. Sexuality means much more this. Human sexuality comprises a broad range of behaviors and processes, including those of the physiological, psychological, social, cultural, political, philosophical, ethical, moral, theological, legal and spiritual or religious aspects. Sexuality includes: * Values regarding relationships, dating, marriage, sexual ethnics, sexual culture. * Psychology in relation to gender, sexual role * Physical factors such as sexual characteristics, sexual drive, sexual intercourse, sexual activities. * Sexual orientation, that is heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Describe the social category (ies) that may be affected by the social issue. A child’s sex is determined at the time of conception. Unfortunately, at the time of birth your gender will guide your life. From ancient Roman days, women have been known as the weaker and more inferior sex. If you were born a woman, you were a creature of inequality. Women have suffered through history fighting for their rights. In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the first women’s rights movement, “The Declaration of Sentiments.” In this document she demanded equality with men before the law, in education and employment. Here, too, was the first pronouncement demanding that women be given the right to...
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...Isabella Tugman Dr. Carano English 225 14 February 2009 England 1945-1970: Rebellion and Revolution The period of time from 1945 to 1979 marks an age of sexual and cultural revolution in Great Britain. England, run by a holy monarchy formerly outfitted with a pompous attitude of status and mannerisms, as of 1945 would be defied by its youth. Immigrants flocked to England, laws enabling sexual freedom were passed in Parliament, new and absurd fashions mocked tradition, and music was played in rebellion. England was no longer to be ruled by the upper class; the working class began its reign. Social groups broke out and took on new identities, much to the dismay of traditional Old Englanders. As David Christopher stated in British Culture: an Introduction, England was about to become “a multi-ethnic country with a plurality of identities and heritages” (1). England was regarded internationally as a place of high desire at this time; people of all races flocked to England to chase dreams of education and success. An educated Englishman, in their minds, had superior status, so they sought to become educated in England themselves. Such is the case with the man who came to visit Adah’s village in Second Class Citizen. Buchi Emecheta wrote of Adah’s dream; “She made a secret vow to herself that she would go to this United Kingdom one day. Her arrival would be the pinnacle of her ambition” (16). However, the arrival of new cultures was met with disapproval from the traditional...
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...The 1960s to the 1980s were known as the “Sexual Revolution.” This is where we see a drastic spike in the number of people engaging in premarital sex (usually with several partners). There wasn’t much of a difference in the dating world at this point, but we start to see the roots of the modern "Hookup" culture during this era. In 1960, the first oral contraceptive pill was marketed in the United States. This definitely contributed to the rise in premarital sexual encounters due to of its minimal risk of failure. Lyndon B. Johnson even endorsed the use of the birth control pill. There were a series of studies done by M. Zelnik and J.F. Kantner in which they followed cohorts of young women aged fifteen through nineteen, and surveyed them...
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...Sexual Liberation Cassandra M. Gonzalez HIS/145 the American Experience Since 1945 Dr. William Frost OCT/10/2012 Sexual liberation The 1960’s in our history of the United States are often described today as the period of profound societal change. Attitudes to a variety of issues changed including changes towards sexual attitudes. This altered view towards sexual attitudes and behavior is often today referred to as the sexual revolution, also known as the time of sexual liberation. Many different political movements were all important components to this period in the sexual revolution, such as Feminists, gay rights campaigners, and hippies just to name a few. American’s during this era faced many controversial issues – from the civil rights, to the Vietnam War, and nuclear arms, and the time was ripe for change. This climate of change led many, particularly the young in significantly shifting social attitudes, behaviors and institutional regulations surrounding sexuality. The Birth of Contraceptives Sexual liberation was a social movement that challenged what society viewed as the sexual norm and typical gender roles. Sex became more socially accepted outside of monogamous, heterosexual marriages, and increased. The increase in acceptance of intercourse prior to marriage gave individuals more freedom. The year of 1962 many advances occurred that supported the freedom of being sexual active and not having to procreate: the first Birth Control pill went on the market...
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...Cody Ward This essay argues that the attitudes toward sexuality were greatly varied between average people and activists between 1900 and 1960. The people in the 1960s had were much more sexually liberated than those in the earlier part of the century. (Peiss, Sexual Revolutions, p.405) The 1960s brought about a time when sex be came a more common place topic, and people where able to plan their families more easily. In the early part of the 1900s women became under scrutiny for their sexual practices. Many American women, as well as immigrants, were entering into prostitution in order to make ends meet. They received higher financial rewards as prostitutes than they would have if they had worked in factory of domestic jobs. (Peiss, Prostitution and Working-class sexuality in the Early Twentieth Century, p. 273) Some of the women were forced into sex slavery. They were often brought from abroad to work as sex slaves. The government launched an investigation into these practices, and determined said that most of these women were already living immoral lifestyles. It was not only happening abroad but within America as well. Many women who were prostitutes had to be very careful so to not become the victims of sexual slavery or violence. (Peiss, A Government Agent Explains the White Slave Traffic, 1911, p. 275) In this same time period most states had outlawed abortion. There were strict rules as to the types of contraception that women were able to use. The birthrate...
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...a counter-culture of anti-war protests, pushes towards racial and sexual equality, free love and drug influences like never before. As...
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...1960 Time Capsule Vickie Canzenza Kaplan University The first of the five items that were found in the 1960 time capsule was a newspaper with “Kennedy Assassinated” on the first page. http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/nov/22/jfk-assassination-tragedy-world-archive Late in his brief term of a thousand days, Kennedy took up the civil rights issue because of the increased in violence in some of the southern states. He called for increased federal power so that voting rights could be enforced. The major civil rights acts included public accommodations opening and an end to job discrimination. (Salem, 2009) After the Bay of Pigs incident he became “hard line,” by appointing militant anticommunists such as John McCone as CIA director and General Curtis LeMay as commander of the Air Force. He also insisted that western powers remain in West Berlin. (Salem, 2009) The major event of Kennedy’s foreign policy arose in 1962, when Khrushchev tried to establish nuclear missiles in Cuba. Kennedy used information and ideas from his task force and his advisers and blockaded Cuba and to threaten Khrushchev, Khrushchev then withdrew the missiles. (Salem, 2009) He was interested in “peace as a process,” and in 1963, the United States and the Soviet Union ended the nuclear threat. Kennedy listened to advisers who insisted that the United States should send troops to Vietnam to show the South Vietnamese army how to fight, even though skeptical, Kennedy...
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...movement against the Vietnam War, women’s rights, and sexual liberation were made and the “Camelot” vision was quickly shattered. America’s youth began to revolt against the establishment and the foregone conclusion that they would adopt the lifestyle of their parents. In ten short years societal norms were turned completely around. Never before had change happened so quickly or been driven by the same group. This rapid change is breathtaking, considering most young people are generally naïve and disinterested in events outside their immediate scope. I have therefore decided to investigate what role the media played in the youth revolutions of the 1960s. This paper will identify media’s influence in driving change and analyze relationships between media, specific historical events, and the reaction of America’s youth. This will be achieved by looking at both primary and secondary sources to determine how much influence the media played in manipulating America’s youth via songs, marketing, and select writings. The media industry’s reaction to the social and technological upheavals of the twentieth century was to encapsulate the mantra “youth as fun” and sell it to America’s teens. . It was the social exposure that the media promoted that resulted in the heightening of knowledge among America’s youth, leading to their liberalized views. As a result, the role of the media industry was crucial to the revolution of the 1960s. Without the media providing the mass communication...
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...Many people opposed the possession of birth control because they feared that women, especially young girls, would practice sexual activities before marriage. However, women would still find ways of getting a hold of some form on contraception, regardless of what people would say. For the first time in history, women had the decision to wait to have children or not. Birth control came as a liberator for women to have control over their decisions regarding readiness for child bearing. The birth control pill allowed married women to plan and space children to, allowing them the ability to plan for careers and other educational opportunities. This lead women to obtain increased equality in their marriage. The pill did not unleash a sexual revolution, instead, it allowed women to increase their enjoyment of married life. Young women were not persuaded to take the pill, which some people believed that it did and eventually create a sexual revolution. People were wrong about this assumption because young girls began to take the pill after they were regularly having sexual relations, not before. Since the trend towards sexual freedom began so gradually, and given that most women did not use the birth control pill for their first sexual encounter, it makes little sense to say that the pill caused a sexual revolution (The Clayman...
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...For many years after the revolution, homosexuality was frowned upon and was taboo in Cuban politics. The government, led by Castro, used Ernesto Guevara's idea from his piece Man and Socialism of the "new man (Cuba Reader Guevara 370)" as a political tool to push forth laws that restricted the rights of homosexuals in the country. For example, when enrolling for the army, gay men were not allowed to fight and were often assigned to Military Units to Aid Protection (UMAP) to carry out agricultural work. As Arenas points out in Homosexuality, Creativity, Dissidence, men who identified themselves as gay were often ordered to disrupt their regular lives and go to "re-education camps" to rid them of their desire to partake in homosexual acts (Cuban Reader Arenas 406). Although Castro claimed to rid Cuba of all colonial influence, he made no action to destroy the homophobia that was ever-present in Spanish colonized Cuba. The anti-sodomy laws left over from Spanish colonial times that criminalized sodomy and homosexual acts were never repealed after the revolution. It took another twenty years before the government made any movement toward abolishing these programs and laws. Castro actively separated those who practiced homosexuality from the public and tried very hard to stamp down their desires. He claimed that practicing homosexuality was harmful to the image of the revolution because it did not augment the machismo...
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...Historical, Inspirational, and Influential: Xaviera Hollander Written by: Michelle Lamore Everest University ENC 1001 Composition Week 9 Individual Work Xaviera Hollander had a great impact on the sexual revolution and feminist movement of the 1970’s even though Xaviera’s sexually explicit book, “The Happy Hooker”, detailed her time as a hooker, call girl and madam in New York, its outspoken and blatant sexuality shocked conservative North America and led to her deportation both from Canada and the United States. Xaviera Hollander, born Xaviera DeVries, comes from a good background, grew up in a loving family atmosphere, and was given a fine European education. Her mother, of German and French extraction, was serious minded but warm and devoted to her family. Her father, of Dutch and Jewish extraction, was intellectual, a lover of the arts, and a truly generous-spirited man. Between her parents and herself they speak a total of twelve languages. “I personally speak seven languages fluently.” (Xaviera Hollander, 2002) At the height of her father’s highly successful medical career, he owned a large hospital in the Dutch East Indies, two palatial homes, one in Surabaya and the other in the hill resort area of Bandung, both run by many servants. They lost everything when the Japanese invaded the islands. The first three years of Xaviera’s life was spent in a Japanese concentration camp. The Japanese in Southeast Asia were as anti-Semitic as the Germans in Europe. Even though...
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...The 1960’s and 1970’s sparked a sexual revolution in modern countries throughout the world that consisted of the birth control movement, the fight for the legalisation of abortion, as well as educating the public about safety precautions when engaging in sexual activities. These acts were working to send a message to society that engaging in sexual activity did not only serve for the purpose of procreation, but to satisfy a pleasure-drive as well. A majority of these movements focused on the issues women faced with contraception, but what role did men have? Unfortunately, the revolution caused men to put the responsibilities of protection during sexual intercourse primarily on women. This led to sexually-active men to become carefree and the issue of contraception to increase. The London Family Planning Association created the infamous black and white advertisement of a pregnant male to send a message to men engaging in unprotected sexual activities about the consequences of their careless actions by putting them in the shoes of countless women and led to the prevention and decrease of...
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